Finals

Question 1

P1-

In what sense is science like a boat?

Answer 1

Science is like a boat that we continually rebuild, plank by plank, all the while trying to stay afloat — the philosopher and the scientist are in the same boat.

Question 2

P1-

Draw a simple network of neurons that demonstrates lateral inhibition and describe how it comes into play.

Answer 2

No diagram yet but I can define lateral inhibition. This is a process in the nervous system where active neurons reduce the activity of neighboring neurons, thus enhancing contrast and sharpness of sensory perception. This helps the brain define more specific details in senses, such as visions or touch, emphasizing differences in stimuli.

Question 3

P1-

How is the term “privileged access” used to indicate both the opportunity and the challenge of using introspection to understand consciousness?

Answer 3

The term privileged access refers to an individual’s ability to know their own thoughts and experiences, giving us an essential introspective window into consciousness. On one hand, this perception gives us an opportunity as no external observation can replicate the immediacy and depth of self-awareness. However, challenges to introspection exist in its subjectivity and potential unreliability. It can have biases and cognitive distortions. Thus, while privileged access provides valuable insights into consciousness, it also raises concerns about the accuracy and verifiability of introspective knowledge.

Question 4

Gray Matter

Answer 4

Consists of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses, primarily responsible for processing and cognition

Question 5

White Matter

Answer 5

Contains myelinated axons that facilitate communication between different brain regions.

Question 6

Ventral

Answer 6

Refers to front part of brain

Question 7

Dorsal

Answer 7

Back part of brain (at the top)

Question 8

Rostral

Answer 8

Toward the front or nose (anterior) in the brain; toward the head in animals

Question 9

Caudal

Answer 9

Toward the back or tail (posterior) in the brain; toward the tail in animals.

Question 10

Medial

Answer 10

Closer to the midline of the body or structure

Question 11

Contralateral

Answer 11

On the opposite side of the body

Question 12

Ipsilateral

Answer 12

On the same side of the body

Question 13

Lateral

Answer 13

Further from middle

Question 14

Coronal

Answer 14

Divides the body or brain into anterior (front) and posterior (back) part

Question 15

Horizontal

Answer 15

Divides the body or brain into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts

Question 16

Sagittal

Answer 16

Divides the body or brain into left and right parts; the midsagittal plane cuts exactly through the midline

Question 17

P1-

Explain how the brain region known as primary somatosensory cortex is somatotopically organized.

Answer 17

The primary somatosensory cortex is organized in a way that maps different body parts onto specific regions of the cortex. This organization is known as the sensory homunculus. However, the representation is not proportional to body size; rather, it reflects the density of sensory receptors in different body parts.

Question 18

P2-

Explain the classic double dissociation in neuropsychology

Answer 18

A classic double dissociation in neuropsychology occurs when two brain functions are shown to be independent of each other through two contrasting cases of brain damage.

Patient A had damage to Brain Area X and is impaired in Function 1 but not in Function 2

Patient B has damage to Brain Area Y and is impaired in Function 2 but not in Function 1

This suggests that these functions rely on distinct brain areas. An example of this may be Broca’s aphasia vs. Wernicke’s aphasia.

Question 19

P2-

Give three reasons why the natural blindspot is not seen as a gap in vision.

Answer 19

Binocular Vision Compensation – The blind spots of both eyes are in different locations so visual information from one eye fills in the missing area of the other.

Brain’s Filling-In Mechanism – The brain automatically fills in the missing information based on surrounding colors, patterns, and expected visual input.

Constant Eye Movements (Saccades) – The eyes are constantly moving, allowing the brain to gather enough information to compensate for the blind spot dynamically.

Question 20

P2-

Discuss how the characteristics of blindsight suggest that there is a critical difference between the brain mechanisms for aware versus unaware vision.

Answer 20

Blindsight occurs in individuals with V1 damage, allowing them to respond to visual stimuli without conscious awareness. This suggests a distinction between aware vision (that depends on V1) and unaware vision (processed via subcortical pathways like the superior colliculus) . Patients can detect motion or objects despite reporting being blind, which shows vision can influence behavior unconsciously.

Question 21

P2-

With reference to understanding the human neocortex, describe the different basis used to define: (a) Brodmann areas, (b) anatomical areas, and (c) functional areas.

Answer 21

Brodmann Areas- These areas are defined by differences in cell structure and organization across the cortex, identified through histological staining. Around 40

Anatomical Areas- Anatomical areas are based on visible brain structures like gyri, sulci, and lobes, without considering cellular differences.

Functional Areas- Functional areas are defined by specific brain functions, identified through lesion studies, electrophysiology, and neuroimaging. Prefrontal, visual, etc.

Question 22

P2.5-

What is the so-called second visual system?

Answer 22

The so-called second visual system refers to a subcortical visual pathway that bypasses the primary visual cortex (V1) and processes visual information unconsciously. This pathway involves structures like the superior colliculus, pulvinar, and extrastriate visual areas, allowing individuals with V1 damage (blindsight patients) to detect motion, avoid obstacles, or respond to visual stimuli, without conscious awareness.

Question 23

P2-

Contrast how the brain perturbation approach and the neuromonitoring approach are used to forge links between cognition and the brain.

Answer 23

The brain perturbation approach involves directly altering brain activity to observe changes in cognition. This can establish causal links between brain regions and functions. An example might be brain lesions or electrical stimulation. In contrast, the neuromonitoring approach involves observing brain activity during cognitive tasks using methods like fMRI, EEG, or PET scans, to identify correlations between brain regions and different processes (does not establish causation tho). This approach helps map brain activity patterns associated with different cognitive tasks.

Question 24

P2.5-

Discuss how the study of blindsight sheds light on brain mechanisms for aware and unaware vision.

Answer 24

Studies of blindsight shed light on brain mechanisms for aware and unaware vision by showing that conscious vision needs the V1, while the unconscious part relies on subcortical pathways. Patients with V1 damage can detect motion or objects without awareness, proving that vision cna guide behavior without conscious perception. This suggests that awareness depends on cortical processing, while unconscious vision operates through alternative brain pathways.

Question 25

P2.5- Describe the receptive field qualities of a simple cell in V1 and how they could be built up with reference to neurons in the LGN.

Answer 25

A simple cell in V1 has a receptive field that responds to oriented edges or bars of light in a specific location. These receptive fields are thought to be built from the aligned receptive fields of multiple LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) neurons, which each respond to small, circular spots of light. By combining input from multiple LGN neurons with center-surround receptive fields, a V1 simple cell becomes sensitive to specific edge orientations, forming the basis for early visual processing of shapes and contours.

Question 26

P2.5- Contrast hierarchical versus parallel processing in the visual system.

Answer 26

Hierarchical processing in the visual system refers to the flow of information through a sequential series of stages, with each stage building on the previous one to extract increasingly complex visual features. For example, basic features like edges are processed in V1, while more complex patterns (e.g., faces or objects) are processed in higher cortical areas like V4 and the inferotemporal cortex. In contrast, parallel processing involves the simultaneous processing of multiple visual features independently and across multiple pathways. This allows for the simultaneous extraction of information about color, motion, and formthrough separate neural pathways (e.g., the dorsal stream for motion and location and the ventral stream for object recognition). Both hierarchical and parallel processing work together to create a unified visual experience.

Question 27

P2.5- What are the presumed functions of the dorsal visual stream and the ventral visual stream?

Answer 27

The dorsal visual stream, often referred to as the "where" or "how" pathway, is primarily involved in processing spatial information and motion. It helps in locating objects in space, guiding action (such as reaching or grasping), and determining movement. The ventral visual stream, known as the "what" pathway, is primarily responsible for object recognition and form perception. It processes detailed information about color, shape, and texture, enabling the identification of objects, faces, and scenes.

Question 28

P3- What are achromatopsia and akinetopsia, and what do they tell us about the operation of cortical visual areas?

Answer 28

Achromatopsia is a condition characterized by the inability to perceive color, typically resulting from damage to the ventral stream, particularly V4, which is involved in color processing. Akinetopsia, the inability to perceive motion, results from damage to the dorsal stream, particularly areas involved in motion perception. These conditions highlight the specialization of cortical areas for distinct aspects of visual processing.

Question 29

P3- Describe letter-color synesthesia.

Answer 29

Letter-color synesthesia is a condition where individuals perceive specific letters or numbers as inherently associated with particular colors, even though these colors do not exist in the actual stimuli, suggesting an unusual cross-wiring between sensory areas in the brain.

Question 30

P3- What is the flash-lag illusion and why does it occur?

Answer 30

The flash-lag illusion occurs when a stationary object is flashed at the same time a moving object passes it, but the stationary object appears to lag behind the moving one. This happens because the brain compensates for motion by predicting the future position of the moving object, leading to a misperception of its position relative to the flashed object.

Question 31

P3- Describe Capgras syndrome and give an explanation for it based on multiple face-processing pathways in the brain.

Answer 31

Capgras syndrome is a condition where individuals believe that familiar people (often loved ones) have been replaced by impostors. This occurs due to a disconnection between face recognition areas, like the fusiform face area (FFA), and the emotional processing regions (e.g., the amygdala). The lack of emotional response to recognized faces leads to the delusion that the familiar person is an impostor.

Question 32

P3- If two actors have asymmetric smiles, so that only one side is really smiling, which actor will seem to the audience to be expressing the emotion, and why?

Answer 32

The actor whose left side of the face is smiling will likely be perceived as expressing the emotion more intensely. This happens because the left side of the face is primarily controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain, which is more involved in emotion processing and the expression of emotional states, leading to more genuine or authentic-looking expressions.

Question 33

P3- Describe the impairment in prosopagnosia (from the 60 Minutes video), and include some examples of their special strategies people used to cope with the disorder.

Answer 33

Prosopagnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize faces, even though other visual abilities remain intact. People with this disorder often rely on alternative strategies to identify individuals, such as focusing on distinctive features (like voice, clothing, or hairstyle) or paying attention to contextual cues (e.g., where the person is located or their typical behavior). Some individuals also memorize specific details about a person’s face to help differentiate them from others.

Question 34

P3- What is a super-recognizer (from the same video)?

Answer 34

A super-recognizer is an individual with an exceptional ability to recognize faces with remarkable accuracy, even those seen only briefly or in unusual contexts. They are able to remember and identify faces over long periods of time and can recognize people across different settings, even when they have changed their appearance. Super-recognizers have been shown to have a highly developed face-processing system in the brain.

Question 35

P3.5- What are the defining features of visual object agnosia, and what distinguishes apperceptive from associative varieties?

Answer 35

Visual object agnosia is the inability to recognize objects despite normal vision. In apperceptive agnosia, patients struggle to perceive shapes, while in associative agnosia, they can perceive objects but cannot link them to meaning or identity.

Question 36

P3.5- What's the best explanation for why some patients with visual agnosia have greater difficulties recognizing animate things compared to inanimate things?

Answer 36

Some patients with visual agnosia struggle more with recognizing animate objects because the brain processes living and non-living things in different neural systems. Research suggests that animate objects rely more on visual features, while inanimate objects have additional associations with motor and functional knowledge, which remain intact and provide alternative recognition pathways.

Question 37

P3.5- Summarize Martha Farah’s proposal for two subsystems for visual recognition, one for holistic and one for analytic (part-decomposition) processing.

Answer 37

Martha Farah proposed that visual recognition relies on two subsystems: holistic processing, which recognizes objects as whole configurations (used for faces and familiar objects), and analytic (part-decomposition) processing, which identifies objects by breaking them into parts (used for reading and recognizing individual components). Damage to these systems leads to different impairments, such as prosopagnosia (difficulty recognizing faces) when holistic processing is affected and alexia (difficulty reading) when analytic processing is impaired.

Question 38

P3.5- What abilities were preserved in agnosia patient DF and how did that evidence support the Goodale/Milner theory about the Where processing stream?

Answer 38

Patient DF, who had visual form agnosia due to ventral stream damage, could not recognize or describe objects but could still accurately grasp and interact with them. This preserved ability supported Goodale and Milner’s theory, which proposed that the dorsal stream ("where/how" pathway) is specialized for visually guided actions, independent of conscious object recognition. DF’s case showed that object perception (ventral) and action (dorsal) rely on separate brain systems.

Question 39

P3.5- How have implicit recognition abilities been demonstrated in patients with severe impairments in conscious visual recognition?

Answer 39

Patients with prosopagnosia (face blindness) may fail to recognize familiar faces consciously but show emotional responses (skin conductance changes) when viewing known individuals. Similarly, blindsight patients, despite reporting no visual awareness, can guess visual stimuli (e.g., direction of motion) at above-chance levels, demonstrating unconscious processing in preserved visual pathways.

Question 40

P4- How is extinction to double simultaneous stimulation demonstrated in a patient with neglect?

Answer 40

In a patient with neglect, extinction to double simultaneous stimulation is demonstrated by presenting two stimuli—one on each side of space—at the same time. While the patient can detect a single stimulus on the neglected side when presented alone, they fail to notice it when a competing stimulus appears on the intact side. This suggests that attention is biased toward the intact (typically right) visual field, suppressing awareness of stimuli in the neglected (typically left) field.

Question 41

P4- What pre-attentive processing must happen first before a neglect patient can neglect the left side of an object?

Answer 41

Before a neglect patient can neglect the left side of an object, their brain must first detect and identify the object’s overall structure through pre-attentive processing. This means the patient’s visual system must initially process the object’s global shape and orientation to determine what constitutes its "left" side. Only after this stage does attentional neglect occur, causing the patient to ignore that specific portion of the object.

Question 42

P4- Neglect patients can be seemingly oblivious to things on the left. Describe evidence that there is still unconscious processing of that information.

Answer 42

Even though neglect patients seem oblivious to objects on their neglected side, evidence shows that unconscious processing of this information still occurs. For instance, when patients are asked to draw or copy pictures, they may leave out the left side but can recognize and report when pointed out to them later, suggesting implicit awareness. Additionally, skin conductance responses or pupil dilation to stimuli on the neglected side can occur, showing that their brain is still processing these stimuli, even without conscious recognition.

Question 43

P4- Serial Search vs Parallel Search

Answer 43

In a serial search, items are examined one at a time, whereas in a parallel search, all items are processed simultaneously. For example: Serial search is looking for a specific red pen in a drawer full of mixed objects, where you check each item one by one. An example of parallel search is identifying a red pen in a lineup of pens where all items can be quickly scanned at once.

Question 43

P4- Describe how evidence from the Milan Piazza experiment supports the representational theory of neglect.

Answer 43

In the Milan Piazza experiment, patients with neglect were asked to describe or imagine famous piazzas from their point of view. When they were asked to focus on one side of the piazza, they often neglected the left side, even when imagining it in their mind. This supports the representational theory of neglect, which posits that neglect is not just a sensory or attentional issue, but also involves a failure to represent the neglected side of objects or spaces in mental imagery. Additionally, when they switched sides in their mind the neglect switched too.

Question 44

P4- What is simultanagnosia?

Answer 44

Simultanagnosia is a condition where individuals struggle to perceive multiple objects at once, often only seeing one object at a time, despite having normal vision.

Question 45

P4- Describe how neglect can be environment-centered, patient-centered, or object-centered.

Answer 45

Environment-centered neglect means the patient ignores the left side of space, regardless of their position or the objects around them. Patient-centered neglect means the patient neglects the left side of their own body or visual field, regardless of external space. Object-centered neglect means the patient neglects the left side of individual objects, even when those objects move or rotate.

Question 46

P4- Describe how damage to the temporoparietal junction in the left versus right hemisphere influences performance in the task of copying large letters made from small letters (a global/local task).

Answer 46

Damage to the right temporoparietal junction impairs global processing, causing patients to miss the overall large letter while still perceiving the smaller component letters. Conversely, damage to the left TPJ impairs local processing, making patients see the large letter but struggle to identify the smaller component letters. This suggests a hemispheric specialization, with the right hemisphere focusing on global features and the left hemisphere on local details.

Question 47

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 47

The inability to form new memories after a brain injury, while past memories may remain intact.

Question 47

P4- Describe deficits in a patient with Balint's Syndrome that fit with the explanation of a dysfunctional spatial framework.

Answer 47

A patient with Balint’s Syndrome has deficits in spatial attention and coordination, which align with a dysfunctional spatial framework explanation. They exhibit simultanagnosia, struggling to perceive multiple objects at once, optic ataxia, making it difficult to reach accurately for objects due to poor spatial coordination, and ocular apraxia, leading to difficulty shifting gaze.

Question 48

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 48

The loss of previously formed memories, often due to brain damage, while the ability to form new memories may remain.

Question 49

Encoding

Answer 49

The initial process of acquiring and processing information to be stored as a memory.

Question 50

Consolidation

Answer 50

The process of stabilizing and strengthening a memory after encoding, making it more permanent.

Question 51

Working memory

Answer 51

A temporary memory system that actively holds and manipulates information for short-term use, such as mental calculations or problem-solving.

Question 52

Retrieval

Answer 52

The ability to access and recall stored information from memory when needed.

Question 53

Episodic memory

Answer 53

A type of declarative memory for personal experiences tied to specific times and places (e.g., your last birthday).

Question 53

Declarative memory

Answer 53

Memory for facts and events that can be consciously recalled, including episodic and semantic memory.

Question 54

Semantic memory

Answer 54

A type of declarative memory for general knowledge and facts (e.g., the capital of France is Paris).

Question 55

Nondeclarative memory

Answer 55

Memory for skills and habits that operate unconsciously, such as motor skills and conditioned responses.

Question 56

Conditioning

Answer 56

A type of learning where an association is formed between a stimulus and a response, such as Pavlov’s dogs salivating at a bell sound.

Question 57

Skill learning (perceptual)

Answer 57

Improving sensory discrimination, like recognizing musical notes.

Question 57

Cognitive skill learning

Answer 57

Developing strategies or problem-solving techniques, like playing chess.

Question 58

Skill learning (motor)

Answer 58

Learning to perform movements, like riding a bike.

Question 59

Habituation

Answer 59

A decrease in response to a repeated stimulus over time (e.g., ignoring background noise)

Question 60

P5- Explain why a brain injury could give rise to both anterograde and retrograde amnesia?

Answer 60

A brain injury can cause both anterograde and retrograde amnesia if it damages areas critical for memory formation and storage, such as the hippocampus and medial temporal lobes. Anterograde amnesia occurs because the injured brain can no longer encode and consolidate new memories. Retrograde amnesia happens when damage disrupts the retrieval or consolidation of previously stored memories, particularly those that were not yet fully stabilized in long-term storage. The extent of memory loss depends on the severity and location of the damage.

Question 61

Sensitization

Answer 61

Repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to an increased response or sensitivity to that stimulus and others. Ex: PTSD

Question 62

P5- Describe preserved priming in amnesia and explain what differentiates priming from the type of memory impaired in patients with amnesia. P

Answer 62

Preserved priming in amnesia means patients improve on tasks like word completion without conscious memory of prior exposure. This happens because priming relies on implicit memory (cortex and basal ganglia), while amnesia affects explicit memory (hippocampus and medial temporal lobe).

Question 63

P5- Describe the separate contributions of the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex to human memory function.

Answer 63

The hippocampus is crucial for forming and consolidating new explicit memories, particularly episodic and spatial memories. The cerebral cortex stores long-term memories, supports semantic knowledge, and is involved in retrieving and integrating information across different sensory and cognitive domains.

Question 64

P5- What causes alcoholic Korsakoff’s syndrome and what are the symptoms?

Answer 64

Alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome is caused by thiamine deficiency due to chronic alcoholism, affecting memory and brain function. Symptoms include memory loss, confabulation, disorientation, and lack of awareness of the condition.

Question 65

P5- What is "Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory" and how might it be explained?

Answer 65

Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory (HSAM) is a rare condition where individuals can recall personal experiences and events from their lives with extraordinary detail and accuracy. It may be explained by enhanced memory processes in areas like the hippocampus and frontal cortex, which contribute to the exceptional encoding and retrieval of autobiographical information, though the exact mechanisms are still not fully understood.

Question 66

P6- What problems did Phineas Gage experience and why is that important?

Answer 66

Phineas Gage experienced drastic personality changes after a brain injury to his prefrontal cortex, becoming impulsive and socially impaired. His case is important for understanding the role of the prefrontal cortex in personality and decision-making.

Question 67

P6- What is the Environmental Dependency syndrome?

Answer 67

Environmental Dependency Syndrome is a condition where individuals exhibit automatic, inappropriate behaviors triggered by their environment, often due to damage to the frontal lobes. Patients may rely excessively on external cues or prompts, displaying behaviors like mimicking actions or being overly influenced by their surroundings, even when such actions are not suitable for the situation.

Question 68

P6- Explain the neuropsychological symptom of confabulation.

Answer 68

Confabulation is the act of fabricating or filling in memory gaps with false information, often without the intent to deceive. It occurs due to memory deficits, particularly in conditions like Korsakoff's syndrome or brain damage to the frontal lobes, where the individual may unknowingly create inaccurate memories to explain their confusion or memory loss.

Question 69

P6- Explain the neuropsychological symptom of perseveration

Answer 69

Perseveration is the repetitive and inappropriate continuation of a behavior or thought beyond its appropriate context, often due to frontal lobe damage. It occurs when individuals are unable to shift attention or change responses, leading them to persist in a task or action even when it is no longer relevant or appropriate.

Question 70

P6- Fuster's Theory of the Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 70

Fuster's theory focuses on the prefrontal cortex as a temporary storage system for information, supporting executive functions like working memory, planning, and decision-making. It emphasizes the prefrontal cortex's role in integrating sensory information and goal-directed behavior.

Question 71

P6- Simulation Theory of the Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 71

Suggests the prefrontal cortex helps simulate or model possible future scenarios to predict the outcomes of actions. It emphasizes the cortex's role in mental rehearsal and predictive processing to guide decision-making and adapt to changing situations.

Question 72

P6- Fuster vs Simulation Theory

Answer 72

Fuster's theory centers on cognitive control and memory maintenance, while Simulation Theory emphasizes mental simulations of potential actions and their consequences.

Question 73

P6- Describe a scenario whereby evidence for prefrontal dysfunction could be relevant for the penalty phase of a trial in which an individual was found guilty of impulsively committing a crime.

Answer 73

A neuropsychological evaluation showing damage to the prefrontal cortex could suggest that the defendant's impulsive actions and lack of planning were caused by brain damage, not malice or careful thought. This could affect the sentence, as it would show the person may not have had full control over their actions because their brain dysfunction impacted their ability to think and plan.

Question 74

P6- What ERP findings implicate poor sensory filtering after frontal lesions, and what problems would this produce for a patient?

Answer 74

ERP findings that implicate poor sensory filtering after frontal lesions typically show reduced or delayed P300 wave responses, which are associated with difficulty in distinguishing relevant from irrelevant stimuli. This impairment in sensory filtering would lead to a difficulty focusing on important information while being overwhelmed by distractions, causing problems with attention, concentration, and decision-making. A patient might struggle to process information effectively, leading to cognitive overload and poor performance in tasks requiring sustained attention or cognitive control.

Question 75

P6- Describe the Cognitive Estimation Test, and explain why it is sensitive to prefrontal damage.

Answer 75

The Cognitive Estimation Test involves asking individuals to make reasonable estimates for various everyday scenarios, such as "How many piano tuners are there in New York City?" or "How many people live in a particular country?" The test assesses the ability to use reasoning and judgment to arrive at an approximate answer. Impaired by prefrontal damage.

Question 76

P6- What kinds of behaviors would be examples of utilization behaviors in patients with damage to prefrontal cortex? Explain why people with normal prefrontal function do not have this problem.

Answer 76

Utilization behaviors in patients with prefrontal cortex damage involve inappropriately using objects or performing actions based on environmental cues without considering the context or social norms. For example, a patient might pick up and eat food off a table during a conversation or use a pen to scratch their head when it's not needed. These behaviors occur because the prefrontal cortex is involved in inhibiting automatic responses and ensuring actions are contextually appropriate. People with normal prefrontal function don’t have this issue because their prefrontal cortex helps them filter out irrelevant cues and regulate behavior according to the situation.

Question 77

Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 77

Involved in planning, decision-making, attention, and working memory.

Question 78

Somatosensory Cortex

Answer 78

Processes sensory information like touch, temperature, and pain.

Question 79

Posterior Parietal Cortex

Answer 79

Plays a role in spatial awareness and navigation.

Question 80

Auditory Cortex

Answer 80

Processes sound and is involved in language comprehension.

Question 81

Medial Temporal Lobe (including Hippocampus)

Answer 81

Crucial for memory formation and spatial navigation.

Question 82

Fusiform Gyrus

Answer 82

Important for face recognition.

Question 83

Visual Cortex

Answer 83

Processes visual information, including shape, color, and motion.

Question 84

Cerebellum

Answer 84

Coordinates motor control, balance, and fine motor skills.

Question 85

Medulla Oblongata

Answer 85

Controls autonomic functions like breathing, heart rate, and digestion.

Question 86

Pons

Answer 86

Involved in sleep regulation, motor control, and sensory pathways.

Question 87

Midbrain

Answer 87

Plays a role in vision, hearing, and motor control.

Question 88

Amygdala

Answer 88

Processes emotions like fear and aggression

Question 89

Hypothalamus

Answer 89

Regulates hormonal balance, hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythms.

Question 90

Thalamus

Answer 90

Acts as a sensory relay station for most sensory information.

Question 91

Basal Ganglia

Answer 91

Involved in motor control, habit formation, and reward processing.

Question 92

Acuity

Answer 92

Sharpness or clearness of perception, ability to resolve detail

Question 93

Neurons

Answer 93

You already know

Question 94

Monosynaptic Reflex

Answer 94

A rapid, simple reflex arc involving only one synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron, like the knee-jerk reflex.

Question 95

Neuroplasticity

Answer 95

The brain's ability to change and adapt its structure and function throughout life.

Question 96

Retinogeniculostriate Pathway

Answer 96

The route visual information takes from the retina to the brain, specifically through the optic nerve, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus, and finally to the primary visual cortex.

Question 97

Tectopulvinar Systems

Answer 97

A visual pathway that plays a crucial role in directing visual spatial attention and guiding eye movements, particularly towards novel or moving stimuli in peripheral vision, and is involved in residual visual perceptual abilities in blindsight patients

Question 98

Cortical Blindness

Answer 98

A condition where a person is unable to see despite having normal eyes, due to damage to the visual processing areas in the brain, particularly the occipital lobe.

Question 99

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

Answer 99

A structure in the thalamus of the brain that acts as a relay center for visual information. It receives input from the retina and transmits visual signals to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe for further processing. The LGN is crucial for the processing of visual stimuli, such as color, brightness, and motion.

Question 100

V1 Cortex Organization

Answer 100

Retinotopic mapping, where adjacent areas of the visual field are represented in adjacent areas of the cortex. Orientation columns (responding to edge orientations), ocular dominance columns (processing input from each eye), and color columns (specialized for color).

Question 101

Face Pareidolia

Answer 101

The perception of faces in non-facial objects.