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CS 207 - Pant Breeding > FINALS > Flashcards

FINALS Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

The technique of growing and maintaining plant cells

A

Plant Tissue Culture

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2
Q

A type of tissue culture where explants are derived from in-vitro derived plants introduced to a new artificial environment. Commonly used in orchids

A

Seed Culture

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3
Q

This type of tissue culture involves the isolation of the embryo.

A

Embryo Culture

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4
Q

Involves the isolation of an organ for in-vitro growth.

A

Organ Culture

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5
Q

This refers to the unspecialized, unorganized, and a dividing mass of cells.

A

Callus

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6
Q

A type of tissue culture that involves an unspecialized, unorganized, dividing mass of cells.

A

Callus culture

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7
Q

As a review, what are the major steps of tissue culture?

A
  1. Initiation Phase
  2. Multiplication Phase
  3. Root Formation
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8
Q

It is the first phase of tissue culture where the tissue of interest is introduced and sterilized.

A

Initiation Phase

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9
Q

It is the second step in tissue culture where in-vitro plant material is re-divided and introduced into the medium.

A

Multiplication Phase

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10
Q

It is the last step in tissue culture where roots are formed.

A

Root Formation

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11
Q

What are the processes of tissue culture?

A
  1. Medium Preparation
  2. Stock Solution Preparation
  3. Plant Preparation
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12
Q

Crop improvement entails genetically manipulating plants in a predetermined way, which often involves the transfer of genes from one source or genetic background to another.

A

Concept of Gene Transfer

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13
Q

What are the 2 methods of emasculation?

A
  1. Direct Emasculation
  2. Indirect Emasculation
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14
Q

A type of emasculation which involves the technique of removing anthers from the flower

A

Direct Emasculation

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15
Q

A type of emasculation where the anthers are incapacitated without removing them from the flower

A

Indirect Emasculation

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16
Q

Genetically divergent parents are crossed for recombination of desirable genes.

A

Divergent Crossing

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17
Q

A type of divergent cross which involves two elite lines that possess adequate traits.

A

Single Cross

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18
Q

This type of divergent cross involves the multiple crossing to obtain recombinants that consist of desirable traits.

A

Three-way cross

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19
Q

This method of divergent crossing entails making a large number of crosses.

A

Di-allele cross

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20
Q

These are conservative ways of crossing plants, because it does not create new traits, but instead combines all present traits in the gene pool.

A

Convergent Crossing

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21
Q

What commercial gametocides are used in indirect emasculation?

A

Sodium methylarsenate

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22
Q

What are the types of Indirect emasculation?

A
  1. Thermal Inactivation
  2. Alcohol Emasculation
  3. Commercial Gametocides
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23
Q

This external reproductive barrier is caused by the geographical distances between two species.

A

Spatial Isolation Mechanisms

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24
Q

This external reproductive barrier prevents the union of gametes such as mechanical isolation (herkogamy).

A

Pre-fertilization Reproductive Barriers

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25
It is an internal reproductive barrier that leads to abnormalities following fertilization.
Post-fertilization Reproductive Barriers
26
These are crosses that involve materials outside of the cultivated species.
Wide Cross
27
They are organisms with multiple sets of chromosomes
Polyploids
28
They are polyploids with multiple whole sets of chromosomes specific to a species.
Euploid
29
These are euploids with double the amount of the same chromosome set, where genomes are identical with each other. In this case, offspring can either be sterile or fertile.
Autoploidy
30
It is a polyploid that originated by combining complete chromosome sets from two or more species.
Alloploid
31
Are a unit of polyploids that either contain an addition or subtraction of 1 specific chromosomes to the entire range of chromosomes.
Aneuploids
32
Refers to the enlargement of plant cells due to the increased amount of DNA.
Gigas effect
33
Consist of two genetically distinct tissues and may produce two distinct flowers on the same plant.
Chimera
34
A protein isolated from bacteria that cleaves DNA sequences at sequence-specific sites, producing DNA fragments with a known sequence at each end.
Restriction Enzyme
35
He described the concept of bulk breeding in 1908.
Nilsson-Ehle
36
This is the sudden heritable change in phenotype
Mutation
37
This type of mutation occurs naturally
Spontaneous Mutation
38
The nutrient media grown for explants
MS Media
39
How many steps are there in the plant physiological process?
Four
40
This represents the optimum partitioning of dry matter.
Ideotype concept
41
Refers to the movement of nutrients and sugars within the plant
Translocation
42
Refers to the breakdown of sugars in plants.
Respiration
43
It is the chemical responsible for water stress response.
Abscisic acid
44
Consortium of 15 international agricultural research centers. What does its abbreviation stand for?
CGIAR - Consortium of International Agriculture Research Centers
45
It focuses on the development of new varieties of Maize and Wheat. It's abbreviation stands for:
CIMMYT - International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
46
This international institute focuses on cassava, yam, cowpea and banana improvement.
IITA - International Institute for Tropical Agriculture
47
This international institute focuses on the development and research related to potatoes. It's abbreviation stands for:
IPC - International Potato Center
48
This institute focuses on vegetable research. It's abbreviation stands for:
AVRDC - Asian Vegetable Development Center/World Vegetable Center
49
These are seeds that have the highest purity, or are directly controlled by breeding institutes.
Breeder's Seeds
50
These are the progeny of breeder's seeds.
Foundation Seeds
51
These are the progeny of foundation Seeds
Registered Seeds
52
These are the progeny of either foundation or registered seeds.
Certified Seeds
53
Color tags for Breeder Seeds
White
54
Color Tags for Foundation Seeds
Red
55
Color Tags for Certified Seeds
Green
56
Color Tags for Registered Seeds
Blue
57
The result of prolonged rainfall that can cause anxic soil conditions.
Oxidative stress
58
Resists specific insects/pathogens because of genetic architecture
Host Resistance
59
Immunity against majority of pathogens
Non-host resistanec
60
It refers to the growing individual seeds from each plant in isolation.
Single seed descent

CS 207 - Pant Breeding (3 decks)

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