FINALS FIRST SEM Flashcards
1
Q
broad discipline of biochemistry that focuses on energy transformations within living organisms,andthe efficiency of energy transfers between different organisms
A
BIOENERGETICS
2
Q
is essential to life.
A
Light energy
3
Q
3 Basic Parts of Cells
A
CYTOPLASM
CELL MEMBRANE
(Plasma Membrane)
Nucleus
4
Q
The part where the main life activities occur Most Organelles are suspended Known as a “complex fluid” that fills the cell It is responsible for the distribution of materials throughout the cell
Nucleus “Control center of the cell”
Directs and coordinates all
cellular activities
A
CYTOPLASM
5
Q
Flexible and elastic Selective parmeable membrane which regulates the entry and exit of materials
A
CELL MEMBRANE
Plasma Membrane
6
Q
Directs and coordinates all
cellular activities
A
Nucleus “Control center of the cell”
7
Q
Mitochondrion (Mitochondria) “Power house of the cell” Functions in energy production through metabolism Energy in the form of ATP (Adenosinetriphosphate)
A
Mitochondrion
Mitochondria
8
Q
Membrane-bound and fluid
filled organelle which stores
water, food, or waste of the
cells
A
Vacuole Membrane
9
Q
Modifies, packs and sorts
out excretory materials
Consists of short bands of
parallel cavities or flat sacs
A
Golgi Body
Golgi Apparatus
10
Q
Digests or breaks down cell debris Similar to mitochondrion except that its inner walls are not thrown into folds “SUICIDAL SAC OF THE CELL”
A
Lysosome
11
Q
Digests or breaks down cell debris Similar to mitochondrion except that its inner walls are not thrown into folds “SUICIDAL SAC OF THE CELL”
A
Lysosome
12
Q
It is an intricate system of very fine tubes or cavities Network of pathways through which materials flow to the different parts of the cytoplasm
A
Endoplasmic Reticulum
13
Q
- network of interconnected membranes forming channels within the cell - covered with ribosomes (causing the “rough” appearance) which are
A
RER (Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum)
14
Q
- NO ribosomes
- network of interconnected
membranes forming
channels within the cell - site for lipid synthesis and
metabolism as well as
detoxifying chemicals
A
SER (Smooth
Endoplasmic Reticulum
15
Q
a double layered
membrane that encloses
the nucleus
- outer membrane is \_\_\_\_\_ - separates nuclear contents form the cytoplasm
A
Nuclear Membrane -
POROUS (Absorbent/
permeable)
16
Q
dense, spherical, body
inside the nucleus
- contains RNA aka _______
A
Nucleolus -
Ribonucleic Acid
17
Q
Nucleoplasm/Nuclear Sap -
A
- gel-like material that fills the nucleus - matrix of the chromosomes and nucleolus
18
Q
- highly could structures that form a network over the nucleoplasm - carries genes for hereditary characteristics
A
Chromosomes
19
Q
two small rods at right
angles
- Responsible for the
formation of spindle fibers
A
Centrioles -
20
Q
- “Protein factories“
- Attached to the RER or
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
A
Ribosomes - “
21
Q
composed of cellulose (polysaccharide) - provides mechanical support and maintains cell shape in plant cells
A
Cell Wall -
22
Q
organelles found in PLANT CELLS that conduct photosynthesis - absorbs sunlight - surrounded by a double membrane, counting stacked of thylakoid membranes
A
Chloroplasts
23
Q
_
- organisms that make their own food (selffeeders)
- Energy coming from THE SUN AND CARBON
DIOXIDE
(a) ______
- light dependent organism
- Energy from sunlight and convert it to usable
energy (sugar)
(b) ______
energy from chemicals, mainly inorganic
substances such as hydrogen sulfide and
ammonia
- Chemical-dependent organism
A
Autotrophs (producers)
(a) Photoautotrophs
(b) Chemoautotrophs
24
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (consumers) = According to mode of nutrition = a. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - feed on decaying organic matter, nutrients from dead or organic matter (Fungi) b.\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_- feed on living tissues c. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - feed on solid organic matter • \_\_\_\_\_\_ • \_\_\_\_\_\_ • \_\_\_\_\_\_
A
Heterotrophs
a. Saprobionts (saprophytes)
b. Parasitic Organisms (parasites)
c. Holozoic Heterotrophs -
- Herbivores
- Carnivores
- Omnivores
25
- what is the chemical name
- made during photosynthesis
- ATP
- stores smaller amount of energy than glucose
molecules
- energy-carrying molecules used by the cell
Formed from:
Glucose
- C6 H12 O6
ATP
- Adenosine Triphosphate
1. Adenine (Nitrogenous Base)
2. Ribose (5 carbon-sugar)
3. Phosphate
26
```
PHOTOSYNTHESIS - anabolic process where green plants, algae and
certain bacteria converts light energy from the
sun into chemical energy
1.____________
2. ____________
3. ____________
4. ____________
5. ____________
```
-Occurs in the plant’s chloroplasts
Three Stages:
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
1. Chloroplasts captures light
2. Water enters the leaf
3. CO2 Enters the leaf through stomata
4. Chemical reactions
5. Sugar leaves the leaf
(1) capturing energy from sunlight
(2) Making ATP
(3) Building Carbohydrates
27
```
P:
Capturing Energy from
Sunlight
light consists of tiny packets
of energy called PHOTONS
Pigments
Chlorophyll (absorbs the
read and blue light and
reflects green light)
```
Stage 1:
28
```
p:
Making ATP (Adenosine
Triphosphate)
Thylakoid is surrounded by a
liquid substance called
Stroma
Chlorophyll pigments are
grouped called
Photosystem
```
Stage 2:
29
Building Carbohydrates
Uses ATP and NADPH
Involves formation of organic
molecules
Stage 3:
30
1. ____________=creates ATP and releases Oxygen
2. ____________ = uses ATP to
make Glucose
Light Reaction/Light-dependent reaction
Dark Reaction/Light-independent
31
catabolic-process of chain reactions
- convert stored energy to usable ATP
- Occurs in every cell in both animals and plants
- Process that converts glucose and oxygen to
ATP and releases carbon dioxide and water
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
32
- Uses Oxygen and yields many more ATP
| molecules than anaerobic cellular respiration
1. Aerobic Respiration
33
Aerobic respiration :
- Glyco = “sugar/sweet”
- Lysis = “breakdown/
splitting”
- DOES NOT REQUIRE
OXYGEN
- Glucose molecule splits
into two molecules called
pyruvates (pyruvic acid),
takes place in the
cytoplasm of the cell
Stage 1:
| Glycolysis
34
Aerobic respiration :
```
- Acetyl CoA (formed from
pyruvate)
- main function: produce
NADH and FADH2
- ATP will aslo be produced
together with CO2 as a
waste product
```
Stage 2:
| Krebs Cycle
35
```
Aerobic respiration :
]
- series of photon pumps
which takes place in:
* inner membrane of
mitochondrion - animals
* chloroplasts - plants
- NADH and FADH2
transferred to ADP to
produce ATP, OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION
- Produces 32 up to 43
ATP molecules
```
Stage 3:
| Electron Transport Chain
36
- Does NOT require oxygen, produces small
| amounts of energy
2. Anaerobic Respiration
37
a process used by many
| fungi (yeasts) and plants
Alcoholic Fermentation
38
Occrs in muscle cells in the
body,
______- a waste product
of fermentation
Gives cheese different
flavors
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Lactic Acid
39
- produces identical offspring
from a single parent plant, eliminates GENETIC
RECOMBINATION
___________
- Type of reproduction in plants from its vegetative
parts or specialized reproductive structures
1. Asexual Reproduction
Natural Vegetative Reproduction
40
Specialized Structures
1. - long horizontal stems that run
aboveground
2. - underground stems that allow some plants to
form network and produce their kind
3. specialized underground stems for storage and
reproduction
4. - are short, vertical underground stems
5. - arise from the meristematic tissues
located along the notches of the leaves
6. - give rise to other plants; common among
apples, cherries black berry plants, and many
angiosperms
Stolons or Runners
Rhizomes
Tubers
Bulbs and Corms
Adventitious Plantlet
Sprouts
41
“artificial plant
| propagation, faster than growing plants from seeds
Artificial Propagation Methods
42
```
Leaves or pieces
of stems or roots
are cut from one
plant and planted
in soil
ex:
```
Ornamental trees
and shrubs
CUTTING
43
```
]
Small stems from
one plant and are
attached to larger
stems or roots of
another plant
```
ex:
Some fruit and nut
trees (oranges)
BUDDING &
| GRAFTING
44
```
pieces of tissues
from one plant are
placed on a sterile
medium and used
to grow new
individuals in
mass numbers
ex:
```
Orchids, potatoes,
many house
plants
TISSUE
| CULTURE
45
- commonly known as the flowering
plants, reproduce sexually through their flowers. Seedproducing
flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed
within an ovary.
•
Angiosperms
46
- Seed-producing non-flowering plants
| whose seeds are unenclosed or “naked.”
Gymnosperms
47
```
PARTS OF A FLOWER
Male
1. - male reproductive part
2. - make tiny grains called pollen, which contain
male sex cells
3. - holds up the anther
```
Stamen
Anther
Filamen
48
```
Female
1. female reproductive part
2. - top part of the carpel with stick surface to trap
pollen
3. - joins the stigma and the ovary
4. - contains female sex cells called
'
```
```
Pistil
STIGMA
STYLE
OVARY
OVULES
```
49
Others:
1.- leaf-green structures protecting the bud as the
flower develops, the CALYX of the flower
2. - make the flowers attractive, called COROLLA
3. - has both male and female sex org
Sepals
Petals
Hermaphrodites
50
- the transfer of poles grains from the stamen to the stigma
POLLINATION
51
Types:
1. ______ - pollen is transferred to the stigmas of
the same flower or the stigma of another flower on the
same plant.
2.______ - so pollen must be transferred to the
stigma of another plant if sexual reproduction is to take
place.
* The ovary swells up and ripens to form a fruit, which may
contain one or many seeds
Self Pollination
| Cross pollination.
52
```
SEED
Consists:
• - protects the internal parts
• [ - food for the growing embryo
• Embryo (three parts)
1. Hypocotyl - lower part
2. Epicotyl - upper part
3. Radicle or Embryonic Root - become The primary root
```
Seed Coat
Endosperm
Embryo
Hypocotyl -
2. Epicotyl -
3. Radicle or Embryonic Root
53
- reproductive structure in which a plant embryo and a food
| source are contained within a seed coat
Seed
54
- by wind, water, animal, or explosion
Seed Dispersal
55
- process which a new plant grows from a seed
- growth stage of a plant embryo
- leads to maturity, which leads to reproduction
Germination
