Finals Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
- Why is music important in the education of the young?
A
music has rhythm and sound which soften the minds of the children
2
Q
- What are the four virtues of the state?
A
Wisdom, courage, temperance, justice
3
Q
3-4. What are the eight disciplines (subjects) prescribed in Plato’s education curriculum?
A
GAMADPSH
Gymnastics
Arithmetic
Music
Astronomy
Dialectic
Plane Geometry
Solid Geometry
Harmonics
4
Q
- At what age a person is ready to assume as a guardian?
A
50 y/o
5
Q
- Who is a citizen?
A
Shares in administration of justice and in holding of office
6
Q
- Why is middle government Aristotle’s best form of constitution?
A
Excellence is shared to all
7
Q
- Aside from being a good constitution ruled by many, describe polity.
A
Polity is a mixture of democracy and oligarchy, where the middle class holds power.
8
Q
- Why is democracy bad?
A
The society is ruled by the majority or the poor and provides no protection of the minority
9
Q
- Aside from being opposites (good and bad), give another difference between aristocracy and oligarchy?
A
Aristocracy is ruling by merit, while oligarchy is ruling of the rich for their own gain.
10
Q
- What is the Supreme good, according to St. Augustine?
A
God
11
Q
- What is the evil will that preceded the evil act of Adam?
A
temptation to gain knowledge possessed by God
12
Q
- What is the reward for people in the City of God?
A
Eternal bliss
13
Q
- What is Original sin?
A
Original sin happened when Adam and Eve ate a fruit and they disobeyed God
14
Q
- T/F A good man always belongs to the City of God.
A
False
15
Q
- To the king of which country did St Thomas address his book On Kingship?
A
King Louis IX
16
Q
- What are the Three duties of a king, according to St. Thomas?
A
Establish unity and peace, promote good life, lead people towards ultimate end
17
Q
- Why are kings subject to priests, according to St. Thomas?
A
Spiritual authority is higher than temporal authority
18
Q
- When can a tyrant be killed, according to St. Thomas?
A
When done by public authority and if it serves the common good
19
Q
- Why endure a tyrant, according to St. Thomas?
A
Due to uncertainty on who will replace the tyrant. Better the devil we know than the devil we don’t. And if ever the overthrowing fails, everyone will get punished.
20
Q
- Why is it better to be feared than to be loved?
A
Love is out of obligation which can be broken due to selfishness, but fear is maintained by a dread of punishment
21
Q
- Why should the prince not be too generous/liberal?
A
Need to maximize virtue to survive
22
Q
- When could the end justify the means?
A
When it comes to the survival of the state
23
Q
- What provokes hatred among the people?
A
Ruler takes their property
24
Q
- What was the end of the state acc to machiavelli?
A
Maintain power and order
25
1. Give at least one power of the Leviathan (consequence) after the contract.
Make and enforce laws
26
2. Why should one not rebel or go against the Leviathan?
It will lead to chaos and violence
27
3. When can one disobey the Leviathan?
When their own life is threatened
28
4. Why did the people decide to enter a social contract?
For peace, protection, and oder
29
5. What right does an individual retain, if any, after the social contract?
Self-preservation
30
1. Give at least one right of the individual in the state of nature, according to Locke.
Right to liberty
31
2. What is the consequence of equality in the state of nature, according to Locke?
No authority over another
32
3. When can the people rebel, according to Locke?
When the government violates their natural rights
33
4. Why did the people decide to enter a social contract, according to Locke?
To protect their natural rights more effectively
34
5. What right does an individual give up upon entering the social contract, according to Locke?
Right to freeedom
35
1. What are the three needs of human beings in the state of nature, according to Rousseau?
Equality, freedom, and sovereignty
36
2. What is the concept of General will, according to Rousseau?
Will of the people as a whole
37
3. What among your natural rights do you give upon entering a social contract?
Absolute freedom
38
4. What are the attributes of the Sovereign, according to Rousseau?
Sovereignty resides in the people
39
5. Y/N. Are Factions necessary in order to arrive at the general will? Y/N
No, factions are not necessary
40
1. What was Smith’s assumption on the nature of human beings?
Self-interested
41
2. What were the three main roles of government, according to Smith?
Protect against external powers, administration of justice, provision of public good
42
3. Give at least one exception where restrictions to trade is allowable, if not necessary, according to Smith?
National defense
43
4. Describe Smith’s idea of the "invisible hand"?
Individuals, who pursue their own self-interest, unintentionally contribute to the good of society
44
5. Give at least one reason why gold is not necessarily a good measure of wealth.
Wealth lies in the production of goods and services
45
1. What is the difference between market and natural price of labor?
Market: wage offered by the market; natural: wage that is actually obtained or collected
46
2. What are the three classes in society?
Landlord, capitalist, laborer
47
3. Give at least one assumption of Ricardo's trade model illustrating comparative advantage.
Labor is the only factor of production
48
4. In Ricardo's trade model, how was a country's comparative advantage determined?
If it can produce it at a lower opportunity cost than another country
49
5. What are the names of the three kinds of incomes earned by each of the three classes in society?
Landlord: rent; capitalist: profit; laborers: wage
50
1. What are the three liberties of individuals?
Thought, taste, unite
51
2. Give one of Mill’s proposed solution to low wages?
Education, colonization
52
3. When can government rightfully interfere with the liberties of individuals?
If the constituents are being harmed
53
4. What is the difference between harm and offense?
Harm - physical harm; offense - may be hurtful to the person’s feelings
54
5. Y/N: Mill is in favor of free trade.
Yes
55
1. What are the two major classes in a capitalist society?
Proletariat and bourgeoisie
56
2. Why is the proletariat a revolutionary class?
They are composed of the working class exploited by bourgeoisie
57
3. What is the ultimate aim or goal of Marx’s theory?
Classless society without private property
58
4. What is the major undertaking needed to achieve the ultimate goal?
Armed revolution
59
5. What class was displaced by the capitalists/bourgeoisie as the ruling class?
Feudal lord
60
1. What are the two kinds of “solidarity”, according to Durkheim?
Mechanical and organic
61
2. What are the two kinds of laws corresponding to each kind of solidarity, according to Durkheim?
Repressive (mechanical) and restitutive (organic)
62
3. How does division of labor differ in these two societies characterized by different solidarity?
Mechanical: low specialization; organic: highly specialized societies
63
4. What is collective conscience?
Same beliefs due to same specialization or way of life
64
5. What is anomie?
Abnormal division of labor due to extreme individualism
65
1. Compare and contrast Socrates’ idea of justice with that of his friends. Which of these conceptions of justice do you think is better? Why?
Might, giving what is due, performing one’s role in society
66
2. Describe what a guardian undergoes in the educational system listing all the “courses” that they must take. Which of these courses are necessary in order to be an effective leader? Elaborate why these courses are important.
Music, astronomy, plane geometry, solid geometry, gymnastics, dialectics, arithmetic, harmonics
67
3. In the allegory of the cave (first part of Book VII), why would the prisoner who escaped the cave hesitate to go back inside? Describe the liberated prisoner’s possible experience going back inside.
Because he might not be believed when he relates what he saw outside, it is pleasurable/good for him to stay outside
68
1. How did Aristotle plot the six constitutions (already discussed in class) as variants of democracy and oligarchy? Describe clearly.
Tyranny, monarchy, aristocracy, and oligarchy are oligarchical variants while democracy and constitutional government are shades of democracy
69
2. What were Aristotle's objections on Plato's community of wives and children among guardians?
Suffocating unity bec rulers are one big family, possible neglect as all adults are parent to all kids – no specific attention?
70
3. What is justice according to Aristotle?
Stature according to one’s contribution in society
71
1. Which parts of the assigned reading/s of both saints do you think illustrate the centrality of faith in their philosophy? Do you agree with those? Quote verbatim the portion of the texts you are referring to (not included in the word count).
Where kings are subject to priests, where the supreme good is salvation
72
2. Compare and contrast (one similarity and one difference) the idea of the City of Man of St. Augustine and the idea of a tyranny of St. Thomas Aquinas. Which one is broader?
City of Man and tyranny both not aligned with God—not desirable side. Difference is City of Man not necessarily as bad as tyranny. One can be good but still in city of man if does not embrace God. Tyranny is always bad.
73
3. Contrast the idea of the city of God of St. Augustine and the monarchical government described by St Thomas Aquinas. Give at least three differences.
Same logic as city of man and tyranny.
74
1. Compare Machiavelli and Hobbes' views on the nature of human beings. Do you agree with their characterizations?
Both have a pessimistic view of human nature
75
2. Contrast the limitations prescribed by Machiavelli and Hobbes on the conduct of the ruler, i.e. prince, leviathan. Who among the two thinkers allow a more expansive role of rulers in the lives of the people? Elaborate.
Machiavelli proscribes certain acts to avoid hatred of people which includes protections of property, for Hobbes only limit is preservation of life
76
3. How significant is God or faith in the ends of the political communities described by Machiavelli and Hobbes?
God/faith/religion is important instrumentally (use by the ruler) but is not the main organizing logic
77
1. Describe the difference between Locke and Rousseau's state of nature. Which do you think is more accurate?
While both are conditions of freedom and equality among humans, Locke emphasizes the peaceful coexistence brought about by empathy while Rousseau emphasizes independence and amorality.
78
2. Contrast the social contracts of Locke and Rousseau. Is the Sovereign of Rousseau more powerful than the sovereign of Locke, which he calls the Legislature? Explain your answer.
Locke social contract is contract between people and sovereign, Rousseau s.c. contract of people amongst themselves to constitute themselves collectively as the sovereign.
79
3. Contrast the right to rebel in Locke to the Sovereign's power to dismiss a King/executive in Rousseau.
Right to rebel against a higher authority, dismiss a King/executive assumes King is not sovereign but just an employee of sovereign
80
1. What is the difference between Smith’s absolute advantage and Ricardo’s comparative advantage? In your opinion, which is more appropriate in the contemporary world?
AA: most efficient, CA: lower opportunity cost
81
2. Illustrate how power and the powerful factors into the philosophy of Smith and Ricardo. Cite cases.
One way is to point that labor could not vote and did not have a say in the policies of the state.
82
1. Contrast the importance of individual identity in the Marx and Engels’ The Communist Manifesto and Mill’s On Liberty.
Marx and Engels collectivist, Mill individualist
83
2. How is important is education in Marx and Engel’s and Mill (Principle of Political Economy, and even On Liberty? Cite passages.
Marx and Engels: one of the ten measures, Mill: one proposal to counter low wages
84
3. Given the changes proposed by Marx and Engel’s and the liberties of individuals in Mill’s On Liberty, how different are their view on the role of government in the lives of the people?
Marx and Engels and Mill both want minimal role of the state (withering of the state which represents elite interests, non-intervention except when there’s harm)
