Finals Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
characteristics of living things
A
DNA, Grow & Develop, Respond to their environment, Reproduce, Maintain homeostasis, metabolism, Made of cells, Evolve over time
2
Q
levels of organization
A
molecular, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, and biosphere
3
Q
covalent bond
A
atoms share electrons, at least 1 electron needs to be shared each way
4
Q
ionic bond
A
electrons transfer - when an electron is gained the atom becomes a negative charged ion, when an electron is lost the atom becomes a positively charged ion
5
Q
hydrogen bonds
A
a type of weak chemical bond that is formed between a one oxygen’s hydrogen atom and another oxygen’s oxygen atom
6
Q
exergonic
A
energy is released during a chemical reaction - you can tell when the products are at a lower level than the reactants
7
Q
endergonic
A
energy is absorbed during a chemical reaction - you can tell when the products are at a higher level than the reactants
8
Q
adhesion
A
A polar substance sticking to another polar substance of a different substance
9
Q
cohesion
A
A polar substance sticking to another polar substance of the same substance
10
Q
macromolecules
A
carbohydrates - energy source
lipids - store energy
proteins - structural support + build tissue
nucleic acids - storing and transmitting genetic instructions
11
Q
elements found in living things
A
C.H.O.N.P.S
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur
12
Q
enzyme
A
Proteins that act as catalysts for chemical reactions - thing that the substrates go into
13
Q
catalyst
A
Substances that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the amount of activation energy
14
Q
activation energy
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the minimum amount of energy required for reactant molecules to transition into products
15
Q
substrates
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Reactants of enzyme catalyzed reactions
16
Q
lysosomes
A
break down cellular waste to recycle their components for new cell building blocks
17
Q
Ribosomes
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assembles proteins
18
Q
Cell wall
A
Strong supporting layer around the membrane (ONLY IN PLANTS)
19
Q
cell membrane
A
made of lipid bilayer, protects outside of cell
20
Q
mitochondria
A
convert chemical energy stored in food into ATP
21
Q
chloroplast
A
organelle found in plant and algal cells that is the site of photosynthesis
22
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chlorophyll
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pigment found in the chloroplasts of cells that absorbs light from the sun
23
Q
active transport
A
movement of molecules across membrane from lower concentration to a higher concentration, requiring energy
24
Q
diffusion
A
movement from area of high concentration to low concentration to reach equilibrium
25
facilitated diffusion
passive transport, but requires the aid of protein channels or carrier proteins to move molecules across the membrane
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osmosis
movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration, across a semipermeable membrane
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Hypotonic solution
solution with a lower concentration of solutes than the cell's internal environment
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hypertonic solution
solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the cell's internal environment
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isotonic solution
solution with the same concentration of solutes as the cell's internal environment
30
phases of mitosis
prophase, chromosomes condense
metaphase, chromosomes align at the center of the cell
anaphase, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
telophase, chromosomes reach the poles and begin to separate membrane
31
Cell cycle control
Cyclins control the cell cycle by interacting with cyclin-dependent kinases
32
Uncontrolled cell growth
cancer, occurs when cells divide and multiply without the normal regulatory mechanisms
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diploid
(of a cell or nucleus) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
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haploid
of a cell or nucleus) having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
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gamete
a mature haploid male or female germ/sex cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
36
fertilization
the union of male and female gametes (sperm and egg)
37
law of segregation
during the formation of gametes (sex cells), pairs of alleles (different versions of a gene) separate so that each gamete receives only one allele for each trait
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multiple alleles
the ABO blood group system in humans, where there are three alleles: IA, IB, and i
39
x linked disorders
any disorder that is carried on the x chromosome
40
structure of nucleotide
a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
41
components of DNA and RNA
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) are both made up of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
42
lamarck
living things evolved in a continuously upward direction toward "perfection."
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lyell
processes by which current geological features were created were slow, steady, and constant.
44
malthus
the human race would be likely to overproduce if the population size was not kept under control
45
wallace
wrote a letter to Darwin during one of his expeditions that stated his independent findings on natural selection and the origin of species
46
mRNA
carry protein information from the DNA in a cell's nucleus to the cell's cytoplasm
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tRNA
bring amino acids to the ribosome for protein production.
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rRNA
provides structure to ribosome
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natural selection
a mechanism of evolution. Organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success.
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homologous structures
similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions
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directional selection
When individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness that individuals in the middle or at the other end.
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stabilizing selection
When individuals on both ends of the curve have lower fitness than individuals in the middle.
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disruptive selection
Individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle.
54
spectrum of visible light and pigment absorption
green light is reflected by pigments
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photosynthesis equation
6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2
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light dependent reactions
1) Pigments in Photosystem II absorb light, breaking water molecules and excites electrons
2) electrons leave and travel down ETC towards Photosystem I. H+ ions are pumped in active transport across the thylakoid membrane into the thylakoid, creating a positive charge inside.
3)Electrons are re-energized in Photosystem I. Electrons leave Photosystem I and travel down ETC. T
4) electrons are picked up by the electron carrier NADP+, which becomes NADPH.
H+ ions diffuse out of the thylakoid, passing through ATP synthase, which creates ATP.
57
Light independent reaction (Calvin cycle)
uses co2, nadph, and atp to makes glucose
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cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6 +6 O2 ——>6 CO2+ 6 H2O
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Anaerobic respiration
Provides quick energy for short, fast use like a short sprint.
60
Genotype of 23rd chromosomes for human males and females
X and Y, that determine our sex.
61
Greenhouse effect
greenhouse gases in a planet's atmosphere insulate the planet from losing heat to space, raising its surface temperature.
62
competitive exclusion principle
No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time, so they must compete
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Populations
all of the organisms of one species which are in the community
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Population Growth: Exponential (J shaped curve)
Population growth without limiting factors. Unsustainable in most populations due to limited resources
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Population Growth: Logistic (S shaped curve)
Exponential growth to a certain point and then resources become more limited and the growth slows down and increases and decreases along carrying capacity
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Carrying Capacity
maximum number of individuals that can survive based on the environmental conditions and availability of resources
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10% rule
Only 10% of the original energy is retained from one trophic level to the next. 90% of energy is lost when it transfers from one trophic level to the next.
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Biodiversity - define and types
variety of life. genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity.
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negative feedback loop + give ex (Homeostasis)
A reaction that causes a return to set point.. For example, when glucose levels are too high, the body acts to decrease glucose level
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positive feedback loop + give ex (Homeostasis)
A reaction that causes an increase in function. For example, when skin is cut, chemical signals are sent to increase platelets to the area to create a clot
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Circulatory system, Functions and transports, Pulmonary circulation
network to move blood through the body. Transports oxygen nutrients hormones and waste
pulmonary circulation: movement of blood between heart and lungs
72
structure of heart and 4 major blood vessels
chambers: Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
Vessels:
- Vena Cava: brings deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
- Pulmonary arteries: Dring deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs
- Pulmonary veins: brings oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
- Aorta: carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to rest of body
73
How does the pancreas & liver contribute to homeostasis in blood-glucose regulation
When blood glucose levels drop, the pancreas releases glucagon, which stimulates the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream.
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Diabetes
lack of insulin production leading to an increase in glucose in your blood
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virus structure
genetic material (DNA or RNA) encased in a protein coat called a capsid
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vaccine purpose and describe vaccines
teach your immune system to recognize and fight off specific harmful pathogens without causing the disease itself.
imitate an infection, triggering your body's natural defenses and preparing it to quickly neutralize the actual pathogen if encountered later.
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characteristics of kingdom plantae (plant kingdom)
mostly multicellular, eukaryotic, and autotrophic
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anaerobic respiration
Occurs without oxygen, breaking down glucose into other products like lactic acid or alcohol.
Produces only 2 ATP
Examples: Fermentation in yeast (producing alcohol), muscle fatigue in humans (producing lactic acid),
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mRNA editing
introns are removed from the pre-mRNA, while exons are spliced together to form the mature mRNA
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Functions of proteins
acting as structural components, enzymes, hormones, and carriers.
81
descent with modification
all species share a common ancestor and have changed over time through a process called natural selection
82
path of the Respiratory System
Nose and Mouth: Air enters the body
Pharynx and Larynx:
air passes through the pharynx (throat) and larynx (voice box).
Trachea: air travels down the trachea (windpipe).
Bronchi: The trachea branches into the two main bronchi, one leading to each lung.
Bronchioles: Inside the lungs, the bronchi divide into smaller and smaller bronchioles
Alveoli: The bronchioles eventually lead to the alveoli, tiny air sacs where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide.
83
diaphragm muscle
located beneath the lungs and heart, primary muscle of respiration. allows air to move in and out of the lungs by contracting and relaxing to change the volume of the chest cavity.
84
gas exchange between alveoli and cappalaries
Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the capillaries, and carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries into the alveoli.
exchange is driven by differences in gas pressure between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries. - diffusion
85
arteries, capillaries, and veins
Arteries
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body's tissues and organs.
Capillaries
connect arteries and veins.
Veins
Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
86
blood composition
plasma: carries nutrients, waste, hormones, proteins
RBC: carry oxygen from lungs to body
WBC: fight infection
Platelets: prevent bleeding by clotting
87
digestive system functions
break down food, absorb nutrients, eliminate waste
88
Basic function of liver, pancreas, gallbladder in digestive system
liver: filters blood and produces bile to break down fats
Pancreases: produces enzyme that break down food
Gallbladder: stores and concentrates bile
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path of digestive system
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
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excretory system function
removes metabolism waste and water
91
function of kidneys, lungs, and skin in excretory system
Kidneys:
filters blood and produce urine
Lungs:
remove carbon dioxide, and expel some water vapor
Skin:
excretes water and some waster (sweating)
92
Urinary System: Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra
Kidneys: filtering blood and producing urine.
Ureters: transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Urinary Bladder:stores urine until it is expelled from the body.
Urethra: tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside
93
nervous system functions
transmits signals to control function and movement
1) input: receptors detect stimuli and send signals to central nervous system
2) integration: system processes info and makes decisions
3) output: action carried out by neurons
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endocrine system function
uses hormones to regulate body functions
95
immune system function
uses white blood cells and other things to protect from foreign invaders
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skeletal system function
support, movement, protects inner organs
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integumentary system function
protective outer layer
98
Krebs cycle
makes 2 ATP, NADH, and fadh2 to send to the etc in order to produce atp
