Finals

Question 1

Russian Literature, literature of the Russian people, written from the _____ to the present.

Answer 1

900s

Question 2

The _____ (also spelled ____)
The _________.

Answer 2

Kyiv (Kiev)
Muscovite

Question 3

Literacy increased, so did the available reading matter: Compilations of knowledge, historical chronicles, and poems appeared, all translated into _______________________________.

Answer 3

Old Church Slavonic

Question 4

_____________ remained the literary language of Russia until the ______________.

Answer 4

Old Church Slavonic
17th century

Question 5

Many existing literary works, such as saints’ lives and historical chronicles, were collected and consolidated

Answer 5

Muscovite Period

Question 6

signifying the regime’s desire to systematize and regulate ______,_________, and ________.

Answer 6

political, religious, and cultural life.

Question 7

A period of political chaos at the beginning of the ______ marked the end of Muscovite Russia.

Answer 7

17th century

Question 8

In literature the new century saw the end of _______________, with literary efforts directed largely by the church or the tsar, and the beginnings of ____________.

Answer 8

Old Russian culture
Western influence

Question 9

_________________ emerged as writers began to develop a distinctly Russian style of writing.

Answer 9

Modern Russian literature

Question 10

By the ____________ written Russian finally came into wide use, replacing Old Church Slavonic.

Answer 10

18th century

Question 11

Rulers such as __________ and ____________ made efforts to promote literature, and their efforts played an important role in enabling writers to flourish.

Answer 11

Peter the Great
Catherine the Great

Question 12

The _______________ is the period of Russian literature most familiar to Western readers.

Answer 12

19th century

Question 13

It was during this century that such literary giants as Aleksandr Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolay Gogol, Ivan Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy, and Anton Chekhov wrote most of their masterpieces.

Answer 13

The 19th Century

Question 14

The advances of this period, which is known as the ______________, are most vividly seen in the work of ____________.

Answer 14

Golden Age of Poetry
Aleksandr Pushkin

Question 15

________:The ______ began a period during which writers produced some of the greatest Russian fiction.

Answer 15

1830s
Prose and Fiction

Question 16

_______ was the most original master of Russian prose of the 19th century.

Answer 16

Nikolay Gogol

Question 17

_________ refined both the short story and the novel, and he was the first Russian writer to build a substantial following outside Russia.

Answer 17

Ivan Turgenev

Question 18

Four writers who are less known outside Russia than their mid-century contemporaries nevertheless made lasting contributions to Russian prose.

Answer 18

Goncharov, Saltykov, Pisemsky, and Leskov

Question 19

He was a social and political thinker and an enormous moral force.

Answer 19

Tolstoy

Question 20

The world created by ________ is one of disorder and extremes of human behavior, a world in which characters act out dramas of ideas.

Answer 20

Fyodor Dostoyevsky

Question 21

He revolutionized the short story. He developed a coolly objective style that presents, in compact form, the specific circumstances of a character’s life and allows the reader to make final judgments about that character.

Answer 21

Chekhov

Question 22

In the _____ the Russian literary temperament began to change.
For the previous _________, literature had been dominated by ___________—the objective depiction of life as it is—expressed primarily through the form of the novel.

Answer 22

1880s
40 years
social realism

Question 23

__________ reacted against the realism of the previous age, arguing that art was not mimetic—that is, it did not imitate reality—but was symbolic by its very nature.

Answer 23

Symbolism

Question 24

independent movement. The _______ argued that the essence of poetry was beauty and clarity, not mysticism and vagueness.

Answer 24

Acmeism
acmeists

Question 25

A group of writers who were not associated with the modernist movements of the Silver Age, but who continued to work more or less in the 19th-century realist tradition, grew up around the _______ (Knowledge) publishing house.

Answer 25

The Znanie Group

Question 26

In _______ a series of events known as the __________ took place in Russia, transforming the country. The ruling monarch, _______, was overthrown, and a Communist government was put into place.

Answer 26

1917 Russian Revolution Nicholas II

Question 27

These writers represented a wide range of literary tendencies that created some of the most innovative and original prose of the period.

Answer 27

The Fellow Travelers

Question 28

_________: After the ________, many eminent writers, critics, philosophers, and scholars left Russia to set down new roots in Europe. Paris, France, became the center of émigré intellectual life, although lively _____ communities existed in Berlin, Germany, and other European capitals.

Answer 28

Émigré Literature 1917 Revolution émigré

Question 29

Through the 1920s, a relatively broad range of literary groupings enjoyed official tolerance. This tolerance came to an end with the consolidation of power under Joseph Stalin and his decision to establish a planned economy and a collectivized, disciplined society.

Answer 29

Socialist Realism

Question 30

Works that had been banned, either because their authors had fallen victim to Stalin or had emigrated, were reinstated as literature and republished. In the 1960s a new generation of writers turned away from the heroic themes of socialist realism toward personal lyric poetry and short stories. These new works implicitly (and sometimes explicitly) questioned the fundamental tenets of Communist ideology and celebrated private life and small virtues.

Answer 30

The Thaw

Question 31

Through the 1970s and 1980s Soviet critics and writers increasingly ignored the guidelines of socialist realism, except for a few who toed the Communist Party line.

Answer 31

The End of the Soviet Union

Question 32

writers were now free to write as they pleased and about what they pleased without fear of reprimand or prison. They now had open access to foreign literatures and the possibility of publishing their writings abroad.

Answer 32

Post Soviet Literature

Question 33

Especially in High Romances stories and fairytales

Answer 33

Adventure

Question 34

satires that still bite like those of Voltaire Rabelais

Answer 34

Philosophical Humor

Question 35

ties with realism, especially in 19th Century

Answer 35

Liberal Humanism

Question 36

Major Themes of French Literature

Answer 36

Adventure Philosophical Humor Liberal Humanism Modern Individualism

Question 37

The engagement of Lebanese writers with the everyday realities of the ‘____________’ is of crucial relevance to research involving the geography and spatiality of the wars.

Answer 37

Lebanese wars

Question 38

____________ literature reflects that the country has always been open to the west and a meeting place for oriental and western cultural currents.

Answer 38

Modern Lebanese

Question 39

The capital of ________- worked for a long time, until the civil war broke out in the _________, as the intellectual center of the Arab world because of its liberal cultural and political climate.

Answer 39

Beirut mid-1970s

Question 40

___________ (January 6, 1883 – April 10, 1931), usually referred to in English as_________ was a ________ writer, poet and visual artist, also considered a philosopher although he himself rejected the title. He is best known as the author of ________, which was first published in the United States in ____ and has since become one of the best-selling books of all time, having been translated into more than 100 languages.

Answer 40

Gibran Khalil Gibran  Kahlil Gibran Lebanese-American The Prophet 1923

Question 41

_________ (b. 1923) is, alongside _________, one of Lebanon’s most famous prose writers, including known for the novel _______ about Arab students in Paris, about conflicts of culture and loyalty.

Answer 41

Suhayl Idris Nu’ayma Latin Quarter (1953)

Question 42

_______ founded in 1953 al-Adab (Literature), a leading journal of Arabic cultural debate and presentation of new literature.

Answer 42

Idris

Question 43

A significant portion of Lebanon’s middle class is ________ ________ and _______, and many prefer ______ written language. For intellectuals it is also common to have a changing existence between Beirut and Paris.

Answer 43

bilingual Arabic and French French