FINALS Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
What are norms?
A
Regulatory standards that define how members are supposed to behave.
Norms provide direction, motivation, and organize social interactions.
2
Q
What are the four types of norms?
A
- Prescriptive Norms
- Proscriptive Norms
- Descriptive Norms
- Injunctive Norms
Each type serves a different function in guiding behavior.
3
Q
Define Prescriptive Norms.
A
Socially appropriate ways to respond in a situation; what members SHOULD do.
4
Q
Define Proscriptive Norms.
A
Prohibitions that define actions that should be avoided; what members SHOULDN’T do.
5
Q
Define Descriptive Norms.
A
Describe what most people usually do, feel, or think in a situation; what members are ACTUALLY doing.
6
Q
Define Injunctive Norms.
A
Evaluative norms that describe behaviors people ought to perform; what groups approve or disapprove.
7
Q
What is internalization of norms?
A
Members comply with their group’s norms because they want to, making the norms their own personal norms.
8
Q
What do communication norms set?
A
Expectations about how frequently one should communicate and the types of messages exchanged.
9
Q
What are relationship maintenance norms?
A
Encourage using social media to strengthen relationships by keeping up-to-date on others’ lives.
10
Q
What are negative self-consequences norms?
A
Steps to avoid causing oneself harm when using social media.
11
Q
What do negative friend-consequences norms warn against?
A
Doing things that might harm one’s friends.
12
Q
What is social tuning?
A
The tendency for individuals’ actions and evaluations to become more similar to those around them.
13
Q
What are Benne and Sheats’ Group Roles?
A
Theory stating individuals gravitate to particular roles based on experiences and personality.
14
Q
What are the two main categories of roles identified by Benne and Sheats?
A
- Task roles
- Relationship roles
Task roles focus on accomplishing tasks while relationship roles emphasize internal work.
15
Q
What does Bale’s SYMLOG model analyze?
A
Types of roles in groups based on dominance, friendliness, and acceptance of task-oriented authority.
16
Q
What are the three dimensions of SYMLOG?
A
- Dominance or Submissive
- Friendly or Unfriendly
- Acceptance or Nonacceptance of task-oriented authority
17
Q
What is role differentiation?
A
The increase in the number of roles in a group that become more narrowly defined and specialized.
18
Q
Describe Task roles.
A
Behaviors focused on accomplishing tasks like initiating structure and providing feedback.
19
Q
Describe Relationship roles.
A
Emphasize building trust, respect, and collaboration among team members.
20
Q
What are role theories?
A
Theories regarding roles and role-related processes.
21
Q
What are the three types of role theories?
A
- Functional Role Theories
- Interactionist Theories
- Dynamic Role Theories
22
Q
What is role stress?
A
Influence of roles on group members’ happiness and well-being.
23
Q
Define role ambiguity.
A
Uncertainty about whether one is acting appropriately in their role.
24
Q
Define role conflict.
A
Tension or uncertainty caused by inconsistent expectations associated with one’s role.
25
What is interrole conflict?
Conflict that occurs when individuals occupy multiple roles with inconsistent expectations.
26
What is intrarole conflict?
Conflict that arises when behaviors within a single role are incongruous.
27
What is person-role conflict?
When behaviors associated with a role conflict with an individual's values or personality.
28
What is role fit?
The degree of congruence between role demands and the characteristics of the individual.
29
What are communication networks?
Patterns of information transmission and exchange within a group.
30
Name three types of communication networks.
* Comcon
* Circle
* Pinwheel
31
What is a centralized network?
A network where one position has a very high level of centrality.
32
What is a decentralized network?
A network where each position is roughly equal in centrality.
33
What is information saturation?
When an individual can no longer efficiently manage incoming and outgoing messages.
34
What are directional (up-down) effects in communication?
Information can flow horizontally or vertically within a group.
35
What is egocentric network?
Yields information about each member of the network.
36
What is sociocentric network?
Provides insights into the group as a whole.
37
Define social influence.
Interpersonal processes that change the thoughts, feelings, or behaviors of another person.
38
What is majority influence?
Social pressure exerted by the larger portion of a group directed toward smaller factions.
39
What is minority influence?
Social pressure exerted by a lone individual or smaller fraction directed toward the majority.
40
Define conformity.
A change in actions, emotions, or opinions to match those displayed by others.
41
What did Muzafer Sherif's study demonstrate?
Group members modify their judgments to match those of others.
42
What is the Asch Situation?
Experiments demonstrating the power of majority influence through vision tests.
43
What are the types of conformity?
* Compliance
* Congruence
* Conversion
44
What is compliance in conformity?
Members privately disagree but publicly express agreement with the majority.
45
What is congruence in conformity?
Members agree with the group from the outset without needing to shift their opinion.
46
What is conversion in conformity?
Members change their position because they think the group is correct.
47
What are types of nonconformity?
* Independence
* Anticonformity
* Strategic Anticonformity
48
What is independence in nonconformity?
Members publicly express ideas consistent with their personal standards.
49
What is anticonformity?
Members express ideas opposite to what the group favors.
50
What is strategic anticonformity?
Members publicly oppose the majority while privately agreeing.
51
What is unanimity?
A situation where the majority's agreement influences individuals without allies.
52
What are weak situations?
Situations that do not pressure conformity, allowing personal proclivities to prevail.
53
What are strong situations?
Situations that pressure individuals to conform, limiting idiosyncratic actions.
54
How do conformity rates differ across sexes?
Men may demonstrate uniqueness in nonconformity, particularly in relational contexts.
55
What is conversion theory of minority influence?
Analyzes cognitive and interpersonal processes mediating minority impact on the majority.
56
What is the role of consistency in minority influence?
Being consistent in a view is more likely to influence the majority.
57
What are idiosyncrasy credits?
An individual's capacity to deviate from group expectations, earned by conformity.
58
What is dynamic social impact?
A theory that describes how influence results in uniformity and clustering in groups.
59
What does consolidation refer to in dynamic social impact?
The uniformity of actions, attitudes, and opinions as individuals interact regularly.
60
What is clustering in dynamic social impact?
Emergence of clusters of group members with similar opinions due to frequent communication.
61
What is consolidation in dynamic social impact theory?
As individuals interact regularly, their actions, attitudes, and opinions become more uniform.
## Footnote
This process highlights how social interactions can lead to a convergence of views within a group.
62
Define clustering in the context of social influence.
Clusters of group members with similar opinions emerge due to closer communication among nearby members.
## Footnote
Clustering is more likely when members can change locations to join similar others.
63
What does correlation refer to in group dynamics?
Over time, group members’ opinions on various issues converge, leading to more correlated views.
## Footnote
This can occur even for issues not openly discussed in the group.
64
Explain the concept of continuing diversity.
Members of minorities are often shielded from majority influence, allowing their beliefs to persist.
## Footnote
This phenomenon can lead to a richer diversity of opinions within the group.
65
What is implicit influence?
Unnoticed, largely automatic cognitive, emotional, and behavioral reactions to others.
## Footnote
This contrasts with explicit social influence, which is consciously recognized.
66
Define mimicry in social contexts.
An unconscious copying of the behavior exhibited by others.
## Footnote
While often deliberate, mimicry can occur without conscious intent.
67
What is mindlessness?
A state of reduced cognitive processing, characterized by actions based on habit or routine.
## Footnote
It often leads to behavior that lacks conscious deliberation.
68
What is informational influence?
Change-promoting processes based on the informational value of others' responses.
## Footnote
It involves evaluating beliefs and attributes through social comparisons.
69
What is the false consensus effect?
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs or behaviors.
## Footnote
This can lead to skewed perceptions of social norms.
70
What do dual process theories of influence identify?
They identify two sources of influence: direct (persuasion, discussion) and indirect (imitation, herding).
## Footnote
This framework helps understand the complexity of social influence.
71
What is normative influence?
Change-promoting processes based on social norms and standards.
## Footnote
It occurs when individuals adjust their behaviors to align with group norms.
72
Define dissonant and dissent.
Cognitive dissonance motivates individuals to reduce unpleasant states by changing beliefs or behaviors.
## Footnote
This can lead to attempts to align with group norms.
73
What is interpersonal influence?
A social response that explicitly pressures others to conform.
## Footnote
This can involve coercive tactics to ensure compliance.
74
What is the black-sheep effect?
The tendency for group members to evaluate an offensive behavior more harshly when committed by an ingroup member than by an outgroup member.
## Footnote
This reflects the dynamics of group loyalty and evaluation.
75
What is the bystander effect?
The tendency for people to help less when others are present.
## Footnote
This phenomenon highlights the diffusion of responsibility in group situations.
76
What causes inhibition of helping in groups?
Social pressures may interfere with the ability to respond helpfully in emergencies.
## Footnote
This can lead to decreased likelihood of assistance.
77
What is diffusion of responsibility?
A reduction of personal responsibility experienced by individuals in groups.
## Footnote
Identified by Darley and Latané in their studies of bystander behavior.
78
Define power in social contexts.
Power is a group-level process based on differentiation in each member's capacity to influence others.
## Footnote
It can lead to both conflict and stability within groups.
79
What are the bases of power?
* Reward
* Coercive
* Legitimate
* Referent
* Expert
* Informational
## Footnote
Each base represents a different source of influence within social interactions.
80
What is the agentic state?
A psychological state where individuals see themselves as agents of authority, leading to compliance.
## Footnote
This state can diminish personal responsibility in following orders.
81
What is the great leader theory?
The view that successful leaders possess specific characteristics that mark them for greatness.
## Footnote
This approach aligns with the trait perspective on leadership.
82
Define the zeitgeist theory.
The idea that history is determined by the spirit of the times rather than by individual leaders' actions.
## Footnote
This aligns with situational approaches to leadership.
83
What are specific status characteristics?
Task-specific behavioral and personal characteristics considered when estimating competency and social value.
## Footnote
These are contrasted with diffuse status characteristics.
84
What is the iron law of oligarchy?
The principle that power in any group tends to concentrate in the hands of a few individuals.
## Footnote
This concept highlights issues of power dynamics and control.
85
What is the relationship between power and social status in groups?
Status is organized based on various factors, including personal qualities and biases in status allocation.
## Footnote
Understanding this relationship is critical for analyzing group dynamics.
86
What personality traits are commonly associated with effective leaders?
* Assertiveness
* Dominance
* Narcissism
* Self-monitoring
* Social motivation
* Self-efficacy for leadership
* Gender identity
* Five factors of personality
* Birth order
* Character strengths
* Authenticity
## Footnote
These traits can influence leadership emergence and effectiveness.
87
What is Machiavellianism in leadership?
A leadership style that endorses manipulative tactics and espouses a cynical view of human nature
## Footnote
Machiavellian leaders often prioritize personal gain over ethical considerations.
88
Define Narcissism in the context of leadership.
An inflated view of self-worth, exaggeration of achievements, blocking criticism, refusal to compromise, and seeking attention
## Footnote
Narcissistic leaders may create toxic work environments due to their self-centeredness.
89
What characterizes Psychopathy in leadership?
A lack of concern for others and social regulations, leading to impulsive actions without considering consequences
## Footnote
Psychopathic leaders may exploit others for personal gain.
90
What are the hallmarks of General Mental Ability (GMA)?
Abstract thinking, ability to manipulate the environment, and foresight
## Footnote
GMA is often seen as a predictor of leadership potential.
91
What is Emotional Intelligence?
The capacity to accurately perceive emotions and use emotional information in decision-making
## Footnote
It also includes monitoring and controlling one's own and others' emotional reactions.
92
What is the Babble Effect?
The tendency for group members who talk at a high rate to emerge as leaders, regardless of the quality of their information shared
## Footnote
This phenomenon highlights the influence of communication style on leadership emergence.
93
What does Implicit Leadership Theory suggest?
Group members' assumptions about the traits that distinguish leaders from non-leaders, also known as leader prototypes
## Footnote
These assumptions can influence how individuals perceive and accept leaders.
94
What is the Warren Harding Effect?
The phenomenon where voters perceive handsome candidates as having great leadership potential, despite incompetence
## Footnote
This effect illustrates biases in leadership selection based on physical appearance.
95
Explain Social Identity Theory in leadership.
Leadership as a group-level process where members favor individuals who best represent their shared social identity
## Footnote
This can influence group cohesion and support for leaders.
96
Define Role Incongruity.
Evaluations of a leader based on a mismatch between gender stereotypes and leadership roles
## Footnote
This can disadvantage women in leadership positions, requiring them to outperform male counterparts.
97
What is Terror Management Theory?
A theory suggesting that awareness of mortality leads to psychological defenses, with culture providing meaning and self-esteem serving as a defense mechanism
## Footnote
Leaders often gain popularity in crises as people seek security.
98
What distinguishes Transformational Leadership?
Inspires and elevates others through idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration
## Footnote
Transformational leaders focus on developing their followers.
99
What is the difference between Transformational and Transactional Leadership?
Transformational leadership inspires, while transactional leadership is exchange-based, focusing on rewards and punishments
## Footnote
Both styles can be effective in different contexts.
100
What does LMX stand for?
Leader-Member Exchange
## Footnote
LMX theory focuses on the dyadic relationships between leaders and members.
101
List the 5 follower types according to Kelley (2004).
* Conformist (active, dependent)
* Passive (passive, dependent)
* Pragmatic (balanced)
* Alienated (independent, passive)
* Exemplary (active, independent)
## Footnote
Understanding follower types can help leaders tailor their approach.
102
What are the two dimensions of the Leadership Grid?
* Importance of production results
* Importance of group members' feelings
## Footnote
Developed by Blake and Mouton, this grid helps assess leadership styles.
103
What does Situational Leadership Theory emphasize?
Adapting leadership methods to match the group's readiness
## Footnote
Hersey and Blanchard's theory highlights the importance of flexibility in leadership.
104
What is Fiedler’s Contingency Theory?
A theory that suggests leadership effectiveness depends on the match between leadership style and situational variables
## Footnote
Fiedler's LPC scale measures a leader's motivational style.
