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ANACHEM FINALS > Finals > Flashcards

Finals Flashcards

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1
Q

What is food authentication?

A

Verifying the true nature of a food product to ensure it matches its label

Protects health, supports religious beliefs, ensures sanitary & organic food, defends consumer rights, and prevents fraud, mislabeling, and adulteration.

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2
Q

What is the CRISPR-Cas system?

A

A natural adaptive immune system in bacteria and archaea that protects against phages, viruses, and other foreign genetic elements.

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3
Q

What are the applications of the CRISPR-Cas system in food safety?

A
  • Detecting allergens and toxins
  • Identifying GMOs
  • Preventing food fraud
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4
Q

What role does guide RNA (gRNA) play in CRISPR detection?

A

Matches a specific DNA/RNA sequence and directs the Cas enzyme to the target.

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5
Q

What is the function of the Cas enzyme in CRISPR?

A

Acts as molecular scissors that cut the target and the reporter molecule.

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6
Q

What does a positive fluorescence test indicate?

A

Light = Positive

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7
Q

What are the two types of CRISPR-based assays?

A
  • Cas12 System – DNA detection
  • Cas13 System – RNA detection
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8
Q

What is SHERLOCK in the context of CRISPR?

A

Uses Cas13 for detecting RNA with fluorescent or lateral flow output.

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9
Q

What is the sensitivity of RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a for detecting pork DNA?

A

10⁻³ ng sensitivity.

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10
Q

What are the advantages of CRISPR in food analysis?

A
  • High sensitivity & specificity
  • Rapid results (30–60 minutes)
  • Cost-effective
  • Field-ready
  • Versatile for complex foods
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11
Q

What future innovations are anticipated in CRISPR-based food testing?

A
  • CAPCOD (CRISPR-Cas-based PCR DNA barcoding)
  • AI-Integrated CRISPR
  • Multiplex Detection
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12
Q

What is a limitation of CRISPR-based assays?

A

Sensitive to DNA quality and off-target effects.

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13
Q

What are Lateral Flow Immunoassays (LFIAs)?

A

Rapid, simple, and cost-effective diagnostic tools used to detect contaminants, allergens, and pathogens.

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of Lateral Flow Immunoassays?

A

Relies on capillary action to move a sample across a membrane where antibodies bind to specific analytes.

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15
Q

What is the role of antibodies?

A

Y-shaped proteins that bind specifically to antigens and neutralize pathogens.

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16
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A substance that triggers an immune response and causes the immune system to produce antibodies.

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17
Q

What are the parts of an LFIA?

A
  • Sample Pad
  • Conjugate Release Pad
  • Nitrocellulose Membrane
  • Absorption Pad
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18
Q

What are some applications of LFIAs in food analysis?

A
  • Detection of pathogens
  • Monitoring additives
  • Detection of illegal additives
  • Monitoring for toxins
  • Testing for drug residues
  • Allergen identification
  • GMO testing
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19
Q

What is a disadvantage of LFIAs?

A

Provides qualitative results, lacks quantitative measurement.

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20
Q

What does GC-IMS stand for?

A

Gas Chromatography–Ion Mobility Spectrometry.

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21
Q

What is the purpose of Gas Chromatography?

A

Separates volatile compounds based on boiling points.

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22
Q

What is the advantage of combining GC with IMS?

A

Combines selectivity of GC with the sensitivity of IMS for detecting volatile organic compounds.

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23
Q

What are the advantages of GC-IMS?

A
  • Minimal sample preparation
  • Rapid analysis
  • High sensitivity
  • Cost-effective
  • Versatile
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24
Q

What is Competitive Magnetic Immunodetection (cMID)?

A

An innovative, portable assay for rapid, sensitive detection of small molecules like antibiotics.

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25
What are the applications of cMID?
* Food safety * Environmental monitoring * Clinical diagnostics
26
What is the detection method used in cMID?
Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection (FMMD) to measure magnetic signals correlating with antibiotic levels.
27
What are the limitations of cMID?
Limited specificity and sensitive to food matrix interference.
28
What is chromatography?
Separation technique where volatile compounds are carried by inert gas through a column.
29
How do different compounds behave in chromatography?
They travel at different rates for separation.
30
What is the principle of ion mobility spectrometry?
Separated compounds are ionized and drift through a gas under an electric field, separated by size and charge.
31
What does drift time in ion mobility spectrometry provide?
Structural information about the ions.
32
What does a detector measure in ion mobility spectrometry?
Ion abundance for quantitative analysis.
33
What are the applications of chromatography and ion mobility spectrometry in the food industry?
* Detect pesticides, mycotoxins, and harmful contaminants * Identify adulteration * Monitor freshness and spoilage
34
What does quality control in the food industry assess?
* Quality of fruits * Vegetables * Meat * Dairy * Baked goods
35
What is flavor and aroma profiling?
Identifying and quantifying aroma compounds to optimize processing and storage.
36
What was the focus of Guo et al. (2022) in their study?
Analyzing aroma differences in oolong tea cultivars using GC-IMS.
37
What unique finding did GC-IMS reveal in the oolong tea study?
Identified 27 unique scent compounds not detected by other methods.
38
What are the advantages of GC-IMS?
* Minimal sample preparation * Versatile for a wide range of foods * Rapid analysis * Sensitive detection of trace compounds * Cost-effective and portable compared to GC-MS
39
What is Lambanog?
A distilled spirit made from the sap of coconut or nipa palm, typically with an ABV around 90-95%.
40
How is Lambanog made?
* Sap is harvested from the flower of the coconut tree * Sap ferments to tuba * Tuba is distilled to produce lambanog
41
What issue does the documentary 'Patay sa Tagay' highlight about lambanog?
Reports on counterfeit and unsafe lambanog often mixed with harmful chemicals.
42
What are the health risks associated with unsafe or adulterated lambanog?
Serious health risks, especially due to methanol contamination.
43
What can MNR Spectroscopy provide in the context of lambanog?
Rapid, quantitative detection of methanol and other alcohols.
44
What is the significance of MNR Spectroscopy for lambanog?
* Ensures consumer safety * Preserves cultural heritage * Provides cost-effective detection methods
45
What is glucose monitoring essential for?
Clinical diagnostics, especially for managing diabetes.
46
What materials are used in the amperometric glucose biosensor?
* Graphite rod electrode * Gold nanostructures * Prussian Blue * Nafion
47
What is the core reaction catalyzed by glucose oxidase (GOx)?
Glucose + O₂ → Gluconic acid + H₂O₂
48
What is the role of Prussian Blue (PB) in the glucose biosensor?
Acts as an electrocatalyst for H₂O₂ reduction.
49
What advantages does Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) offer?
* Rapid and automated * High reproducibility * Suitable for real-time monitoring
50
What are key features of nanofibers in food protection?
* High surface-area-to-volume ratio * Porosity * Composed of polymers, ceramics, or metals
51
How do electrospinning and solution blow spinning contribute to nanofiber production?
* Electrospinning uses electrostatic force to produce ultrafine fibers * Solution Blow Spinning uses compressed air for simpler, scalable fiber production
52
What are the applications of nanofiber-based sensors in food safety?
* Detects microbial contamination * Detects heavy metals and pesticides * Integrates into packaging for spoilage detection
53
What are the types of nanotechnology-based packaging?
* Improved Packaging * Active Packaging * Smart Packaging * Bio-Based Packaging
54
What are the environmental concerns related to nanotechnology in food packaging?
Long-term effects of nano-waste are unknown.
55
Why is monitoring the dehydration process of apple snacks important?
* Maintains uniform quality * Allows real-time adjustments * Ensures compliance with safety standards * Reduces waste
56
What are the benefits of fruit dehydration?
Extends shelf life.
57
What is a drawback of traditional methods for monitoring dehydration?
Destructive, slow, and labor-intensive.
58
What visual features are extracted during the dehydration process monitoring?
* Color * Texture * Shape
59
What changes are noticeable during drying?
Color and texture changes ## Footnote These changes are ideal for visual-based analysis.
60
What approach is used for monitoring dehydration?
Image-Based Monitoring Approach ## Footnote This involves using a camera to capture images at different time points.
61
What is extracted from images captured during dehydration monitoring?
Visual features (color, texture, shape) ## Footnote These features are then analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
62
What is the purpose of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in this context?
To rank and reduce features ## Footnote This enables real-time, non-invasive monitoring.
63
What is the first step in the methodology overview?
Sample Preparation ## Footnote Apples are washed and soaked in 0.00014% ionic silver solution for 10 minutes.
64
What thickness are the apple slices prepared for drying?
4–5 mm thickness ## Footnote This is followed by drying at 68°C for 14 hours.
65
How many time points are recorded during image and weight capture?
9 time points ## Footnote Images are taken using an iPhone XR.
66
What methods are used for image preprocessing?
Contrast enhancement, grayscale conversion, thresholding (Otsu’s method), morphological filtering ## Footnote These methods enhance the quality of the captured images.
67
How many total features are extracted for analysis?
46 total features ## Footnote These features come from color, texture, shape, and curvature.
68
What is the significance of the methodology for rural processors?
Empowers with low-cost, non-invasive tools ## Footnote This eliminates the need for expensive lab instruments.
69
What are some limitations of the image-based monitoring system?
Variability from uncontrolled camera position/lighting, no chemical validation, shape features may be affected by shrinkage and distortion ## Footnote These factors can affect the accuracy of the monitoring.
70
What are the top PCA indicators mentioned?
Entropy (Red, Green, Blue), Skewness (RGB), GLCM: Contrast, Variance ## Footnote These indicators help improve the analysis.
71
What future improvements are suggested for the monitoring system?
Improve camera setup, integrate chemical validation, develop mobile/AI tools ## Footnote These enhancements aim for real-time industry applications.
72
What does the conclusion state about visual feature extraction?
Offers a powerful, non-destructive method to monitor dehydration ## Footnote This enhances efficiency and quality control.
73
What are Luminescent Metal-Organic Frameworks (LMOFs)?
Porous crystalline materials composed of metal ions/clusters and organic linkers ## Footnote They exhibit strong fluorescence or phosphorescence.
74
What are the key properties of LMOFs?
Tunable structure, high surface area and porosity, luminescence ## Footnote Hybrid materials enhance these properties.
75
What types of contaminants can LMOFs detect?
Heavy metals, organic pollutants, small molecules, food safety markers ## Footnote Examples include Pb²⁺, pesticides, and spoilage-related compounds.
76
What detection mode is used in LMOF applications?
Fluorometric detection ## Footnote This mode detects changes in fluorescence intensity or wavelength.
77
What advantages do LMOFs offer in food and environmental monitoring?
Rapid detection, high sensitivity and selectivity, potential for portable/on-site sensing tools ## Footnote These advantages help ensure food safety and environmental protection.
78
What are the general conclusions regarding hybrid LMOF sensors?
Show excellent potential for real-time, trace-level detection of hazardous contaminants ## Footnote They demonstrate improved sensitivity and selectivity.
79
What are the major obstacles for LMOF sensors in practical use?
Scaling, cost, real-world deployment ## Footnote These challenges hinder the transition from lab results to practical applications.
80
What is crucial for transitioning LMOF technology from lab to practical use?
Interdisciplinary collaboration and regulatory adaptation ## Footnote These factors are key for successful implementation.
81
What is food authentication?
Verifying the true nature of a food product to ensure it matches its label ## Footnote Protects health, supports religious beliefs, ensures sanitary & organic food, defends consumer rights, and prevents fraud, mislabeling, and adulteration.
82
What is the CRISPR-Cas system?
A natural adaptive immune system in bacteria and archaea that protects against phages, viruses, and other foreign genetic elements.
83
What are the applications of the CRISPR-Cas system in food safety?
* Detecting allergens and toxins * Identifying GMOs * Preventing food fraud
84
What role does guide RNA (gRNA) play in CRISPR detection?
Matches a specific DNA/RNA sequence and directs the Cas enzyme to the target.
85
What is the function of the Cas enzyme in CRISPR?
Acts as molecular scissors that cut the target and the reporter molecule.
86
What does a positive fluorescence test indicate?
Light = Positive
87
What are the two types of CRISPR-based assays?
* Cas12 System – DNA detection * Cas13 System – RNA detection
88
What is SHERLOCK in the context of CRISPR?
Uses Cas13 for detecting RNA with fluorescent or lateral flow output.
89
What is the sensitivity of RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a for detecting pork DNA?
10⁻³ ng sensitivity.
90
What are the advantages of CRISPR in food analysis?
* High sensitivity & specificity * Rapid results (30–60 minutes) * Cost-effective * Field-ready * Versatile for complex foods
91
What future innovations are anticipated in CRISPR-based food testing?
* CAPCOD (CRISPR-Cas-based PCR DNA barcoding) * AI-Integrated CRISPR * Multiplex Detection
92
What is a limitation of CRISPR-based assays?
Sensitive to DNA quality and off-target effects.
93
What are Lateral Flow Immunoassays (LFIAs)?
Rapid, simple, and cost-effective diagnostic tools used to detect contaminants, allergens, and pathogens.
94
What is the mechanism of Lateral Flow Immunoassays?
Relies on capillary action to move a sample across a membrane where antibodies bind to specific analytes.
95
What is the role of antibodies?
Y-shaped proteins that bind specifically to antigens and neutralize pathogens.
96
What is an antigen?
A substance that triggers an immune response and causes the immune system to produce antibodies.
97
What are the parts of an LFIA?
* Sample Pad * Conjugate Release Pad * Nitrocellulose Membrane * Absorption Pad
98
What are some applications of LFIAs in food analysis?
* Detection of pathogens * Monitoring additives * Detection of illegal additives * Monitoring for toxins * Testing for drug residues * Allergen identification * GMO testing
99
What is a disadvantage of LFIAs?
Provides qualitative results, lacks quantitative measurement.
100
What does GC-IMS stand for?
Gas Chromatography–Ion Mobility Spectrometry.
101
What is the purpose of Gas Chromatography?
Separates volatile compounds based on boiling points.
102
What is the advantage of combining GC with IMS?
Combines selectivity of GC with the sensitivity of IMS for detecting volatile organic compounds.
103
What are the advantages of GC-IMS?
* Minimal sample preparation * Rapid analysis * High sensitivity * Cost-effective * Versatile
104
What is Competitive Magnetic Immunodetection (cMID)?
An innovative, portable assay for rapid, sensitive detection of small molecules like antibiotics.
105
What are the applications of cMID?
* Food safety * Environmental monitoring * Clinical diagnostics
106
What is the detection method used in cMID?
Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection (FMMD) to measure magnetic signals correlating with antibiotic levels.
107
What are the limitations of cMID?
Limited specificity and sensitive to food matrix interference.
108
What is chromatography?
Separation technique where volatile compounds are carried by inert gas through a column.
109
How do different compounds behave in chromatography?
They travel at different rates for separation.
110
What is the principle of ion mobility spectrometry?
Separated compounds are ionized and drift through a gas under an electric field, separated by size and charge.
111
What does drift time in ion mobility spectrometry provide?
Structural information about the ions.
112
What does a detector measure in ion mobility spectrometry?
Ion abundance for quantitative analysis.
113
What are the applications of chromatography and ion mobility spectrometry in the food industry?
* Detect pesticides, mycotoxins, and harmful contaminants * Identify adulteration * Monitor freshness and spoilage
114
What does quality control in the food industry assess?
* Quality of fruits * Vegetables * Meat * Dairy * Baked goods
115
What is flavor and aroma profiling?
Identifying and quantifying aroma compounds to optimize processing and storage.
116
What was the focus of Guo et al. (2022) in their study?
Analyzing aroma differences in oolong tea cultivars using GC-IMS.
117
What unique finding did GC-IMS reveal in the oolong tea study?
Identified 27 unique scent compounds not detected by other methods.
118
What are the advantages of GC-IMS?
* Minimal sample preparation * Versatile for a wide range of foods * Rapid analysis * Sensitive detection of trace compounds * Cost-effective and portable compared to GC-MS
119
What is Lambanog?
A distilled spirit made from the sap of coconut or nipa palm, typically with an ABV around 90-95%.
120
How is Lambanog made?
* Sap is harvested from the flower of the coconut tree * Sap ferments to tuba * Tuba is distilled to produce lambanog
121
What issue does the documentary 'Patay sa Tagay' highlight about lambanog?
Reports on counterfeit and unsafe lambanog often mixed with harmful chemicals.
122
What are the health risks associated with unsafe or adulterated lambanog?
Serious health risks, especially due to methanol contamination.
123
What can MNR Spectroscopy provide in the context of lambanog?
Rapid, quantitative detection of methanol and other alcohols.
124
What is the significance of MNR Spectroscopy for lambanog?
* Ensures consumer safety * Preserves cultural heritage * Provides cost-effective detection methods
125
What is glucose monitoring essential for?
Clinical diagnostics, especially for managing diabetes.
126
What materials are used in the amperometric glucose biosensor?
* Graphite rod electrode * Gold nanostructures * Prussian Blue * Nafion
127
What is the core reaction catalyzed by glucose oxidase (GOx)?
Glucose + O₂ → Gluconic acid + H₂O₂
128
What is the role of Prussian Blue (PB) in the glucose biosensor?
Acts as an electrocatalyst for H₂O₂ reduction.
129
What advantages does Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) offer?
* Rapid and automated * High reproducibility * Suitable for real-time monitoring
130
What are key features of nanofibers in food protection?
* High surface-area-to-volume ratio * Porosity * Composed of polymers, ceramics, or metals
131
How do electrospinning and solution blow spinning contribute to nanofiber production?
* Electrospinning uses electrostatic force to produce ultrafine fibers * Solution Blow Spinning uses compressed air for simpler, scalable fiber production
132
What are the applications of nanofiber-based sensors in food safety?
* Detects microbial contamination * Detects heavy metals and pesticides * Integrates into packaging for spoilage detection
133
What are the types of nanotechnology-based packaging?
* Improved Packaging * Active Packaging * Smart Packaging * Bio-Based Packaging
134
What are the environmental concerns related to nanotechnology in food packaging?
Long-term effects of nano-waste are unknown.
135
Why is monitoring the dehydration process of apple snacks important?
* Maintains uniform quality * Allows real-time adjustments * Ensures compliance with safety standards * Reduces waste
136
What are the benefits of fruit dehydration?
Extends shelf life.
137
What is a drawback of traditional methods for monitoring dehydration?
Destructive, slow, and labor-intensive.
138
What visual features are extracted during the dehydration process monitoring?
* Color * Texture * Shape
139
What changes are noticeable during drying?
Color and texture changes ## Footnote These changes are ideal for visual-based analysis.
140
What approach is used for monitoring dehydration?
Image-Based Monitoring Approach ## Footnote This involves using a camera to capture images at different time points.
141
What is extracted from images captured during dehydration monitoring?
Visual features (color, texture, shape) ## Footnote These features are then analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
142
What is the purpose of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in this context?
To rank and reduce features ## Footnote This enables real-time, non-invasive monitoring.
143
What is the first step in the methodology overview?
Sample Preparation ## Footnote Apples are washed and soaked in 0.00014% ionic silver solution for 10 minutes.
144
What thickness are the apple slices prepared for drying?
4–5 mm thickness ## Footnote This is followed by drying at 68°C for 14 hours.
145
How many time points are recorded during image and weight capture?
9 time points ## Footnote Images are taken using an iPhone XR.
146
What methods are used for image preprocessing?
Contrast enhancement, grayscale conversion, thresholding (Otsu’s method), morphological filtering ## Footnote These methods enhance the quality of the captured images.
147
How many total features are extracted for analysis?
46 total features ## Footnote These features come from color, texture, shape, and curvature.
148
What is the significance of the methodology for rural processors?
Empowers with low-cost, non-invasive tools ## Footnote This eliminates the need for expensive lab instruments.
149
What are some limitations of the image-based monitoring system?
Variability from uncontrolled camera position/lighting, no chemical validation, shape features may be affected by shrinkage and distortion ## Footnote These factors can affect the accuracy of the monitoring.
150
What are the top PCA indicators mentioned?
Entropy (Red, Green, Blue), Skewness (RGB), GLCM: Contrast, Variance ## Footnote These indicators help improve the analysis.
151
What future improvements are suggested for the monitoring system?
Improve camera setup, integrate chemical validation, develop mobile/AI tools ## Footnote These enhancements aim for real-time industry applications.
152
What does the conclusion state about visual feature extraction?
Offers a powerful, non-destructive method to monitor dehydration ## Footnote This enhances efficiency and quality control.
153
What are Luminescent Metal-Organic Frameworks (LMOFs)?
Porous crystalline materials composed of metal ions/clusters and organic linkers ## Footnote They exhibit strong fluorescence or phosphorescence.
154
What are the key properties of LMOFs?
Tunable structure, high surface area and porosity, luminescence ## Footnote Hybrid materials enhance these properties.
155
What types of contaminants can LMOFs detect?
Heavy metals, organic pollutants, small molecules, food safety markers ## Footnote Examples include Pb²⁺, pesticides, and spoilage-related compounds.
156
What detection mode is used in LMOF applications?
Fluorometric detection ## Footnote This mode detects changes in fluorescence intensity or wavelength.
157
What advantages do LMOFs offer in food and environmental monitoring?
Rapid detection, high sensitivity and selectivity, potential for portable/on-site sensing tools ## Footnote These advantages help ensure food safety and environmental protection.
158
What are the general conclusions regarding hybrid LMOF sensors?
Show excellent potential for real-time, trace-level detection of hazardous contaminants ## Footnote They demonstrate improved sensitivity and selectivity.
159
What are the major obstacles for LMOF sensors in practical use?
Scaling, cost, real-world deployment ## Footnote These challenges hinder the transition from lab results to practical applications.
160
What is crucial for transitioning LMOF technology from lab to practical use?
Interdisciplinary collaboration and regulatory adaptation ## Footnote These factors are key for successful implementation.

ANACHEM FINALS (2 decks)

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