FINALS

Question 1

refers to the existence or lack of moral virtues

Answer 1

Moral character

Question 2

if one lacks virtue then he/she may have any of the _?

Answer 2

Vices

Question 3

A person’s action determines his _?

Answer 3

moral character

Question 4

moral character itself generates act that help in developing _?

Answer 4

either virtues or vices.

Question 5

consist of behavior showing high moral standards
H,C,C,G,F,I,F,S orS

Answer 5

Virtue (honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control or self-discipline)

Question 6

Having virtue as the ultimate aim,

Answer 6

leads to the fulfillment of human potential

Question 7

refers to a moral failing or a bad habit, a practice that degrades or corrupts.

Answer 7

Vice

Question 8

considered as negative character traits that are developed in response to the same emotions and urges
C,I,I,V

Answer 8

vices (cowardice, insensibility, injustice, and vanity)

Question 9

Good Moral character = ?
Bad Moral character =?

Answer 9

virtuous acts
vicious deeds

Question 10

a person who has the ability to discern right from wrong and to be held accountable for his or her own actions.

Answer 10

moral agent

Question 11

6 stages of kohlberg’s moral development

Answer 11

Obedience and Punishment Orientation
Individualism and Exchange
Good Interpersonal Relationship
Maintaining the Social Order
Social Contract and Individual Rights
Universal Principles

Question 12

KOHLBERG
They obey rules only if established by more powerful individuals; they disobey if they are not likely to get caught. “Might makes right”
“Wrong” behaviors are the ones that will be punished.

Answer 12

OPO

Question 13

KOHLBERG At this stage, children recognize that there is not just one right view that is handed down by the authorities. Since everything is relative, each person is free to pursue his or her individual interests. One boy said that Heinz might steal the drug if he wanted his
wife to live, but that he doesn’t have to if he wants to marry someone younger and better looking (Kohlberg, 1963: 24)

What is right for Heinz, then, is what meets his own self-interests.

Answer 13

IE

Question 14

KOHLBERGAt this stage, children – who are by now usually entering their teens – see morality as more than simple deals. They believe that people should live up to the expectations of the family and community and behave in “good” ways. Considering the other people around you, such as your family members and close friends, one should make real efforts in trying to help the other person.

Answer 14

GIR

Question 15

KOHLBERG Now the emphasis is on obeying laws, respecting authority, and performing one’s duties so that the social order is maintained. What would happen if we all started breaking the laws
whenever we felt we had a good reason? The result would be chaos; society couldn’t function.

Answer 15

MSO

Question 16

KOHLBERG At this stage, people want to keep society functioning. However, the smooth functioning society is not necessarily a good one. At stage 5, people begin to ask, “What makes for a good society?” They begin to think about society in a very theoretical way, stepping back from their own society and considering the rights and values that a society ought to uphold.

Answer 16

SCIR

Question 17

KOHLBERG This is the higher stage which defines the principles by which we achieve justice. The principles of justice are universal; they apply to all. Thus, for example, we would not vote for a law that aids some people but hurts others.

Answer 17

UP

Question 18

A stage theory, everyone goes through stages sequentially without skipping any stage

Answer 18

LKMD

Question 19

a theory which basically states that moral judgments express positive or negative feelings.

Answer 19

Emotivism

Question 20

are essentially commands and exclamations, they are not true or false; so there cannot be moral truths.

Answer 20

Ethical judgements

Question 21

relates to emotion as people express their approval or disapproval on different acts.

Answer 21

Ethical judgements

Question 22

entail the need for morality to be based on sympathy for other people.

Answer 22

Moral Sentiment

Question 23

It holds that the truth and falsity of ethical proposition is dependent on the feelings, attitudes, or standards of a person or group of persons. Moral judgment simply describes our personal feelings and not about objective facts.

Answer 23

Ethical Subjectivism:

Question 24

. lt submits that our moral opinions are based on our feelings, and nothing more.

Answer 24

Ethical Subjectivism

Question 25

is a form of non-cognitivism, (which we shall elaborate in the next module), which claims that ethical sentences or propositions do not convey authentic propositions.__ claims that moral judgments are not statements of facts but are mere expressions of emotions of the speaker, especially since they are usually feelings-based

Answer 25

Emotivism

Question 26

Genuine moral or value judgments ought to be backed up by pertinent _?

Answer 26

reasons

Question 27

refers to the capacity for logical, rational, and analytical thought; for consciously making sense of things, establishing and verifying facts, applying common sense and logic, and if necessary, changing practices, institutions, and beliefs based on existing or new existing information

Answer 27

reason

Question 28

refers to the idea that everyone’s interests and point of view are equally important; hence, equal, and adequate consideration is observed. It involves the idea that each individual's interests and point of view are equally important.

Answer 28

Impartiality

Question 29

rightness and wrongness of human actions

Answer 29

morality

Question 30

elements to determine morality of an action

Answer 30

OIC Object of the act intention or purpose of the act circumstances surrounding te act

Question 31

types of subjectivism

Answer 31

SS simple subjectivism E emotivism RE reflective emotivism

Question 32

diff people have diff moral codes There is no "universal truth in ethics"

Answer 32

Ethical subjectivism

Question 33

we are merely expressing an emotional reaction to a certain set of events There are no FACTS about what we say, we're just expressing an emotional preference

Answer 33

emotivism

Question 34

MODEL Following these steps will ensure that you use reason and not emotion in making important decisions, especially those that involve moral dilemmas.

Answer 34

Scott Rae's Seven-step in Moral Reasoning

Question 35

Seven-step guide to ethical decision-making PFFOOCR

Answer 35

State the problem check the facts identify relevant factors develop a list of options test the options make a choice review steps 1-6

Question 36

Motive for an action, decision, or conviction

Answer 36

reason

Question 37

spells the diff of moral judgements from mere expressions

Answer 37

reason

Question 38

Evenhandedness or fair- mindedness

Answer 38

impartiality

Question 39

Decisions ought to be based on objective criteria, rather than on the basis of bias, prejudice

Answer 39

impartiality

Question 40

Requires that we give equal and adequate consideration to the interests of all concerned parties

Answer 40

impartiality

Question 41

will is essential

Answer 41

moral courage

Question 42

Doing the right thing even at the risk of inconvenience, ridicule, punishment, loss of job or security or social status etc.

Answer 42

moral courage

Question 43

inner strength to make a decision, take action, and handle and execute any aim or task until it is accomplished. Regardless of inner and outer resistance, discomfort, or difficulties

Answer 43

will power

Question 44

3 major forms of ethical analysis and their related theories

Answer 44

Meta-ethics (4) Normative ethics (6) Descriptive ethics

Question 45

Metaethics theories C,N,U,MIR

Answer 45

1. Cognitivism -Moral Realism -Ethical Subjectivism 2. Non-Cognitivism -Emotivism 3. Universalism vs. Realism 4. Moralism Intuitionism Rationalism

Question 46

Normative ethics theories C.N.A.E.A.V

Answer 46

1. Teleological Ethics/Consequentialist 2. Deontological Ethics/ Non- Consequentialist 3. Authoritarian Ethics a. Theological Ethics b. Legalism/Legalistic Morality 4. Ethical Egoism 5. Applied Ethics/Situational Ethics 6. Virtue Ethics

Question 47

The main difference between normative ethics and descriptive ethics is that normative ethics analyses __, whereas descriptive ethics analyses __.

Answer 47

how people ought to act what people think is right

Question 48

It is a branch of ethics that studies the nature of morality, which is concerned with the meaning, reference, and truth values of moral judgement It explains what goodness and wickedness mean and how we know about them

Answer 48

meta-ethics

Question 49

states that moral judgments convey propositions, that is, they are ‘truth bearers’ or they are either true or false. Right and wrong are considered by _ as matters of fact.

Answer 49

Cognitivism

Question 50

claims that the existence of moral facts and truth (or falsity) of moral judgment are independent of people’s thoughts and perceptions. Morality is about objective facts not any person or group's subjective judgment.

Answer 50

moral realism

Question 51

holds that the truth (or falsity) of ethical propositions is dependent on the attitudes or standards of a person or group of persons. This is the contrast of moral realism.

Answer 51

ethical subjectivism

Question 52

denies that moral judgment is either true or false. it claims that ethical sentences do not convey authentic propositions, hence, they are neither true nor false

Answer 52

Non-Cognitivism

Question 53

most popular form of non-cognitivist theory. It submits that moral judgments are mere expressions of our emotions and feelings

Answer 53

Emotivism

Question 54

Theorizes that moral facts and principles apply to everybody in all places. Also called ’moral objectivism’ which claims that a universal ethics exist and that this applies to all similarly situated persons, regardless of nationality, citizenship, culture, gender, ethnic, or any other differentiating factor

Answer 54

Moral universalism

Question 55

Submits that different moral facts and principles apply to different persons or groups of individuals. It recognizes that cultures have distinct standards of right and wrong and that ethical standards can change over time. This means that moral norms of different cultures are equally true and morals are mere preferences. These views are somewhat compatible with 'ethical subjectivism.

Answer 55

Moral relativism

Question 56

Moral facts are known through observations and experience. __ is a theory is which assumes that all knowledge of matters of fact is derived from experience and that our mind is not equipped with pre-experience concepts

Answer 56

moral Empiricism

Question 57

Contends that moral facts and principles are knowable a priori, that is, by reason alone and without reference to experience. __ assumes that knowledge about reality is gained through the non-empirical deductive system, most forms of moral rationalism claim that moral facts are known through a rational inferential process.

Answer 57

moral Rationalism

Question 58

submits that moral truth is knowable by intuition, that is, by immediate instinctive knowledge without reference to any evidence. This theory claims that we have intuitive awareness of value or morality and that it defines the basis of our ethical knowledge. lt thus insists that the moral value of actions may be known intuitively, even if their consequences have not been uncovered.

Answer 58

moral intuitionism

Question 59

It seeks to discover norms that ought to guide one’s actions. It is not merely a description of what people find as morally good and morally bad action, but it tries to produce practical knowledge (which are based on theories) on how we should conduct our lives.

Answer 59

Normative ethics

Question 60

According to this theory, the morality of an action is determined solely by its consequences. The most classical theory under this is utilitarianism , the theory which holds that the greatest happiness or good of the greatest number of persons is the test of “right and wrong”

Answer 60

Teleological Ethics/Consequentialist

Question 61

It holds that the morality of an action depends on its intrinsic nature, its motives, or its accordance with some rules or principles, and not on its consequences. The principles are submitted as obligatory, regardless of the consequences that actions might produce. Kant’s Categorical Imperative falls under this.

Answer 61

Deontological Ethics/ Non-Consequentialist

Question 62

This theory appeals to authority & force in determining what constitutes right from wrong, good from bad, moral from immoral.

Answer 62

Authoritarian Ethics

Question 63

The will of God determines the rightness or goodness of an act, as expressed in the Holy Scriptures and the dictates of reason inspired by faith.

Answer 63

Theological ethics

Question 64

An act is right or wrong based on the body of clearly stated and well-documented body of laws that provide the standard of behavior which every member of the state need to follow. The observance of such laws are ensured through overwhelming police & military forces.

Answer 64

Legalism or Legalistic Morality

Question 65

An action is right only if it is in the interest of the agent or the doer of the act. It is consequentialist in a sense, but unlike the other theories, egoism views the good end not for the greatest number of people but, exclusively to the interest of the doer only.

Answer 65

Ethical Egoism

Question 66

It asserts that the morality of an action depends on the situation and not on the application of moral laws to the case. For each case, there is a duty to perform and the nature of the condition in which one finds himself, not the categorical principles of morality, determines what ought to do. A so-called “white lie” may fall under this theory

Answer 66

Applied Ethics/Situational Ethics

Question 67

This theory places emphasis on developing good habits of character, like kindness and generosity, and avoiding bad character traits, or vices, such as greed or hatred. It gives importance to moral education which moulds the individuals to habitually act in a virtuous manner.

Answer 67

virtue ethics

Question 68

is more suited to empirical sciences like psychology, sociology or political science since it aims to discover what moral beliefs are held by a given society, social group or social organization. It does not prescribe, nor does it attempt to assess the moral soundness of any ethical system. Rather, it objectively presents or describes what kind of values people come to have.

Answer 68

descriptive ethics

Question 69

3 calculation problem in utilitarianism

Answer 69

Moral saint's problem Moral permissiveness objection justice/human rights objection

Question 70

acc to aristotle, it is the ultimate human good

Answer 70

happiness or eudaimonia