Finals CUTIE Flashcards
(341 cards)
1
Q
GOAL OF PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY
A
- to make the unconscious conscious
- help their clients become aware of thoughts, feelings, and other mental activities
2
Q
phenomenon—looking inside oneself and noticing something that had previously gone unseen
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Insight
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fundamental idea of Freud, most important and enduring contributions to clinical psychology
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existence of the unconscious
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Q
mental processes that are outside the awareness of the individual and that have important, powerful influences on conscious experiences”
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Unconscious
5
Q
rather than understanding a client’s unconscious in an empirical, factual way, psychodynamic psychotherapists understand it through inference, deduction, and conjecture.
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Inferential
6
Q
technique in which psychodynamic psychotherapists simply ask
clients to say whatever comes to mind without censoring themselves at all. (involves no stimulus)
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Free Association
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Q
Carl Jung, After hearing each word, the client is to respond with the first word that comes to mind. (involves stimulus)
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Word association
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Psychodynamic psychotherapists who witness a client’s slips of the tongue during a session or who hear clients’ stories of such events may be able to glimpse the clients’ underlying intentions. (most examples are verbal)
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Freudian slips
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(the raw thoughts and feelings of the unconscious)
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Latent content
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(the actual plot of the dream as we remember it)
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Manifest content
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uses symbols to express wishes, which can result in unconscious wishes appearing in a very distorted or disguised form.
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Dream work
12
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Sigmund Freud (1900) famously called dreams the “________” to unconscious material.
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royal road
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When clients sense that certain unconscious thoughts and feelings are being laid bare too extensively or too quickly, they feel anxious. That anxiety motivates them to create distractions or obstacles that impede the exploration of those thoughts and feelings.
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Resistance
14
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part of the mind that generates all the pleasure-seeking, selfish, indulgent, animalistic impulses.
A
Id
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part of the mind that establishes rules, restrictions, and prohibitions.
A
Superego
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Q
a mediator, a compromise maker between the id and the superego.
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Ego
17
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a collection of techniques on which ego can rely.
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Defense Mechanism
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Q
repress conscious awareness of the impulse and id/superego conflict around it. “Sweep them under the rug”
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Repression
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a similar defense mechanism to repression, but it usually refers to events that happen to us rather than impulses that come from within us.
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Denial
20
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ego can project the id impulse onto other people around us.
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Projection
21
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the ego can form a reaction against the id impulse—essentially, do the exact opposite. “Do something selfless to overcompensate to the original id impulse”
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Reaction Formation
22
Q
displace the id impulse toward a safer target. Rather than aiming the id’s desired action at whom or what it wants, we redirect the impulse toward another person or object to minimize the repercussion. “Kicking the dog”- reroute destructive urges
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Displacement
23
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redirect it in such a way that the resulting behavior actually benefits others. “Allows id to do what it wants”
A
Sublimation
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Q
Alternate term for id
A
it
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Alternate term for superego
over-me
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Alternate term for ego
me
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“generally regarded as the most important focus”- most powerful tool
Transference
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refers to clients’ tendency to form relationships with therapists in which they unconsciously and unrealistically expect the therapist to behave like important people from the clients’ pasts.
Transference
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help clients become aware of their own transference tendencies and the ways these unrealistic perceptions of others affect their relationships and their lives.
Psychodynamic Psychologist
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psychotherapists typically reveal very little about themselves to their clients through either verbal or nonverbal communication
Blank Screen Role
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therapists can transfer onto clients. reaction to the client that is unconsciously distorted by the therapist’s own personal experiences
Countertransference
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that as children move through the developmental stages, they may become emotionally “stuck” at any one of them to some extent and may continue to struggle with issues related to that stage for many years.
Fixation
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(first year) child experiences all pleasurable sensations through the mouth, and feeding (breast or bottle) is the focal issue. Primary issue: dependency- overly trusting, naive. Mismanagement: smoking, overeating, nail biting.
Oral Stage
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(1.5- 3years). Toilet training is a primary task of this stage, but it is not the only way children are learning to control themselves. Primary issue: control- OCD, meticulous. Mismanagement: sloppy, messy, haphazard.
Anal Stage
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(3-6years) Children at this age wish to have a special, close relationship with parents. Primary issue: self-worth- arrogant, egotistical. Mismanagement- low self worth, insecure, self-doubting.
Phallic Stage
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PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
1. Oral Stage
2. Anal Stage
3. Phallic Stage
4. Latency Stage
5. Genital Stage
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Erik Erikson- revised Freud’s psychosexual stages to 8 stages
Ego Psychology
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Hans Kohut- others emphasizes parental roles in the child’s development of self
Self-psychology
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Melanie Klein- deemphasized internal conflict (id vs. superego) and instead emphasized relationships between internalized “objects”
Object relation
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therapy lasting fewer than 24 sessions, which amounts to about 6 months of once-a-week sessions.
brief psychodynamic psychotherapy
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* Harry Stack Sullivan (1980)
originally created to treat depression, but it has since been used to treat numerous other disorders.
Interpersonal Therapy
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* Fundamental assumption: depression happens in the context of interpersonal relationships, so improving the client’s relationships with others will facilitate improvement in the client’s depressive symptoms.
Interpersonal Therapy
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Found specific Interpersonal problems:
1. Role transition
2. Role disputes
3. Interpersonal deficits
4. Grief
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3 Stages of Interpersonal Therapy
1. First Stage
2. Intermediate Session
3. Final Stage
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- categorizing the client’s problems into one of the four categories (role transition, role disputes, interpersonal deficits, and grief)
First Stage of Interpersonal Therapy
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emphasize improving the client’s problems as identified in the first stage.
Intermediate Sessions of Interpersonal Therapy
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review of the client’s accomplishments, recognition of the client’s capacity to succeed
Final Stage of Interpersonal Therapy
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specifically designed for clients with bipolar disorder. (recent variation of ITP). Clients in ____ are encouraged to make and follow detailed daily schedules
Interpersonal and Social rhythm therapy
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modern application of the classic and often-referenced concept of the “corrective emotional experience”. The therapist’s primary task is to identify the “script” that the client appears to be unknowingly following.
Time-limited dynamic psychotherapy (TLDP)
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by-product of previous relationships (often with parents), in which the client learned
what to expect from others.
Script
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visual diagram; is a working model of the client’s primary
Issues.
Cyclical maladaptive pattern
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Four categories of cyclical maladaptive pattern
1. Acts of self- (how a person actually behaves in public;
2. expectations about others’ reactions
3. acts of others toward the self
4. acts of the self toward the self
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influence of researchers’ own biases and preferences on the outcome of their empirical studies.
Allegiance effects
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Along with Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers pioneered the humanistic movement in psychology and its clinical application
humanistic therapy.
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presume that if the person’s environment fosters it, _____ proceeds without interference.
Self-actualization
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the warmth, love, and acceptance of those around us.
Positive regard
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experience of receiving positive regard from others;
Prizing
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The primary goal of humanistic psychotherapy is to foster
self-actualization
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communicates that we are prized “only if” we meet certain conditions.
Conditional positive regard
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“We’ll love you only if you get good grades,”
Conditions of worth
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the selves they actually are
Real selves
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the selves they could be if they fulfilled their own potential
Ideal self
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describe this discrepancy, and they view it as the root of psychopathology
Incongruence
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a match between the real self and the ideal self
Congruence
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ELEMENTS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY
1. Empathy
2. Unconditional positive regard
3. Genuineness
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therapist is able to sense the client’s emotions and understand in a compassionate way
* Empathy
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full acceptance of another person “no matter what.”
* Unconditional positive regard
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Empathy and UPR are worthless if they aren’t honest
* Genuineness
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also called THERAPIST CONGRUENCE, because there is a match between the therapist’s real and ideal selves—is the opposite of playing a role or putting up a front.
* Genuineness
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takes place when a therapist responds to a client by rephrasing or
restating the client’s statements in a way that highlights the client’s feelings or emotions
Reflection
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ALTERNATIVES TO HUMANISM
1. Existential Psychology
2. Gestalt Therapy
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It centers on the premise that each person is essentially alone in the world and that realization of this fact can overwhelm us with anxiety.
* Existential Psychology
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therapists encourage clients to reach their full potential, often through the use of role-play techniques. “Emphasizes the present”
* Gestalt therapy
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developed by William Miller, centers on addressing clients’ ambivalence or uncertainty about making major changes to their way of life.
Motivational interviewing (MI)
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Central principles of psychotherapy
* Expressing empathy
* Developing the discrepancy
* Avoiding argumentation
* Rolling with resistance
* Identifying “sustain talk” and “change talk”
* Supporting self-efficacy
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taking the clients’ points of view and honoring their feelings
* Expressing empathy
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therapists highlight how a client’s behavior is inconsistent with his or her goals or values.
* Developing the discrepancy
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do not directly confront clients, even if clients are engaging in self-destructive behaviors.
* Avoiding argumentation
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therapists accept and reflect it rather than battle against it.
* Rolling with resistance
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sustain talk:client statements in favor of continuing the problem behavior; change talk: clients make in favor of changing the problem behavior
* Identifying “sustain talk” and “change talk”
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make efforts to communicate to clients that they have the power to improve themselves.
* Supporting self-efficacy
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is a broad-based approach that emphasizes human strengths rather than pathology, and cultivation of happiness in addition to reduction of symptoms in psychotherapy.
Positive psychology
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Therapies that derive from positive psychology go by a variety of names
positive interventions or strength-based counseling
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Parks and Layous (2016) describe seven basic categories of positive psychology techniques:
1. Savoring
2. Empathy
3. Kindness
4. Strength-based activities
5. Meaning
6. Optimism
7. Gratitude
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clients intentionally focus on and extend, without distraction, moments of joy and happiness
1. Savoring
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clients purposefully focus on reasons to be thankful
2. Gratitude
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clients deliberately do nice things for others
3. Kindness
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clients intentionally build a sense of understanding
4. Empathy
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clients purposefully cultivate positive expectations about the future
5. Optimism
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clients deliberately use (or write about) their personal strengths in meaningful or novel ways
6. Strength-based activities
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clients intentionally remind themselves of their own value and set goals to live a life
7. Meaning
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emphasizes the expression, acknowledgment, and healing power of emotions in the present moment, as well as emotions that may have been “bottled up” for a long time.
Emotionally Focused Therapy
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the clinical application of behavioral principles, which have theoretical and experimental roots extending back hundreds of years.
Behavior therapy
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fervently argued that the lessons learned from Pavlov’s dogs applied to human behavior as well.
John Watson
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that all organisms pay attention to the consequences
(or effects) of their actions.
Law of effect (Edward Lee Thorndike)
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GOAL OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY
- observable behavior change.
- Stands in stark contrast to the goals of the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches.
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- way, they can be supported, refuted, modified, and retested.
Testable hypotheses
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as a baseline measure at the outset of therapy, at various points during the therapy to evaluate changes from session to session, and at the end of therapy as a final assessment of change.
Empirical Data
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Application of the Steps of the Scientific Method by Behavioral Therapists
1. Observing a phenomenon
2. Developing hypotheses to explain the phenomenon
3. Testing the Hypotheses through experimentation
4. Observing the outcome of the tests
5. Revising the hypotheses
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Assessing client behavior via observation, interview, or testing// Defining a target behavior// Establishing a baseline level of target behavior
1. Observing a phenomenon
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Functionally analyzing target behavior to determine the factors that cause or influence it// Establishing specific behavioral goals for treatment// Planning interventions to alter behavior in preferred manner.
2. Developing hypotheses to explain the phenomenon
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Implementing interventions as planned
3. Testing the Hypotheses through experimentation
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Comparing data collected during or after treatment to baseline data
4. Observing the outcome of the tests
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Modifying treatment plan as suggested by observed outcomes// Restarting scientific process with revised hypotheses
5. Revising the hypotheses
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2 Types of conditioning
1. Classical Conditioning
2. Operant Conditioning
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the type exemplified by Pavlov’s dog studies. (passive style of learning)
Classical Conditioning
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organism “operates” on the environment, notices the consequences of the behavior, and incorporates those consequences into decisions regarding future behavior (active style of learning)
Operant Conditioning
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conditioned response is evoked by stimuli that are similar to, but not an exact match for, the conditioned stimulus.
Generalization
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conditioned response is not
evoked by such a stimulus
Discrimination
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by “if . . . , then . . .” statements, including those labeled as abnormal.
Contingencies
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Techniques based on Classical Conditioning
Exposure Therapy
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would involve visualizing dogs and dog-related items,
- Imaginal exposure
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would directly see, hear, and touch dogs
- In vivo exposure
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the client will be exposed to fear-inducing stimuli: gradually increasing
- Graded exposure
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which they list about 10 stimuli that might induce fear.
- Anxiety hierarchy
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Exposure that happens all at once
- Flooding or implosion
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received substantial empirical support for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, making it the clear treatment of choice for the disorder
- Exposure and response prevention
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simply breaking the association between the feared object and the aversive feeling, systematic desensitization involves re-pairing (or counterconditioning) the feared object with a new response that is
incompatible with anxiety.
Systematic desensitization
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behavior therapist teaches the client progressive relaxation techniques in which various muscles are systematically tensed and relaxed
1. Relaxation training
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that targets clients’ social anxieties. It is best suited for people whose timid, apprehensive, or ineffectual social behavior has a negative impact on their lives.
2. Assertiveness training
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All behavior occurs because of its consequences, and if those consequences change, the behavior will change correspondingly
Contingency Management
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any consequence that makes a behavior more likely to recur in the future.
Reinforcement
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as any consequence that makes a behavior less likely to recur in the future
Punishment
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means “getting something good” (such as food)
positive reinforcement
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means “losing something bad” (such as pain).
negative reinforcement
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means “getting something bad,”
Positive punishment
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means “losing something good.”
negative punishment
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an unwanted behavior (say, drinking alcohol) brings about an aversive stimulus (nausea or electric shock;
Aversion Therapy
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removal of an expected reinforcement that results in a decrease in the frequency of a behavior
Extinction
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Immediately after the reinforcement was removed, Wendy’s crying and screaming increased—she did it more often and more intensely. Only after her parents “stood their ground” by continuing to withhold the reinforcement did Wendy’s crying and screaming dwindle.
Extinction burst
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setting in which clients earn tokens for participating in predetermined target behaviors
Token economy
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which involves reinforcing successive approximations of the target behavior.
Shaping
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form of behavior therapy, initially designed to treat depression, that has received significant attention and empirical support in recent years.
Behavioral Activation
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modeling and social learning. the client observes a demonstration of the desired behavior and is given chances to imitate it.
Observational learning
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the client simply mimics the modeled behavior.
Imitation
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which the client observes not only the modeled behavior but also the model receiving consequences for that modeled behavior.
Vicarious learning
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an indirect way for a behavior therapist to modify a client’s behavior
Behavioral Consultation
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Five stages of Behavioral Consultation
1. Initiation of the consulting relationship
2. Problem identification
3. Problem analysis
4. Plan implementation
5. Plan evaluation
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the roles and responsibilities of all parties are established.
1. Initiation of the consulting relationship
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the target behavior is defined, usually through questions involving who, what, where, and when the behavior problem occurs. Baseline and goals are also determined.
Problem identification
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the therapist identifies the reinforcement contingency that is maintaining the current behavior.
3. Problem analysis
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the consultee carries out the intervention as recommended by the consultant.
4. Plan implementation
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the consultant and consultee measure the client’s progress from baseline and toward goals.
5. Plan evaluation
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parents seek help with problematic behaviors of their children.
Parent training
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quite similar to parent training, but the emphasis is on behaviors that take place at school.
Teacher training
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The eventual leaders of the cognitive therapy movement—______ and ______—grew disillusioned with the psychoanalytic method in which they and most of their cohorts were trained.
Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis
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Simply put, the goal of cognitive therapy is ____
logical thinking
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2 STEP MODEL of cognitive therapy
1. Event
2. Feeling
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something happens
1. Event
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mood is directly influenced
2. Feeling
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3 STEP MODEL of cognitive therapy
1. Event
2. Cognition
3. Feeling
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something happens
Event
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Interpretation of the event occurs
Cognition
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interpretation influences mood
Feeling
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they take place in an instant and without any deliberation
Automatic thoughts
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Clients are asked to keep a record of events, cognitions, feelings, and attempts to revise the cognitions to change the feelings they experience.
homework is written
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Clients are asked to perform certain behaviors before the next meeting, typically for the purpose of examining the validity of an illogical thought.
homework is behavioral
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Typical Sequential Structure of a Cognitive Therapy Session
1. CHECK on client’s mood or emotional status and solicit brief updates on recent events.
2. SET and confirm the agenda for the current session.
3. ESTABLISH a link to the previous session, often by reviewing previous homework assignment.
4. PROGRESS through the body of the current session, proceeding step-by-step through the agenda.
5. DEVELOP and assign new homework assignment.
6. SUMMARIZE current session; solicit client feedback.
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ALBERT ELLIS
called his approach to therapy _____, but later in his career, he altered the name to ________
rational emotive therapy (RET)
rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT).
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- approach emphasizes a connection between rationality and emotion
rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT).
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- man is a uniquely rational, as well as uniquely irrational animal.
rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT).
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for understanding and recording the impact of cognitions on emotions
ABCDE model
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ABCDE model
(A) Activating event
(B) Belief
(C) emotional Consequence
(D) Dispute
(E) Effective new belief
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three particular cognitions—thoughts about the self, the external world, and the future—all contribute to our mental health.
Cognitive triad
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Irrationally evaluating everything as either wonderfulor terrible, with no middle ground or “gray area”
8. All-or-nothing thinking
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: Expecting the worst in the future, when, realistically, it’s unlikely to occur
9. Catastrophizing
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For negative events, “making a mountain out of a molehill”; for positive events, playing down their importance
10. Magnification/minimization
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Assuming excessive personal responsibility for negative events
11. Personalization
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Applying lessons learned from negative experiences more broadly than is warranted
12. Overgeneralization
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Ignoring positive events while focusing excessively on negative events
13. Mental filtering
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Presuming to know that others are thinking critically or disapprovingly, when knowing what they think is, in fact, impossible
14. Mind reading
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Beck argued that our beliefs are _____, even though we may live our lives as if our beliefs are proven facts
hypotheses
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referring to the evolution from strict behaviorism (first wave) to cognitive therapy (second wave) to these newer therapies
The Third Wave: Mindfulness- and Acceptance-Based Therapies
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lies at the core of the third-wave therapies.
Mindfulness
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prefer to change people’s relationships to their thoughts rather that the thoughts to themselves
Mindfulness-based therapists-
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mindfulness is the term that often replaced _____
Zen
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allowing these internal experiences to run their course without fighting against them.
acceptance
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is an approach to the treatment of addictive behaviors.
Urge surfing
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acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
(A) Accepting
(C) Choosing
(T) Taking Action
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Essentially, FEAR is replaced by ACT. To explain, FEAR stands for:
(F) Fusion
(E) Evaluation
(A) Avoidance
(R) Reason-giving
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- Specifically for the treatment of borderline personality disorder (BPD;
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
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is thought to stem from two sources: biological predisposition and environment.
Emotional dysregulation
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Linehan (1993b) includes four specific modules of skills training within DBT.
1. Emotion regulation
2. Distress tolerance
3. Interpersonal effectiveness
4. Mindfulness skills
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identifying ,describing, and accepting rather than avoiding
1. Emotion regulation
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emphasizes the development of self-soothing techniques and impulse control
2. Distress tolerance
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which helps clients determine appropriately assertive social skills
3. Interpersonal effectiveness
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which encourage clients to engage fully in their present lives,
4. Mindfulness skills
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the activating event can be a cognition itself rather than some external occurrence.
Metacognitive therapy
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a term that describes a brooding, ruminative, problematic thinking style that can underlie many psychological problems.
cognitive attentional syndrome (CAS)
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a relatively recent variation of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapy intended for clients who have borderline personality disorder or other long-standing, complex clinical issues.
Schema Therapy
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a leading figure in the interpersonal approach to group therapy
Irvin Yalom
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is practiced in a wide variety of forms, including adaptations of many well-known individual therapy approaches such as psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic-existential, and many others.
Group therapy
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the group therapy experience itself is based on interacting with other
Interpersonal interaction
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Instead,
according to Yalom, an______ is a by-product of that
individual’s disturbed way of getting along with other people.
individual’s disorder
194
11 Therapeutic Factors in Group Therapy
1. Instillation of hope
2. Universality
3. Imparting information
4. Altruism
5. Corrective recapitulation of the primary family group
6. Development of socializing techniques
7. Imitative behavior
8. Interpersonal learning
9. Group cohesiveness
10. Catharsis
11. Existential factors
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To find oneself in a room full of other people who have similar problems can be uplifting in and of itself.
Universality
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To find oneself in a room full of other people who have similar problems can be uplifting in and of itself.
- Homogenous groups
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their symptoms may differ superficially, the fundamental issues that
underlie them may in fact be quite similar.
- Heterogenous groups
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feelings of
interconnectedness among group members.
Group cohesiveness
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Learning from
the in-group interpersonal experience
Interpersonal Learning
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relationship tendencies that characterize clients’ relationships with important people in their personal lives will predictably characterize the relationships they form with their fellow group members.
Social Microcosm
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Groups typically include ________ clients, and many group therapists find that having ____ members in a group is ideal.
5 to 10
7 to 8
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allow individual members to enter or leave the group at any time.
Open-enrollment groups
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all members start and finish therapy together, with no new members added during the process.
closed-enrollment groups
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mere presence of a second set of eyes and ears to notice the rich array of verbal and nonverbal communication inevitably produced by a room full of clients
Cotherapist
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is most concerning ethical issue in group therapy
confidentiality
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initially arose in the mid-1900s, it was considered revolutionary.
Family therapy
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which the whole
is more than the sum of the parts, from philosophy and the sciences.
Systems approach
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events from the past cause or determine events in the present in a unidirectional or “one-way street” manner.
Linear causality
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that events influence one another in a reciprocal way, such that a parent’s and a child’s behavior each affects the other continuously
Circular causality
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family therapists have pointed to _______ among family members as the type of interaction that most significantly contributes to psychological problems.
unhealthy communication patterns
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psychological symptoms may appear maladaptive, they are in fact functional within the individual’s family environment.
Functionalism
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systems have the ability to regulate themselves by returning themselves to a comfort zone or “set point.”
Homeostasis
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pencil-and-paper method of creating a family tree that incorporates detailed information about the relationships among family members for at least three generations.
Genogram
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Family life cycle
1. Leaving home
2. Joining of families through marriage or union
3. Families with young children
4. Families with adolescents.
5. Launching children and moving on in midlife.
6. Families in late middle age.
7. Families nearing the end of life.
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is a more structured and formal way of assessing abuse and violence within families.
The Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS)
216
Griffin (2002) divides this wide range of styles into three broad categories
1. Ahistorical styles
2. Historical styles
3. Experiential styles
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emphasizing current functioning and deemphasizing family history
1. Ahistorical styles
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emphasizing family history and typically longer duration than ahistorical styles
2. Historical styles
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emphasizing personal growth and emotional experiencing in and out of sessions
3. Experiential styles
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Every family has rules by which it operates. practiced by Salvador Minuchin
Family structure
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(parental subsystems, sibling subsystems,
- Subsystems
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should be permeable enough to allow emotional closeness between family members but rigid enough to allow for independence as well.
- boundaries
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If boundaries are too permeable
- Enmeshed
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if boundaries are too rigid
- Disengaged
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According to Murray Bowen and his followers, a primary task for each family member is an appropriate degree of
Differentiation of Self
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When two people are in conflict, either one might decide to bring in a third party in an attempt to garner support.
Triangles
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evolved from the strategic family therapy approach of Don Jackson, Jay Haley, and Cloé Madanes and shares its pragmatic emphasis
Solution-focused therapy
228
The leaders of the solution-focused therapy approach, including _____ and ____, emphasize that family therapists should use “_______” rather than “problem-talk”
Steve deShazer and Insoo Kim Berg
solution-talk
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clients are instructed to take note of aspects of their lives in the upcoming week that they want to continue to happen.
Formula first-session task
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(“When was this not a problem or you? When was it not so bad?”),
exception questions
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(“If the problem disappeared, how would your life be different?”),
- miracle questions
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(“On a scale of 1 to 10, how bad has the problem been in the past week?
- scaling questions
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highlights clients’ tendencies to create meanings about themselves and the events in their lives in particular ways, some of which may cause psychological problems.
Narrative therapy
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is designed for adolescents with long-term behavioral and emotional problems that involve legal offenses.
Multisystemic family therapy
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Ethical Issues in Family Therapy
Cultural competence
Confidentiality
Diagnostic Accuracy
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(Ethical Issues in Family Therapy) essential in any mode of therapy, but it is especially relevant in family therapy.
Cultural competence
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(Ethical Issues in Family Therapy) find themselves in the difficult position of having learned information from one family member in a private conversation
Confidentiality
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(Ethical Issues in Family Therapy) The DSM contains no diagnostic labels that apply to families
Diagnostic Accuracy
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the applied work of clinical child psychologists overlaps with that of medical professionals.
pediatric psychology
240
children’s psychological problems into two broad classes:
Externalizing disorders
Internalizing disorders
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are those in which the child “acts out” and often becomes a disruption to parents, teachers, or other children.
Externalizing disorders
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are often less noticeable because they involve maladaptive thoughts and feelings more than disruptive outward behavior.
Internalizing disorders
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essential to understand the child’s behavior within the context of the child’s developmental stage
The Developmental Perspective
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What, exactly, is the presenting problem?
The presenting problem
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What is the child’s current state of physical, cognitive, linguistic, and social development?
26. Development
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What are the relevant characteristics of
the child’s parent or parents?
27. Parents/family
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What is the child’s larger environment outside the family?
28. Environment
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involves such parties as parents, relatives, teachers, other school personnel, and, of course, the child as sources of information regarding the child’s problems.
Multisource assessment
249
involves the use of different methods of data collection by the clinical psychologist.
Multimethod assessment
250
acknowledges that sometimes children’s problems pervade all facets of their lives, but sometimes they are specific to certain situations.
Multisetting assessment
251
ASSESSMENT METHODS
Interviews
Behavioral Observations
Behavior Rating Scales
Self Report Scales
Projective/Expressive Techniques
Intellectual Test
252
the clinical psychologist typically _____ not only the child but also other people who, by virtue of their contact with the child, can shed light on the child’s problem.
1. Interviews
253
require traveling to the setting where the behavior problem takes place, such as the child’s school or home. Once there, the clinical psychologist typically uses a formal, systematic method of observing and coding the child’s behavior.
2. Behavioral Observations
254
standardized pencil-and-paper forms that parents, teachers, or other adults complete regarding a child’s presenting problems.
3. Behavior Rating Scales
255
pencil-and-paper tests in which the adolescents read a series of
statements and then mark the response (true/false or one of several choices on
a continuum) that best describes them
Self Report Scales
256
include some of the same tests used with adults, such as the Rorschach
Inkblot Method, the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), and sentence-completion
techniques
5. Projective/Expressive Techniques
257
generally consist of IQ tests and achievement tests, and they stand apart from the other methods described above.
6. Intellectual Test
258
therapists teach kids behaviors that improve their interactions with others.
Social skills training
259
relies heavily on operant conditioning principles like reinforcement, punishment, shaping, and extinction.
Applied Behavior Analysis
260
method for impulsive and disruptive children to gain greater control over their behavior
Self-instructional training
261
essentially a form of cognitive therapy in which children are taught to “talk through” situations in which their behavior might be problematic
Self instructional training
262
kids learn a sequence of steps that have already been created for the type of problem the child has
Problem-solving strategies
263
the emphasis is the recognition, differentiation, and expression of emotions.
Affective Education
264
therapists teach parents to use techniques based on conditioning to modify problematic behavior in their children
Parent Training
265
it allows children to communicate via actions with objects such as
dollhouses, action figures, and toy animals rather than words
Play Therapy
266
a child’s play symbolically communicates important processes occurring within the child’s mind, “revealing aspects of the child’s internal life of which he or she may be unaware and unable to verbalize directly”
Psychodynamic Play Therapy
267
Children play with objects in the playroom, therapists participate and observe, and the underlying assumption is that the activities and themes in the play express the inner workings of the child’s mind.
Humanistic Play Therapy
268
is a relatively new subspecialty within clinical psychology. Its emergence corresponds with changes in the types of diseases that pose the greatest threat within our society.
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
269
medicine involves the integration of knowledge from a wide variety of social sciences, including psychology, sociology, and anthropology, with knowledge from the medical discipline.
Behavioral medicine
270
subdiscipline of behavioral medicine that deals specifically with how psychological processes interact with health and illness.
Health psychology
271
development, assessment, and application of programs designed to promote wellness;
Health psychologists
272
the psychological and/or physiological response to difficult or
demanding internal or external circumstances
State
273
When an organism perceives a threat, the body rapidly mobilizes energy
reserves via the sympathetic nervous system and endocrine system to either
fight or flee
Fight-or-flight response
274
the all-too- common syndrome defined by stress levels that are consistently high and unremitting, often due to a hectic, fast-paced lifestyle.
Chronic stress
275
When confronted with a temporary stressor, our fight-or-flight system
often works very effectively, but with repeated or prolonged exposure to
stress, our bodies eventually wear out and break down.
general adaptation syndrome hypothesis
276
axis, which controls the release of our body’s stress hormone, cortisol.
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)
277
The study of this phenomenon of emotional stress setting the stage for physical illness.
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
278
process of managing demands that are appraised as exceeding the resources of the person.
Coping
279
predisposes people to stress-related illnesses such as arthritis, ulcers, and coronary heart disease.
Disease-prone personality
280
emphasizes proactive, constructive attempts to take action about a stressful situation.
Problem-focused coping
281
in which the emphasis is on changing the emotional reaction to the
stressor (rather than the stressor itself).
emotion-focused coping
282
can be described as the perception that one has relationships with others who can provide support in a time of crisis and can share in good fortune as well.
Social support
283
ABCDS of weight loss
- Activity increase,
- Behavior change,
- Cognitive change,
- Dietary change, and
- Social support
284
keeping track of eating and exercise behaviors
Self-monitoring
285
creating reasonable goals that can produce frequent feelings of success
Goal setting
286
making promises to maintain exercise time, eat healthy food, etc.
Contracting
287
recognizing and getting around obstacles to weight loss instead of feeling helpless to do anything about them
Problem solving
288
keeping unhealthy foods out of the house, staying out of unhealthy restaurants, buying healthy foods at the grocery store, getting yourself to exercise locations
Stimulus control
289
making lifestyle changes that lower the overall level of stress, using relaxation techniques, meditating
Stress management
290
discussing weight loss efforts, including setbacks, with people who care about you
Social support
291
writing about the things they value most in life
Values affirmation
292
involves the use of over-
the-counter or prescription alternatives to cigarettes, including gum or transdermal patches.
Nicotine replacement
293
STAR to summarize the steps involved in successful smoking cessation:
S for set a specific date for quitting (rather than leaving it unspecified);
T for telling family and friends so they can provide support;
A for anticipating specific challenges that might arise and coming up with constructive responses ahead of time; and
R for removing items that might serve as cues or triggers to smoke, like lighters, ashtrays, and cigarettes
294
ABCs of relapse prevention
A stands for Antecedent,
B stands for Behavior
C stands for Consequence.
295
occurs when the body requires increasing amounts of the substance to achieve the desired effect
Tolerance
296
occurs when cessation of the substance produces negative symptoms.
withdrawal
297
a period of medically supervised ___may be the most appropriate first course of action before proceeding to cognitive-behavioral techniques.
detoxification
298
pain that lasts 6 months or longer—affects up to 35% of the population.
Chronic pain
299
The purpose of _____ is to achieve control over the body via educating patients about bodily processes of which they are typically unaware
biofeedback
300
involves teaching clients to consciously shift their bodies into a state of lowered tension and arousal.
Relaxation training
301
a solution for delivering higher-quality and more cost-effective primary
care.
Patient-centered medical homes (PCMHs)
302
perceived source of a sickness could fall into one of four categories:
Within the patient
The natural world
The social world
The supernatural world
303
an infection, injury, or other biomedical irregularity
1. Within the patient
304
elements of the environment surrounding an individual, such as toxins or
climate-related factors
2. The natural world
305
interpersonal conflict with others, especially those with whom the individual has close relationships
The social world
306
sorcery, witchcraft, ancestral spirits, or vengeful gods
4. The supernatural world
307
the application of psychological methods and principles within the legal system
Forensic psychology
308
are involved in researching and applying psychological science to issues such as jury selection and jury dynamics.
36. Social psychologists
309
bring their expertise to bear on the issues of eyewitness testimony and its accuracy
37. Cognitive psychologists
310
however, are especially qualified for and often involved in forensic psychology activities because of their extensive training in assessment, treatment, and psychopathology.
38. Clinical psychologists
311
was among the first major promoters of the use of psychology in the legal arena.
Hugo Munsterberg
312
is a prevalent activity among clinical psychologists who work in forensic settings
Clinical assessment
313
Sageman (2003) describes three such skills:
1. knowledge of the legal issues
2. Addressing the demands of the legal system
3. litigation (court cases)
314
in which the person being evaluated exaggerates or “fakes” symptoms in order to achieve some benefit
malingering
315
the judge or jury often consider the likelihood that the individual will behave violently or dangerously again in the future.
predicting dangerousness
316
Clinical psychologists can assess the potential for future danger in a variety of ways, most of which can be placed into one of two categories:
1. clinical prediction method
2. statistical method
317
assessors use psychological tests, clinical interviews, clinical experience, and their personal judgments to make determinations of future dangerousness.
clinical prediction method
318
assessors predict dangerousness according to a statistical or actuarial formula compiled from a comparison of an individual’s characteristics with known correlations to future dangerousness
statistical method
319
such as age, race, sex, social class, and personality variables;
dispositional variables
320
such as history of violence, work history, mental health history, and criminal history;
historical variables
321
such as current social supports, presence or availability of weapons, and current stress level; and
contextual variables
322
such as current mental disorders, drug and alcohol abuse, and overall level of functioning.
clinical variables
323
report the incidence of something.
Base rate
324
the clinical psychologist attempts to accurately identify those who
actually will become dangerous
True positive prediction
325
those who will not become dangerous
True negative prediction
326
psychologists might lean toward identifying someone as more likely to be
violent than he or she really is
False positive prediction
327
identifying someone as less violent than he or she really is
False negative prediction
328
If an individual was unable to control their actions due to a mental disorder—even if such actions were criminal in nature—the individual would not be held responsible for the crime but would rather be found
Not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI)
329
the first legal standard for the
insanity defense in the history of the American legal system
M’Naghten test
330
may be the most complex, difficult, and challenging of all forensic evaluations”
Child custody evaluations
331
make sure the rights of the child are protected.
guardian ad litem
332
holds that a person accused of a crime cannot be tried in court unless that person is mentally fit.
competent to stand trial
333
the defendant’s present or current capacity to understand the criminal process and the defendant’s present or current ability to function within the process
Competency
334
based on the idea that competency to stand trial depends on the cognitive and psychological demands of that particular case.
functional evaluation of competency
335
is a process by which a person is involuntarily hospitalized by civil
authorities for the welfare of the person and others.
Civil commitment
336
to testify in a manner that may be biased to support the case of the attorney who hired them.
expert witness
337
process, the expert’s education, training, and professional experiences
are examined.
voir dire
338
or Federal Rules of Evidence standards), the admissibility of evidence or testimony in court is based on its reliability and validity rather than its general acceptance in the field.
Daubert standards
339
Of all the ways psychologists work with police departments, conducting ________ is the most common, although such evaluations lack consistency and standardization
preemployment evaluations
340
_____ usually requested after an extremely stressful experience by an officer.
Fitness-for-duty evaluations
