finals Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
also known as conception, is the process by which sperm and ovum (sex cells) combine to create a single cell called zygote, which then duplicates itself again and again by cell division.
A
Fertilization
2
Q
fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm)
A
zygote
3
Q
rupture of mature follicle in either ovary and expulsion of its ovum which occurs every month until menopause
A
Ovulation
4
Q
also known as Fraternal Twins. Two separate eggs being fertilized by two different sperms
A
Dizygotic Twins
5
Q
resulted from the cleaving of one fertilized egg and are generally genetically identical (identical twins)
A
Monozygotic Twins
6
Q
genetic transmission of heritable characteristics from parents to offspring
A
Heredity
7
Q
long, spiraling ladder whose steps are made of pairs of chemical units called bases (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine)
A
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
8
Q
coils of DNA of smaller segments called genes
A
Chromosomes
9
Q
cell division of non-sex cells
A
Mitosis
10
Q
cell division of sex cells
A
Meiosis
11
Q
mistake in copying genetic code which creates permanent alteration in genetic material
A
Mutation
12
Q
not affiliated to sexual expression
A
Autosomes
13
Q
23rd pair which indicates the baby’s sex (XX, female: XY, male)
A
Sex Chromosomes
14
Q
produce alternative expressions of characteristics
A
Alleles
15
Q
if two alleles are the same
A
Homozygous
16
Q
if two alleles are different
A
Heterozygous
17
Q
allele that is always expressed or shows up as a trait in that person
A
Dominant
18
Q
usually doesn’t show unless paired with another recessive trait
A
Recessive
19
Q
observable characteristics
A
Phenotype
20
Q
underlying genetic makeup
A
Genotype
21
Q
effects of similar environment conditions on genetically different individuals
A
Genotype-Environment Interaction
22
Q
environment often reinforces genetic differences
A
Genotype-Environment Correlation
23
Q
parents tend to provide environment that encourages the development of that trait
A
Passive Correlations
24
Q
children with differing genetic makeups evoke different reactions from others, other people react to the children’s genetic makeup
A
Reactive or Evocative
25
actively selects or create experiences consistent with their genetic tendencies
Active
26
tendency to seek out environments compatible with one’s genotype
Niche-Picking
27
result from the unique environment in which each child in a family grows up
Nonshared Environmental Effects
28
inability to conceive a child
Infertility
29
eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish
In Vitro Fertilization
30
high frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant woman’s abdomen. Detect abnormalities, no. of fetuses, and sex
Ultrasound Sonography
31
uses powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of the body’s organs and structures
Fetal MRI
32
small sample of placenta is removed. Small risk of limb deformity
Chorionic Villus Sampling
33
sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn and tested for chromosomal and metabolic disorders
Amniocentesis
34
identifies pregnancies that have an elevated risk for birth defects
Maternal Blood Screening
35
A period between conception and birth. Between 37 and 41 weeks
Gestation
36
dated from the first day of an expectant mother’s last menstrual cycle
Gestational Age
37
development proceeds from head to the lower extremities
Cephalocaudal Principle
38
development proceeds from the center to outer parts of the body
Proximodistal
39
From fertilization to about 2 weeks of gestational age. Zygote enters into cell division (mitosis) while making its way to the fallopian tube
Germinal Stage
40
fluid-filled sphere which floats freely in the uterus until 6th day after fertilization then it implants itself in the uterine wall
Blastocyst
41
outer layer of cells that later provides nutrition and support for the embryo
Trophoblast
42
outer layer (becomes outer layers of skin, nails, hair, teeth, sensory organs, and the nervous system)
Ectoderm
43
inner layer (becomes digestive system)
Endoderm
44
middle layer (becomes inner layers of skin, muscles, skeleton, and excretory and circulatory systems)
Mesoderm
45
encloses the developing embryo, protecting it and giving it a room and grow
Amniotic Sacs
46
allows oxygen, nourishment, and wastes to pass between mother and embryo
Placenta
47
connects the embryo to the placenta
Umbilical Cord
48
From 2 to 8 weeks (First 2 monts)
Major body systems (respiratory, digestive, and nervous system) develop known as Organogenesis
Embryonic Period
49
most vulnerable to destructive influences
Critical Period
50
expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that is unable to survive outside the womb
Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage)
51
miscarriage occurred after 20 weeks of gestation
Stillbirth
52
From 8 weeks to Birth. Appearance of the first bone cells. Final stage of gestation
Fetal Period
53
environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development
Teratogen
54
field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects
Teratology
55
sleep disturbance, tremors, difficulty regulating the body, irritability, crying and etc.
Neonate Abstinence Syndrome
56
characterized by a combination of retarded growth, face and body malformations, and disorders of the central nervous system
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
57
process of giving birth
Labor
58
series of uterine, cervical, and other changes which begins 2 weeks before the delivery
Parturition
59
false contractions
Braxton-Hicks Contractions
60
profession that provides health care to women during pregnancy, birth, and even postpartum period
Midwifery
61
caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth
Doula
62
used to track the fetus’ heartbeat during labor and delivery and to indicate how the fetal heart is responding to the stress of uterine contractions
Electronic Fetal Monitoring
63
used in the late first stage labor and during delivery to block sensation in an area of the body or to block consciousness
Anesthesia
64
regional anesthesia that blocks the lower part of the body
Epidural Block
65
vaginal anesthesia
Pudendal Block
66
method that aims to reduce the mother’s pain by decreasing her fear by providing information about childbirth and teaching her and her partner to use breathing methods and relaxation techniques during delivery
Natural Childbirth
67
husbands as coaches, relation for easier birth and prenatal nutrition and exercise
Bradley Method
68
special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor
Prepared Childbirth or Lamaze method
69
usual childbirth
Vaginal Delivery
70
baby is removed from the mother’s uterus through an incision made in her abdomen. Performed if the baby is lying crosswise, if the baby’s head is too large, complications, or if the mother is bleeding internally
Cesarean Delivery
71
baby’s buttocks are the first part to emerge from the vagina which can cause respiratory problems
Breech Position
72
widely used to assess the health of newborns at 1-5 mins after birth
APGAR Scale
73
performed within 24-36 hrs after birth to assess neurological development, reflexes, and reactions
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
74
assessment of the newborn’s behavior, neurological and stress response, and regulatory capacities
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale
75
where the bones of the skull don’t meet
Fontanels
76
fuzzy prenatal hair
Lanugo
77
oily protection against infection that dries within the first few days
Vernix Caseosa
78
lack of oxygen
Anoxia
79
reduced oxygen supply
Hypoxia
80
skin and eyeballs look yellow caused by immaturity of the liver
Neonatal Jaundice
81
born three weeks or more before pregnancy reach full term (before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation)
Pre-term Infants
82
involves skin-to-skin contact in which the baby, wearing only diaper, is held upright against the parent’s bare chest to help stabilize the preterm’s heartbeat, temp, and breathing
Kangaroo Care
83
wherein there is a lack of surfactant (lung-coating substance) that keeps air sacs from collapsing
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
84
crib death; sudden death of an infant under age 1 which cause of death remains unexplained. infants stop breathing, usually during the
night, and die suddenly without an
apparent cause.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
85
Period after childbirth. Lasts for about 6 weeks or until the mother’s body has completed the adjustment and returned to nearly prepregnant state
Postpartum Period
86
2-3 days after birth they feel depressed, anxious, and upset
Postpartum Blues
87
involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs about four weeks after delivery or at least a two-week period of having trouble coping with their daily task
Postpartum Depression
88
Formation of connection, especially a physical bond between parents and the newborn in the period shortly after birth
Bonding
89
specialization of the hemispheres
Lateralization
90
concerned with language and logical thinking
Left Hemisphere
91
oncerned with visual and spatial functions
Right Hemisphere
92
tough band of tissue that joins the two hemisphere which allows them to share info and coordinate commands
Corpus Callosum
93
smallest; concerned with visual processing
Occipital
94
involved with integrating sensory info from the body; movement and manipulation of objects
Parietal
95
interpret smells and sounds and involved in memory
Temporal
96
involved in high-order processes such as reasoning and problem solving.
Frontal Lobe
97
outer surface of the cerebrum; grows rapidly in the first few months and are mature by age 6 months
Cerebral Cortex
98
send and receive info in the brain
Neurons
99
nourish and protect the neurons
Glia or Glial Cells
100
seeks to explain how motor behaviors are asses
bled for perceiving and acting. According to this theory, motor skills are the result of many converging factors,
such as the development of the nervous system, the body’s physical properties and
its movement possibilities, the goal the child is motivated to reach, and
environmental support for the skill.
Esther Thelen’s dynamic systems theory
101
—automatic movements—govern the newborn’s behavior.
Reflexes
102
sends signals to other neurons
Axon
103
receive incoming messages
Dendrites
104
tiny gaps which are bridged with the help of chemicals
Synapses
105
neurons that control various groups of muscle coordinate their activities
Integration
106
enables signals to travel faster and more smoothly by coating the neural pathways with myelin
Myelination
107
skills involve large-muscle activities. Key skills developed during
infancy include control of posture and walking.
Gross motor
108
occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors.
Sensation
109
is the interpretation of sensation.
Perception
110
This stage marks the physical growth during the first two years. It is also
considered as one of the most remarkable and busiest times of
Development. Rapid changes in the infant's body and brain support learning,
motor skills, and perpetual capacities.
infancy
111
which includes brain swelling and hemorrhaging, affects hundreds of babies.
Shaken baby syndrome
112
is a wasted condition of the body usually appearing in the first year of life that is caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients.
Marasmus
113
a disease usually appearing between I and 3 years of age that is caused by a diet low in protein.
Kwashiorkor
114
According to Erikson, this extended
period results in the first stage of
psychosocial development being centered on forming a sense of TRUST.
DEVELOPING TRUST
115
Trust vs. Mistrust
Infancy (0-18 months)
116
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
Toddler (18 months – 36 months)
117
biological process and environmental conditions influences development, the brain is plastic, and the child’s cognitive development is closed linked to development of the brain
Neuroconstructivist View
118
automatic, innate response to stimulation which are controlled by the lower brain centers that govern involuntary processes
Reflex Behavior `
119
includes sucking, rooting, and the Moro reflex are related to instinctive needs for survival and protection or may support the early connection to the caregiver
Primitive reflexes
120
reactions to changes in position or balance
Postural Reflexes
121
resemble voluntary movements that do not appear until months after the reflexes have disappeared
Locomotor Reflex
122
used to chart progress between ages 1 month and 6 years and to identify children who are not developing normally
Denver Developmental Screening Test
123
enable infants to learn about themselves and their environment so they can make better judgements about how to navigate in it
Sensory Perception
124
a person learns to make a reflex, or involuntary, response to a stimulus that originally did not bring about the response
Classical Conditioning
125
if the conditioned learning is not reinforced by repeated association
Extinction
126
focuses on the consequences of behaviors and how they affect the likelihood of the behavior occurring again
Operant Conditioning
127
consists of questions or tasks that are supposed to show how much of the measured abilities a person has by comparing that person’s performance with norms
IQ Tests
128
– developmental test designed to assess children from 1 month to 3 ½ years
Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
129
The first stage of Jean Piaget’s cognitive development. Approx. from birth to 2 years old
Sensorimotor Stage
130
actions or mental representations that can be performed on objects
Schemes
131
occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information
Assimilation
132
occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account
Accommodation
133
grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into higher-order system
Organization
134
the ability to mentally represent objects and actions in memory, largely through symbols such as words, numbers, and mental picture
Representational Ability
135
the realization that something continues to exist when out of sight
Object Permanence
136
a type of learning in which repeated or continuous exposure to a stimulus, reduces attention to that stimulus
Habituation
137
if a new sight or sound is presented, the baby’s attention is generally captured once again, and the baby will reorient toward the interesting stimulus and once again sucking slows
Dishabituation
138
tendency to spend more time looking at one sight rather than another
Visual Preference
139
ability that depends on the capacity to form and refer to mental representations
Visual Recognition Memory
140
refers to remembering that occurs without effort or even conscious awareness
Implicit Memory
141
declarative memory; conscious intentional recollection, usually of facts, names, events, or other things that can be stated or declared
Explicit Memory
142
communication system based on words and grammar
Language
143
newborn’s first means of communication
Crying
144
sound system of a language
Phonology
145
system of meaningful units involved in word formation
Morphology
146
the system that involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences
Syntax
147
– the system that involves the meaning of words and sentences
Semantics
148
the relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that makes each person unique
Personality
149
underlie empathy and altruism
Mirror Neurons
150
study of death and dying
Thanatology
151
personal, patient- and family-centered, compassionate care for the terminally ill
Hospice Care
152
specifically to a widely observed decline in cognitive abilities shortly before death
Terminal Drop or Terminal Decline
153
often involving a sense of being out of the body or sucked into a tunnel and visions of bright lights or mystical encounters
Near-Death Experience
153
154
