Finals! Flashcards
(26 cards)
German Jihad
German jihad was an attempt by the Germans during WW1 to mobilise the Muslim living in Allied Power territory and in Ottoman Empire against the Allied Powers.
The 3 pashas, part of the Young Ottomans, asked the Sultan to issue decree of Jihad, politicising the conflict against the Allied powers as a purification of society that all muslins needed to be a part of
This changes the meaning of jihad, from being more of an internal struggle with Islam and the purification of society, it now becomes a holy war against non-believers
Torture at Abu Ghraib
Abu Ghraib was a toture camp ran by the US private military companies such as black water during Iraq invasion 2004 - 5
It was a grave human rights violation that was recorded by amnesty interntional and other human rights watch groups
Abuse and torture of iraqi prisoners,
(insert examples from the pictures we saw)
waterboarding, peeing on them tied up and stripped naked.
almost all of the leadership of Daesh was in abu ghraib at 1 point of time
Evian Conference 1938
The Evian Conference was convened by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in July 1938 to address the growing Jewish refugee crisis caused by Nazi persecution. They discuss the qoutas of how many jews would each country accept who were fleeing the nazi presecution
most countries were unwilling to accept significant numbers of Jewish refugees, citing economic difficulties or concerns about social unrest, indicating the deeply seeded anti-semitism
Only the Dominican Republic offered to accept a substantial number of refugees.
The conference’s failure to produce meaningful solutions emboldened Nazi Germany and contributed to the tragedy of the Holocaust.
Examples include the 1939 St Louis, a ship of jews that was turned away at the ports of many cities and countries like Cuba and New York and other European cities
Neoliberalism in the ME
Neolib is the policy of market fundamentalism or essentially, taking the breaks of the market and letting it run by market forces
Altho a set of economic policies, it has ernoumous influence in the socio-political atmosphere of the ME. Concepts of dereg and privitisation starts to be seen in the policies of ME countries adopting Neolib as first an economic policy but also influencing other parts of policy
Ushered in by Anwar Sadat in Egypt, VP who takes over after Nasser dies in Egypt who realligns egypt from pro-soviet to pro-western following the 1973 Yom Kippur war which Sadat used as an opportunity to get closer to the US, leading to the start of his Infitah policies
There is a dependency on foreign aid from the western bloc with a close r/s with the US.
Egypt having huge agricultural lands privatise all aspects of agriculture, stop producing grains for people to eat and import heavily esp from US
The privitsation created an social elite that work w private companies entering the country
Takes place in Turkey in the 70s under the Kemalism policy direction.
FLN
Le Front de LibEration Nationale (National Liberation Front), formed in 1954, an anti-colonial movement
fought for the liberation of Algeria from the colonial rule of the French
It was a settler colonialsim, french people settled into Algeria
France colonised Algeria in 1830s as it did not want to pay back the large amount of money it owed the algerians
France had completely dismantled the Algerian govt and legal system, replaceing it with that of the french
FLN was formed to fight for lobteration, organised urban guerilla warfrae in the cities, very close to the settlers. They would hide guns in bins, under a woman’s clothes etc, anywhere to get it close to French soldiers for FLN members to fire at and quickly get away
Led to bloody conflicts between the French and FLN, also seeded heavy distrust and unrest between the french settlers and the Algerians. Chaos.
Reza Shah 1
estb Pahlavi dynasty,
was an officer in the persian cossack brigade
1921 became the commander in chief of persian army after a coup encouraed by the brits
1923 became the prime minister and declared shah in 1925 and ended the Khajar dynasty
did not declare iran as a republic like ataturk. was a nationalist leader who wanted to link his dynasty to that of ancient pahalavi dynasty in iran
started a series of reforms like Ataturk’s, a top-down modernization. He traveled to Turkey which was seen as a model country that estb a nation state that could rapidly modernise and westernise.
1935, he changed the name of persia to iran to link back to the ancient aryan history. He based the nation rhetoric on pre-historial and pre-islamic dynasty
it was a anti-arab, anti-muslim regime, banned arabic words like Ataturk did
in the 30s, he would adopt nasser like policies of nationalism. He would attempt to be close to Hitler and present themselves as close brother of Germans along the rhetoric of being aryan race, leading to some nazi policies implemented. Brit and Soviet troops would later depose him in 1941 through a bloodless invasion of Iran and replace him with Reza Shah the 2nd who now owed his throne to the Brits
Oil and dependency
Refers to the depency the west had with the east in terms of their oil needs while the east wanted stability and legitimacy and money.
following the sykes-picot treaty, France and Britain competed heavily over infleunce over the oil assets in the ME, leading to the redline agreement whereby none of them can explore further for oil extraction
the US goes to Saudi aft its estb in 1930s where the standrd oil company of california grains rights to look for oil in saudi
aft ww2, texico would estb massive oil refineries in saudi
US becomes powerful and invests multimiliion in saudi in 50s
the money from the oil allows the saudis to modernerise roads, buildings, cars etc.
This agreement btwn Saudi and the US becomes the model for the other gulf states in relation to oil
Dependency was that Saudi provides oil to US while US gave them the money to modernise and imptly, legitamacy during their nation forming
Afghan Mujahidin and radicalisation of Youth
The Afghan Mujahidin refer to the “freedom fighters”, backed by the US during the Afghan war in the 70s and 80s. It was part of the Afghan Jihad manufactured by the US in order to give the Soviet union their own vietnam.
Started with the Saur revolution in 1978, where a military coup placed Muhammad Taraki as the head of a now pro-soviet govt
He impltemened many new unpopular policies, making Afghan heavily dependent on Soviets
Radical policies like land reforms and banning the call to prayer sowed mass unrest and unhappiness. led to a homegrown resistance and rebellion. To quell the resistnace, Soviet troops entered. The US seized this opporutnity to stoke the flames and back the Afghans, making it a religious matter by claiming that they were soliders of god fighting for their land against godless communists, part of their green to red policy.
In order to ensure that there were enough jihadis, the western bloc helped to fund madrahsahs to train the next gen of jihadis in Pakistan. Afghan refugees would go to school there and grow up with extremeist idealogies and understanding of islam. Introduction of weapons and jihadi lessons.
This radicalised youth eventually led to the creation of the Taliban in later years.
refer to good bad muslim reading
talk a little bit abt taliban as well
Black Water
One of the many private companies enlisted to aid the US military during the Iraq war form 2003. Others include Dyncorp, and KBR. Infamously was behind the toruture camp, Abu Gharaib.
Many of the prisoners were innocent.
Their involvement happened due to the privatization of war, a result of the neoliberalism. War as an economic necessity and as an ambuiguity, the concept of controlled chaos.
allowed the US ambuiguity amongst the chaos in iraq, did not have to take direct accountability for the actions of private companies who were “more effective” due to their harsher tecniques. To them, efficiency and profit was the goal, not so much preserving human rights.
Gamal Abudul Nasser
was the 2nd president of Egypt
Together with other young officers led a coup against the Brits following their declaration of martial law in 1952 which had been seen as a humiliation for the Egyptians
Had populist policies, land reforms that appealed to low income individuals
Had strong secularism idealogoy, arab-nationalist and anti-brit, anti-western perspective. Pan-Arabism makes him popular in the arab world.
He was seen as a concern for western bloc, as he went to the soviets to make deal for money for weapons from Czech
started nationalizing all commodities in Egypt owned by private sectors
Ushers the decolonisation of Egypt during the suez canal crisis in 1956 where Egypt nationalsied the canal and places tariffs on foreign ships
insert wars with isreal
Pan-Islamism
a nationalistic movement to mobilise muslims to form a new nation emerging in the late 19th century
faith-based nationalism that incorporated modernism and nationalism w a strong emphasis on sociopolitical transformation in the Islamic world. It was a modern form of faith-based nationalism that was used as an intellectual resistance to European interventions
An idea that all musoims around the world need to come toegther and unite regardless of ethnic group, race or geography. The idea of Islamic unity.
A form of intellectual resistance to eurpoean influence. Aimed to combat the idea that Islam is backward and incomptiable with modernity. So pan-islamic thinkers like al-Afghani criticise muslims for thinking that islam rejects modern concepts and science. Argues that we were alr doing it in the past.
This concept emerges following the politicisation of Islam by the Young Ottomans…? build upon based on review vid
afghani reading
Mandatory Palestine (skip?)
The British Mandate for Palestine was established by the League of Nations in 1922, recognizing “the historical connection of the Jewish people with Palestine” and calling on Britain to facilitate the establishment of a Jewish national home there1
. The Mandate covered territory that now comprises Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza. Britain struggled to balance competing Arab and Jewish interests, ultimately failing to maintain order. Immigration restrictions were imposed on Jews in the 1930s under Arab pressure1
. After the UN adopted a partition plan in 1947, Britain announced it would terminate the Mandate, leading to Israel’s declaration of independence in May 19481
.
the society of Muslim Brothers
Founded in 1928 by Hasan-al Bana, a modern political movement, influenced by al-Afghani emphasising on religion. They wanted to change the pricniples of capitalism to make it morally just. Wanted to liberate Egypt and make it a modern muslim state.
- Restoration of Islam (Shari’a) as guiding force in national life, as having compatibility with modernity.
- However, restoration of Shari’a does not mean simplistically the resurrection of the past
- Shari’a would be subjected to reinterpretation and would fully be compatible with the needs of a modern society
They behaved as a social welfare org, they had medical clinics for the poor, strong skills of organising and mobilsiing people, armies of engineers to help with infrastructure
Treaty of Sevres (skip?)
Aug 1920
grp of young turks led by atatuk rejected and was offended by this, go against this
The Last Ottoman Caliph
Abdulmajid II, 1922 - 24
while Ataturk expelled the last sultan following the dissolution of the Ottoman empire, Abdulmajid was allowed to stay as the caliph for a year to ease the population into the changes until ataturk declared a policy of Laicism
Office of caliph hence collapses. Islamic world isolates Turkey for doing so.
was also a painter who painted nude pictures, very westernised. Daughters were looked very westernised and secular
Violent De-Colonization (skip)
what does violence give people? its necessary to give them dignity, the colonisers take away their dignity via toruture,
Cold War and the Green Front
The cold war took place in the aftermath of WW2 until the 90s, a period where there was no direct conflict btwn the soviet and western blocc but they sponsored many bloody conflicts in other regions, becoming a war of proxies
This ushered a period of alliance buildingm to find proxies particulary in the glboal south. It reinforces a binary, bipolar view of the world but neither side was completely monolithic nor homogenization
The green front was part of the Green to red approach the US took in their foreign policy to counter the political left with the religious right, leading to the rise of global religious extremism. The US would mobilise muslims against the godless leftist with afghan beomcing the centre of the implementation of this policy. This leads to the sponsoring of mujahidin fighters, the politicisation of jihad, radicalisation of the youth via madrashs
problems publihed by uni of nebraska
Leaders of the policy include Henry Kissinger, William Casey and Brzezinski
Societies of control
The 3rd period in the historical Periodizations, after State of Soverignty and Disciplinary soceities in that order.
Before 1750, state of sovereignty where there is a direct relationship between the soverign and its subjects. Biopolitics depended on the Sultan or King
1750 to mid 20th century after WWII, we had the Disciplinary Soceities. They were built around disicpline, building up of societal instituitions like prisons to discipline and establish control over the subjects via disciplinary system through hegemonic or domination
replaces the idea of a soverign with an idea or an idea, creation of myths
After WWI, we see a shift to societies of control
neoliberalism becomes a dominant force in many countries socio-economical policies
quantity of production does not matter, the financial control rather matters more.
Countries operate as empires without being an empire if they have financial control as they can exert influence and control over other regions without conquering land. They can control what is produces, how much of it and where they are sold even if its not produced domestically but rather in another country, giving an element of soft power.
survielance and constant control in Instituitons like schools, media, factories and workplaces
Abdul Hamid II
He was the Sultan of Ottoman Empire in late 19th century.
Knew the threat of nationalism
Used pan-islamism instead of Ottomanism as part of his foreign policy to deter the European influence. He attempted to present a strong Islamic unity front against the Europeans, making threats to unite the Islamic world against them but this policy would fail
His domestic policies were unpopular, leading to the 1908 coup against Abdul Hamid lead by the Young Turks, an umbrella term for anyone in oppositon at that time to Abdul Hamid II. They declared constitutionalism, limiting the power of the Sultan.
the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) organised the Young Turk movement. It was a product of european style schools, syntthesixing islam with pan-turkism, leading to the start of the concept of secular modernity.
the Eastern Question
The Eastern Question refers to diplomatic and political issues surrounding the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries where the continuous rivalry btwn Europeans powers took place at the expense of the Ottomans, Egyptians, Iranians and Afghans.
A form of semi-colonialism.
As the Ottoman empire declined, the great powers of Europe - primarily Russia, Great Britain, and France - were attempting to gather as much influence and resources from the region as they could. Ottoman empire had vast lands that appealed to the Europeans.
to compete, the europeans powers would proclaim protection over certain religious groups, guarateeting their safeties. This led to clashes btwn non-muslims and muslims as they were gaining privledges despite the muslims being of majority.
The European powers also competed in how much help they could provide the Ottomans, something that the Ottomans attempted to play to their advantage in order to gain the most aid possible
The europeans could not let the Ottoman empire disintegrate so that they can have control over parts of the empire, leading to the question of what to do with the empire.
The Eastern Question significantly shaped European diplomacy until World War I.
Ali Shariati (skip?)
Ali Shariati (1933-1975) was an influential Iranian intellectual and sociologist who played a key role in the ideological development of the Iranian Revolution18
. He reinterpreted Shia Islam as a revolutionary force, combining Islamic teachings with elements of Western philosophy and leftist thought. Shariati’s ideas, which he called “Red Shi’ism,” portrayed Islam as a dynamic ideology capable of addressing modern social and political issues18
. His writings and lectures were particularly popular among educated youth and helped mobilize support for the revolution against the Shah’s regime.
Qizilbash
literally means red-headed, refers to the red headdress that they wore
The Qizilbash were a coalition of Turkoman origin militant groups that played a crucial role in the establishment of the Safavid dynasty in Iran in the early 16th century.
The name “Qizilbash” means “red heads” in Turkish, referring to their distinctive red headgear. Originally composed mainly of Turkoman tribes from eastern Anatolia and Azerbaijan, the Qizilbash were devoted followers of the Safavid order.
They combined heterodox religious beliefs with strong military organization. The Qizilbash were instrumental in the Safavid conquest of Iran. However, as the 2nd Shah of the Saffavid dynasty, Tahmasap I (1524 - 1576) brought back normal 12-fer shi’ism, he fights the qizilbash who had hetereodx beliefs and replaces them with a semi-professional army, slowly turning the Iran towards normative shiiism, establishing the state of the Saffavid instead
What is Zionism?
What are some sources of modern Zionism?
Discuss the European Anti-Semitism and Zionist state formation in Palestine
Is there a relationship btwn the American engineered coup in Iran in the 1950s and the siege of American Embassy in Tehran in the aftermath of the Iranian revolution?
Discuses the importance of American intervention in relation to Iranian Revolution
