Finals! Flashcards
1
Q
Self-Conscious Emotion
A
- Emerges later in development
- No distinct facial expressions
- Evolved to manage social relationships
- Motivates and regulates thoughts, feelings, or behaviors
2
Q
Cognitive Requirements for Self-Conscious Emotions
A
- Cognition-dependent (requires capacities to develop before they can be induced)
- Individuals can distinguish oneself physically distinct from others (self-concept) and internalize standards and norms from caretakers and society
3
Q
Guilt
A
- Heightened arousal and remorse
- When a person engages in an action that causes harm, does not meet standards by themselves, others, or society
- They are the cause of the undesired outcome
- Involves action/behavior towards making amends
4
Q
Shame
A
- Hopelessness and one’s entire self is worthless, powerless, and small
- Person failed/violate a social norm
- Failure stems from an aspect of oneself that one cannot alter or control
- Action/behavior related to avoiding affected situations, hiding from others, or behavior that makes one “small”
5
Q
Guilt – What’s at fault:
A
My behavior.
6
Q
Shame – What’s at fault:
A
Me as a person.
7
Q
Counterfactual Thinking
A
- The process of mentally “undoing” a situation that has already happened.
8
Q
Functions of Guilt and Shame
A
- Regulating moral behavior, valuable for maintaining social relationships
- Guilt – pro-social behavior to setting things right
- Shame – Protect selves from further threat
- Helps develop self-control and inhibit drives to commit immoral behavior
- Guilt = empathy; shame = perspective taking
9
Q
Embarrassment
A
- Sense of fluster, self-focus, feelings of foolishness, and feelings of worthlessness
- Gaze aversion, non genuine smile, downturned head, hiding face, blushing
- Trivial situations, public settings, sudden/unexpected events
10
Q
Functions of Embarrassment
A
- Resolving harm done to one’s presented self
- Embarrassing situations risk disconnection from one’s social connections; embarrassment communicated helps to solve disconnection
11
Q
Pride
A
- Emotional state involving satisfaction with meeting one’s own personal standards and goals, including internalized beliefs about right and wrong.
12
Q
Authentic Pride
A
- Pleasure in meeting goals, completing tasks, meeting personal expectations
- Positive outcomes, including higher motivation to effective strategies, higher self-efficacy, positive social behaviors
- “I did great on the exam because I studied hard and put my best foot forward.”
13
Q
Hubristic Pride
A
- Pleasure from self in general.
- Negative outcomes, including tendencies for aggression & hostility, narcissism/narcissistic injury, unstable self-esteem, and poor social connection
14
Q
Functions of Pride
A
- Method of communicating success, establishing social hierarchy, and accessing resources within social groups for survival.
15
Q
Envy
A
- Characterized by longing, dissatisfaction, and sense of personal inferiority
- Induced when an individual believes another person has something they want but do not have
16
Q
Functions of Envy
A
- Benign envy is useful in a prosocial way.
- Associated with positive perceptions and admiration of envied individuals.
- May experience motivation to improve oneself to become more like the envied person despite personal frustration
17
Q
Jealousy
A
- Consists of anger, anxiety/fear around loss, and suspiciousness
- Central to jealousy is a concern that an important relationship is being threatened by another individual
- Includes person experiencing jealousy, a person with a relationship with jealous person, and person threatening relationship
18
Q
Functions of Jealousy
A
- Maintains investment in time, resources, and commitment to relationships and offspring
- Jealousy wards off loss of investment from mates/partners that can come from affairs and abandonment of relationship
19
Q
Results of Conroy & colleagues (2015) on patterns of self-conscious emotions
A
- Authentic pride were normally distributed throughout people and days, often being triggered consistently in daily life
- Guilt, shame, and hubristic pride appeared in bursts, often triggered less often in daily life.
20
Q
Results of Huelleman & colleagues (2021) on self-conscious emotions and motivations for exercise
A
- Individuals who experienced negative emotions about their bodies engaged in exercise for appearance reasons.
- Individuals who felt proud about their bodies and did not report negatively valanced emotions reported exercising for health reasons.
- Pride is considered a positive emotion that can drive intrinsic motivation, proactive behaviors, and engagement in activities that are personally enjoyable and demonstrate self-competence.
- Body-related pride tends to be associated with more autonomous motivation for exercise (e.g., intrinsic and identified motivation)
21
Q
Group Emotions
A
Occurs in and are shared with a collective of interacting individuals at a moment in time.
22
Q
Emotional Contagion
A
- Characterizes the phenomena of individuals “catching” the emotions of other individuals
- Can appear as automatic copying of emotional movements, expressions, postures and vocalizations of others
- Can leads to social connections between the group members becoming stronger, especially with positive emotions, making similar emotional states transfer even easier
23
Q
Factors that increase susceptibility to emotional contagion
A
- Tendency to approach
- Low attention span
- High distractibility
- Tendency for high intensity emotional responses
24
Q
Six Reasons Theorized why Emotional Contagion Happens
A
- Learning
- Imitation
- Co-Attention
- Communicative Imitation
- Social Comparison
- Empathy
25
Emotions on Behalf of a Group
- Group emotions can occur within individuals on behalf of a certain group
- Shared emotions can range from guilt or shame due to a group-related behavior/events from the past, to shared experiences of pride regarding a group victory
- Group emotions of this nature often dependent on how much one identifies with the group itself
26
Collective Action
- Group emotions serve to motivate behavior/actions on behalf of the group.
27
Emotions about Other Groups
- When emotions can be shared or experience on behalf of a group, those emotions are likely to be directed towards something.
28
How Prejudice and Emotions Relate
- Prejudice may be partly determined by an individual's emotional reaction to stereotypic beliefs about an outgroup.
- Different types of negative emotions can spark different kinds of prejudicial attitudes or behavior.
29
Group Emotions & Intergroup Behavior
- Emotional reactions toward out-groups predict behavioral intentions beyond the content of stereotypical beliefs.
- Emotions experienced towards outgroups also influences behavior.
- Harsher judgments and punishing behavioral actions to outgroups that bring up an experience of disgust.
30
Intergroup Emotions Theory
- There are instances when our group identity outweighs our individual identity, and we tend to evaluate and interact with out-groups using group emotions in these instances.
- Certain situations, particularly situations that make a group membership feel more salient to an individual, can temporarily bring the group membership part of one's identity to center stage.
31
Sociofunctional Theory
- Prejudice towards out-groups is more directly reflective of emotional reactions to the threat out-groups present to the in-group.
- Emotions serve individuals to achieve basic human motives of survival for reproduction.
- Emotions evolved as a group-living species, and cooperation within groups serves survival and reproduction better than solitary living.
- Emotions activate action programs adapted to address any threat to basic human motives, which mean any threat to group functioning.
32
BIAS & Stereotype Content Model
- BIAS = Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes; Extension of SCM
- Argues that content of stereotypes fall within two central dimensions: Competence (level of social status) and Warmth (level of competition)
33
Interventions that reduce prejudice
- Cognitive and emotional skills training
- Trainings can involve exercises to: Build emotion regulation skills, retrain associations through classical conditioning, use mindfulness/meditation techniques to manage negative affect, engage individuals in perspective taking.
34
Emotion Regulation
- Influence the intensity, duration, and type of emotions we experience or do not experience.
- Control which types of emotions one experiences in a given situation.
- Can be intentional or unintentional/involuntary
35
Intrinsic regulation
Regulation of our own emotions
36
Extrinsic regulation
The regulation of others emotion
37
Hedonic Motivation
- Characterizes emotion regulation motivations that are based in a desire to feel better or reach a desired emotional state.
- Motivates behavior that seeks pleasure/positive emotions, which can be adaptive or maladaptive
38
Instrumental motivation
Characterizes emotional regulation strategies regulation strategies meant to manage emotions so that they fit our given situation or so that one can perform at a desired level on a given task.
39
Prosocial motivations
Characterizes emotion regulation strategies used to protect the feelings of other people.
40
Self-protection motivations
Reasons for emotion regulation that serve to ensure personal safety or to get assistance from others.
41
Impression management motivation
Characterizes reasons for emotion regulation to reduce fear of being negatively judged by others due to inappropriate emotional expression or emotion regulation to ensure personal adherence to cultural orms.
42
Antecedent-Focused Emotion Regulation
Attempts to control or modify an emotion before it has been elicited.
43
Situation Selection
Seeking out events or entities you know might evoke feelings you want to experience or avoiding those you know you don't want to see.
44
Situation Modification
Attempting to alter features of a situation in order to modify its emotional impact.
45
Attention Deployment
Delegating what information you take in within your environment to affect its emotional impact.
46
Cognitive Change
Modifying how you are thinking about a situation in order to increase/decrease the occurrence of specific emotions.
47
Response-Focused Emotion Regulation
- Attempts to control or modify an emotion when the emotion is already occurring.
48
Regulation of Expressive Behavior
Suppressing or amplifying bodily and vocal displays of emotions to modify emotional experience.
49
Regulation of Physiological Arousal
Altering physiological arousal factors to alter emotional experience or expression, often through medication
50
Regulation of Experience
Focused concentration on/suppression of intense thoughts that accompany feelings (e.g., emotional thought suppression)
51
Social Sharing of Emotions
Disclosing/talking about your emotional experience to others, which may influence your/their emotions.
52
Cognitive Re-appraisal
- Make emotional predictions on situations we face and engage in cognitive re-appraisal to change how we think/feel about that situation.
- Deployed when thinking about a negative event approaching, working to diminish the emotional value of the event to reduce consequential negative emotions
53
Suppression Expressive Behavior
- Suppressing behavioral expression of emotion have multiple impacts on emotional experience, including:
- Activating the sympathetic nervous system
Reducing positive emotional experience, but not reducing negative emotional experience.
54
Costs of Emotion Suppression
- Emotional Impacts
- Cognitive Impacts
- Social Impacts
55
Emotional Impacts of Emotional suppression
The suppressed emotion does not actually appear to reduce significantly, yet stress from self-monitoring is present and increases.
56
Cognitive Impacts of Emotional suppression
- Less attention on the situation or others due to focus on self-monitoring, which consumes cognitive resources.
- Reduced attention performance = reduced memory performance
57
Social Impacts of Emotional Suppression
- Less attention on situation = less attention to social cues; greater distractibility; poor recall of social discussions or content of discussion.
58
Emotional Thought Suppression
- Though circumstances, objects, or other external stimuli can induce emotional states, so too can our internal thoughts!
- Common strategy to try and get rid of emotional thoughts.
- Ineffective and serves to do the opposite.
59
Social Sharing of Emotions
- In traditional psychology, social sharing of emotions (particularly distressing emotions) served as the foundations of psychotherapy.
60
The Emotional Discharge Hypothesis
- Theory that sharing of emotions alone leads to emotional recovery.
61
Evidence for the Emotional Discharge Hypothesis
- No significant relationship between social sharing and emotional recovery, particularly in the short-term.
- Found to reactive the shared emotions; induces concomitant mental images, bodily sensations, and subjective feelings associated with the emotion shared.
- Useful and beneficial by those who share, and does open the door for emotion regulation strategies that can lead to emotional recovery
62
Assimilation
Integrating the emotional event into existing emotional schemes or scripts.
63
Accommodation
Modifying emotional schemes or scripts to adjust to a new reality.
64
Costs of Maladaptive Emotional Regulation Strategies
Individuals that engage in chronic emotional suppression (compared to reappraisal) tended to report more self-reported depressive symptoms, lower life satisfaction, weaker self-esteem, and lower well-being.
65
Inhibition Theory
- Suggests that the conscious effort involved in inhibiting/suppressing one's emotional thoughts, feelings, or behavior generates physiological arousal, which can be detrimental to one's health if done chronically.
66
Maladaptive Emotion Regulation Strategies for Depression & Anxiety
- Rumination
- Catastrophizing
- Self-Blame
- Other Blame
67
Rumination
Recurrent thinking about negative feelings.
68
Catastrophizing
Explicitly emphasizing the negativity of the event.
69
Self-Blame
Blaming oneself for what has happened.
70
Other Blame
Blaming others for what has happened.
71
Adaptive Emotion Regulation Strategies for Depression & Anxiety
- Positive reappraisal
- Positive refocus
- Putting into perspective
- Acceptance
- Refocus on planning
- Self-distancing
72
Positive reappraisal
Interpretation of a negative event in a positive way in terms of personal growth
73
Positive refocus
Thinking about pleasant, joyful things that distract from the negative event.
74
Putting into perspective
Emphasizing the relativity of the event compared to other events.
75
Acceptance
Accepting and resigning to what has happened.
76
Refocus on planning
Thinking about the steps necessary to deal with the negative event.
77
Self-distancing
Taking an observer's perspective when thinking about an emotional experience (allowing for reappraisal or other regulation strategies)
78
Maladaptive Emotion Regulation & Health
- Given the chronic arousal of the sympathetic nervous system that comes with repeated maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, there are concerns that this arousal may produce changes in gene expression that increases vulnerabilities to:
- Inflammation-related diseases (heart diseases, neurogenerative diseases, some types of cancer)
- Viral infections.
