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Western Civilizations > Finals > Flashcards

Finals Flashcards

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1
Q

Constitutional Monarchy

A

Monarch whose power is defined and limited by law

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2
Q

Westernization

A

Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture

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3
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

Religious toleration/Town fortification signed by Henry VI

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4
Q

Divine Right

A

Belief that authority to rule came directly from God

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5
Q

Bourbon Dynasty

A

France

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6
Q

Stuart Dynasty

A

Britain (and Scotland) Only ruling family on good terms with Parliament

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7
Q

Hohenzollern

A

Prussian Dynasty

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8
Q

Hapsburg

A

Austria-Hungary, emerged after 30 Years War

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9
Q

Romanov

A

Russian Dyansty

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10
Q

Life Under Queen Elizabeth

A

Protestant country, against Spain, worked with parliament, well-liked ruler

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11
Q

Why did Stuart Kings have problems with parliament?

A

Fought over $, foreign policy, religion

Stuart’s kept dissolving/calling them

Made king sign petition of rights

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12
Q

What caused English Civil War?

A

Charles I(Cavilers) VS Parliament (Roundheads)

Religion mostly, also money and monarch’s dissolving parliaments

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13
Q

What changes Cromwell make in England?

A

Crushed catholic opposition

Sunday for worshipping

Education for all

Marriage for love

Jews welcomed back

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14
Q

Why was Louis XVI known as sun king?

A

Sun is center of solar system and king is the center of the nation

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15
Q

Improvements Louis XVI made to France…

A

Expanded bureaucracy

Strengthened army

Made France a wealthy nation

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16
Q

How did Peter the Great westernize Russia?

A

Women get rights

Western agriculture

European calendar

Builds up Russian navy

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17
Q

Results of Thirty Years War…

A

France clear winner/Hapsburg gets nothing

Netherlands and Switzerland gain independence

Hapsburgs look weak

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18
Q

Difficulties Maria Theresa faced as ruler of Austria?

A

Inherited the throne with little knowledge, country was in debt, constantly threatened, after losing against Prussia she was perceived as weak

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19
Q

Rule of Fredrick the Great

A

Strong military

Patron of Arts/Enlightened Despot

Rule out of love rather than fear

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20
Q

Define

Englightenent

A

Intellectual movement, reason and logic above tradition.

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21
Q

Define

Enlightened despot

A

Absolute ruler who uses their power to bring about social or political change

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22
Q

Define

Separation of powers

A

Montesquieu

3 branches of government to check themselves

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23
Q

Define

Social contract

A

Agreement by which people give up their freedom to a powerful government to avoid chaos

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24
Q

Beliefs of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes

A

Locke: People were basically reasonable and moral. Everyone born with natural rights.

Hobbes: People are naturally cruel and evil. Without strict control, chaos would ensue.

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25
How did enlightenment impact American government?
Constitution was created embracing Montesquieu, Locke, and Rousseau's ideas
26
Why were the following people considered enlightened despots? Fredrick the Great Maria Theresa Joseph II
F: King of Prussia, made peasants plant new crops, religious tolerance, recognized civil service, and simplified laws JII:Granted toleration to Protestants and Jews, ended censorship, brought church under control MT: Attempted to modernize Austrian government
27
# Define Bourgeoisie
Middle Class
28
First Estate
The Clergy
29
Second Estate
The Nobles
30
Third Estate
Majority, Middle Class
31
Napoleonic Code
Embodied enlightenment principles such as equality, toleration, and merit to advance
32
# Define Scorched Earth policy
Retreating while burning crops and villages as you go
33
Cause of French Revolution
Too few jobs/low wages Starvation High tax Shit economy
34
Purpose of Reign of Terror?
Destroy opposition
35
What reforms did Napoleon create in France?
Redrew map, new plans for each battle, boosted nationalism
36
Napoleons three major mistakes?
1) Continental System (going against GB) 2) Peninsular War 3) Invasion of Russia
37
# Define Liberal
Against monarchy, defended natural rights, constitutions, separation of powers BASICALLY MODERN PEOPLE
38
Define Conservative
Wanted traditional values
39
Define Legitimacy
Principle by which monarchies that had been unseated were restored
40
Define Radical
Supporting in extreme matter
41
Define Balance of Power
Distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong
42
Define Nationalism
Strong feeling of pride in ones country
43
Define Industrialization
Society/Country going from agricultural to manufacturing
44
Define Communism
All property is publicly owned Karl Marx People paid based on skill and needs
45
Who dominated Congress of Vienna?
Metternich
46
Results of Congress of Vienna?
French land was distributed amongst European powers
47
What did Bismarck's "Blood and Iron" philosophy represent?
Military/War
48
Who led "Redshirts" in Italian unification movement?
Garibaldi
49
Why did Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain?
London Largest free trade system New inventions Ideal geography &ample resources
50
Define Imperialism
Domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country
51
Define Militarism
Glorification of war and military
52
Define alliance
Formal agreement between 2+ nations to cooperate and come to each other's defense
53
Define Armistice
Agreement to end fighting in a war
54
Define Propaganda
Spreading of ideas that promote a certain cause or do damage to an opposing cause
55
Define Reparations
Payment for war damages or damages caused by imprisonment
56
Define Neutrality
Policy of supporting neither side in a war
57
Who were the central powers in WWI?
Germany, Austria Hungary, Ottoman Empire
58
Who were Allied Powers in WWI?
GB, Russia, France, Italy
59
Cause of WWI?
Aggressive Nationalism Britain felt threatened by Germany's economic growth Alliances and general distrust
60
What event started WWI?
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
61
Turning point of WWI?
Russia's withdrawal from the war
62
Why did US enter WWI?
Germany was attacking US merchant and passenger ships.
63
Woodrow Wilson's plan for lasting peace...
Proclamation of Neutrality/14 Points
64
Results of Treaty of Versailles
Germany took blame, paid 30 billion, lost overseas empires Poland, Latvia, and co. Gained independence Mandate System
65
Define Bolsheviks
"Majority" Revolutionary socialists and Lenin's supporters
66
Define Five-Year Plans
Designed to quickly industrialize Russia
67
Define Collectivization
Pooling of land and labor in an attempt to increase efficiency
68
Define Proletariat
Growing class of factory and railroad workers, miners, and urban wage?
69
What factors led to Russian revolution?
Limited reforms, poverty, minimal nationalism, overall regressive society
70
Why did Russians fear Rasputin?
He had lots of power and acted irrationally and was also a moron
71
What took place in 1917?
March Revolution because of bread shortage, led to Czar stepping down
72
Who fought the Russian Civil War?
``` White Army (Counterrevolutionaries) VS Red Army (Bolsheviks) **they won a ```
73
How did Stalin eliminate his enemies in the Soviet Union?
Arrested literally everyone using Soviet Secret police
74
What policies did Stalin institute in the Soviet Union?
New Economy Policy- People could buy/sell goods
75
Define Fascism
Authoritarian and Nationalist government system, they can control people, discipline, blind loyalty and violence
76
Define Totalitarian
Dictator in power, propaganda
77
Define League of Nations
Organization formed to solve international disagreements, failed.
78
Define Aggressor
Person/Country that attacks another
79
Define Appeasement
Policy of giving into an aggressor in order to achieve peace
80
How did Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini create totalitarian states in their countries?
Using fear as motivation
81
How was Hitler able to rise to power in Germany?
Cause democracy failed (Weimar republic and Inflation)
82
How did Hitler violate Treaty of Versailles?
Sent troops to the Rhineland
83
What took place during early stages of WWII?
Hitler seized France
84
Turning points of WWII?
Italians overthrew Mussolini Battle of Stalingrad El Alhem (or something)
85
How did European and Pacific Wars end?
Euro- Mussolini executed, Hitler commits suicide, Germany surrenders Pacific- US drops two bombs on Japan until they surrender
86
How does Cold War begin?
Conflicting ideologies and general distrust
87
How did US and USSR compete without going to war?
U.S. was democratic, USSR communist. USSR wouldn't accept any financial aid General rivalry since they were strongest powers, led to arms race. Made desperate alliances.
88
Why did communism fall in Soviet Union?
USSR went broke and people began revolting
89
What happened to Yugoslavia in the 1990s?
It fell apart.
90
Voltaire
He was an outspoken supporter of social reform, I don't care what you believe but I'll fight for your right to express it
91
Ivan the Terrible
Russian Czar, idk he just lost his shit
92
French Finance
Jean Baptist Colbert

Western Civilizations (3 decks)

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