FINALS NEURO AND URINARY Flashcards
(236 cards)
1
Q
Wjat is refers to anything related to the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
A
“neurologic” (or neurological)
2
Q
“neurologic” (or WHAT refers to anything related to the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
A
neurological
3
Q
“neurologic” (or neurological) refers to anything related to the nervous system, which includes the WHAT ARE THOSE
A
the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
4
Q
is responsible for controlling and coordinating bodily functions, from basic reflexes to complex cognitive processes.
A
nervous system
4
Q
it refers to anything that related to nervous system, particularly nervous system it includes brain, the spinal cord and nerves throughout the body.
A
Neurologic
5
Q
it is specifically in brain and spinal cord
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central nervous system
5
Q
is part of you nervous system that lies outside the brain and spinal cord.
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peripheral nervous system
5
Q
allows an organism to respond, interact in other environment, for example it includes hearing, touch, taste, smell and vision which are known the common five senses.
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Sensory function
5
Q
It is used the term that can identify or can defined thinking as the study, the diagnosis and treatment of disorder involving the nervous system. It includes broad variety of conditions like, strokes, epilepsy, parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis.
A
Neurologic
5
Q
is broader term referring to the entire nervous system. Entire nervous system it is both the CNS and PNS.
A
Neurologic
6
Q
the nervous system is responsible for WHAT bodily functions, from basic reflexes to complex cognitive processes.
A
controlling and coordinating
6
Q
is a function that involves a specific movements of the body’s muscles to perform a certain task, the task could be walking, running, or sitting down. In order to perform the skills, the body nervous system, the muscles and brain it should work altogether
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Motor skills
6
Q
Neurologic examination: A medical assessment to evaluate the function of the nervous system, including WHAT
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motor skills, reflexes, and sensory function.
7
Q
signs or complaints related to nerve function, such as headaches, dizziness, weakness, or numbness.
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Neurologic symptoms
7
Q
A medical assessment to evaluate the function of the nervous system, including motor skills, reflexes, and sensory function.
A
Neurologic examination
7
Q
these are conditions that affect the nervous system, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis.
A
Neurologic disorders
7
Q
in simple term, it is the involuntary movements that response in stimulus for example suddenly dropping a pen the automatic reflex is catch the pen
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Reflexes
7
Q
these includes EXAMINATIONS - DIAGNOSTIC IMAGES, EXAMINATIONS, NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATIONS,, WRITTEN TEST
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Sensory function
7
Q
Neurologic symptoms: Signs or complaints related to nerve function, such as WHAT
A
headaches, dizziness, weakness, or numbness.
7
Q
excess fluid in the brain, Common disease, it very visible or seen in patient because of the size of the head.
A
Hydrocephalus
7
Q
is a condition characterized by the buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles (cavities) of the brain.
A
Hydrocephalus
8
Q
Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by the buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the WHAT of the brain.
A
ventricles (cavities)
8
Q
Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by the buildup of WHAT in the ventricles (cavities) of the brain.
A
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
8
Q
This fluid accumulation leads to increased intracranial pressure, which can cause brain swelling, damage, and developmental delays.
A
Hydrocephalus
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This can cause the ventricles is enlarged and put pressure on the brain that's why having a potential or chance having a brain damage.
Hydrocephalus
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is a device a tube and put surgically insert in brain or head, start from the head to neck until the abdominal cavity doon mapupunta ang CSF that accumulate or excess. Excrete urine through bowel movement, divert or hahanapin ng ibang way to lessen the fluid that accumulate or buildup in brain
Shunt
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is a condition that has an abnormal accumulation of CSF, is seen in fluid filled spaces. Fluid spaces is brain ventrciles.
Hydrocephalus
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what condition Symptoms: enlarged head size in infants, and headaches, nausea, vomiting, vision problems and cognitive impairment
Hydrocephalus
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Hydrocephalus treatment:
surgical insertion, used shunt - to drain excess fluid
8
it can be congenital or present at birth, also acquired due to brain injury or infection or tumor. It may result from imbalance between the production of CSF and absorption of CSF thats why having an abnormal accumulation.
Hydrocephalus
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Chiari malformation is a structural defect in the cerebellum, where part of the cerebellum (usually the WHAT extends into the spinal canal, potentially obstructing the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and leading to neurological problems.
tonsils
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is a rare congenital brain malformation involving the cerebellum and the fourth ventricle.
Dandy-Walker syndrome
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Dandy-Walker syndrome is a rare congenital brain malformation involving the WHAT
involving the cerebellum and the fourth ventricle.
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Chiari malformation is a structural defect in the cerebellum, where part of the cerebellum (usually the tonsils) extends into the WHAT potentially obstructing the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and leading to neurological problems.
spinal canal
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is medical device to used to divert the fluid from one area to another to maalliavate or to lessen the pressure or to trear the fluid that build up in body
Shunt
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is most commonly used to treat hydrocephalus. Also used in other medical context like cardiovascular surgery or dialysis although shunt surgery it is a highly effective cases that carry risk in patient including infection or blockage or malfunction of shunt. Require close monitoring and sometimes having an additional intervention.
Shunting procedure
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symptoms of chiari malformation:
headache, neck pain, diziness, balance problem, and severe cases it difficult to swallow or breathing
9
is a structural defect in the cerebellum, where part of the cerebellum (usually the tonsils) extends into the spinal canal, potentially obstructing the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and leading to neurological problems.
Chiari malformation
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Is a condition the part of the brain the typically the cerebellum is the sent in to the spinal canal, this can obstruct the flow of CSF and can cause various
Chiari malformation
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Chiari malformation is a structural defect in the WHAT, where part of the cerebellum (usually the tonsils) extends into the spinal canal, potentially obstructing the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and leading to neurological problems.
cerebellum,
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It typically results in cystic enlargement of the fourth ventricle and absence or underdevelopment of the cerebellar vermis (the part connecting the two hemispheres of the cerebellum).
Dandy-Walker syndrome
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It typically results in cystic enlargement of the fourth ventricle and absence or underdevelopment of the cerebellar vermis (the part connecting the two hemispheres of the cerebellum).
Dandy-Walker syndrome
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Dandy-Walker syndrome is a rare congenital brain malformation involving the cerebellum and the fourth ventricle.
It typically results in cystic enlargement of the fourth ventricle and absence or underdevelopment of the WHAT
the part connecting the two hemispheres of the cerebellum).
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part if the brain responsible for coordination and motor control
Cerebellum
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The partial or complete absence of cerebral vermist, is the part of cerebellum that connect in two hemispheres
Dandy-walker syndrome
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is the treatment or require in patient to relieve the pressure on the brain and spinal cord
Surgical decompression
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is a cyst formation malapit sa base in the skull
Dandy-walker syndrome
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Dandy-Walker syndrome Symptoms:
developmental delay, motor control problems, cognitive impairment and increased intracranial pressure
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Dandy-Walker syndrome treatment:
focus in manage the symptoms it also includes surgery to drain fluid if has a presence of hydrocephalus in this syndrome
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is a rare condition where the brain fails to develop the normal folds and grooves, leading to a smooth brain
Lissencephaly
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It is usually caused by abnormal neuronal migration during early fetal development.
Lissencephaly
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abnormal brain development during the fetal development and often due to genetic mutation
Lissencephaly
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severe development delay, having a seizures and cognitive impairment and often due to genetic mutation and having an abnormal brain development during pregnancy
Lissencephaly
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is a neural tube defect where the spinal cord and surrounding vertebrae fail to develop or close properly during early pregnancy, leading to incomplete development of the spinal column.
Spina bifida
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type of spina bifida (mildest form, often with no symptoms)
Spina bifida occulta
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type of spina bifida moderate (protrusion of meninges but spinal cord intact)
Meningocele
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type of spina bifida (most severe form, where spinal cord and meninges protrude).
Myelomeningocele
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It result from neurological impairment
Spina bifida
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spina bifida symptoms
depend on severity if mild, moderate or severe but it can include the paralysis of patient, or urinary problems and developmental delay sometimes, hydrocephalus
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is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the NF1 gene, leading to the growth of benign tumors (neurofibromas) along nerves and skin, and can also cause learning disabilities, skin changes, and skeletal abnormalities.
Neurofibromatosis type 1
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Multiple benign tumor is called
neurofibromas
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Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)
Symptoms:
tumor in skin and other part of the body, scoliosis, difficulties in learning, increase risk of other cancers
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is a rare genetic disorder that causes the growth of tumors non-cancerous (called in organs, hamartomas) multiple including the brain, kidneys, heart, lungs, and skin.
Tuberous sclerosis
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seen in various organs that include the brain, kidneys, heart and lungs.
Tubers
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are a group of rare/genetic inherited disorders that affect the white matter of the brain and spinal cord, leading to deterioration of myelin, the protective covering of nerve fibers.
Leukodystrophies
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is a myelin is a protective covering of the nerve fibers.
White matter
10
Leukodystrophies causes:
genetic mutations that affect in production or the breakdown of myelin
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is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the FXN gene, leading to degeneration the of the spinal cord and cerebellum.
Friedreich's ataxia
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Is a genetic disorder causes a progressive damage of nervous system leading an ataxia
Friedreich's ataxia
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loss of coordination
Ataxia
10
Symptoms: muscle weakness, other neurological problems, difficult to walk, loss of coordination, scoliosis, speech problem, heart issue like cardiomyopathy
Friedreich's Ataxia
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are a group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive ataxia (lack of coordination and balance) due to degeneration of the cerebellum and spinal cord.
Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA)
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Affect the coordination and balance by the damaging the cerebellum and spinal cord
Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA)
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is a chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) where the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin (protective covering of nerve fibers), causing demyelination and nerve damage. This leads to a range of neurological symptoms.
Multiple sclerosis
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is a chronic autoimmune disease which is the immune system of patient attack the myelin in CN. This lead to the formation of scar and disrupt the signal transmission
Multiple sclerosis
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is a scar tissue
Sclerosis
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It is can also used steroid to manage to flare ups of this condition. This also include the symptom managemnt like medication for pain, bladder problem
Multiple Sclerosis
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Neuromyelitis optica, also known as
Devic's disease
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is an rare and autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord, leading to inflammation and damage.
Neuromyelitis optica, also known as Devic's disease
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Neuromyelitis optica, also known as Devic's disease causes:
optic neurolitis, affect also the spinal cord, leading to transverse myelitis, it is often confused with multiple sclerosis but different condition
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is a rare, inflammatory condition that affects the brain and spinal cord, often following a viral infection or vaccination. It involves widespread inflammation and demyelination (loss of myelin) in the CNS.
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
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Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is a rare, inflammatory condition that affects the brain and spinal cord, often following a WHAT.
viral infection or vaccination
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Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis Treatment:
Treatment: high dose corticosteroid to reduce inflammation, for severe cases using a intravenous immunoglobulin
13
It involves widespread inflammation and demyelination (loss of myelin) in the CNS.
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
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loss of myelin) in the CNS.
demyelination
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is the inflammation of the protective membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Meningitis (Bacterial, Viral, Fungal)
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It can be caused by bacterial, viral, fungal, or other pathogens.
Meningitis
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most severe form often cause by bacteria like streptococcus pneumonia or haemophilus influenzae
Bacterial meningitis
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protecting covering of brain and spinal cord and can cause by the bacterial, viral and fungal infection
Meninges
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less common but it can be cause by a fungi like cryptococcus or histoplasma and often in immunocompromised in individuals
Fungal meningitis
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cause by enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus or other viruses
Viral meningitis
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is the inflammation of the brain caused by infection, often by viruses (e.g., herpes simplex virus, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus).
Encephalitis
16
Encephalitis is the inflammation of the brain caused by WHAT
infection, often by viruses (e.g., herpes simplex virus, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus).
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It was caused by a viral infection. The inflammation can cause brain swelling and neurological damage.
Encephalitis
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is a localized collection of pus in the brain tissue due to infection.
brain abscess
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It typically arises from a nearby infection (such as sinusitis, otitis media, or dental infection) or due to bacterial spread from other parts of the body via the bloodstream.
A brain abscess
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It may develop because of local infection like sinusitis or abscess, or infection that is spread throughout bloodstream
A brain abscess
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is a form of meningitis caused Mycobacterium tuberculosis, by the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis (TB).
Tuberculous meningitis
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Is a serious complication of tuberculosis in where the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria infect also the meninges causing inflammation sometimes leading to severe neurological damage
Tuberculous meningitis
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It is a rare but serious complication of TB infection.
Tuberculous meningitis
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Tuberculous meningitis Cause:
spread of mycobacterium tuberculosis that happen in active lung infection to meninges. Typically happen immunocompromised individuals, HIV.
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is a severe emergency, need a require treatment, can cause permanent brain damage or can lead to death.
Cerebral malaria
20
is a severe complication of malaria, caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite, which infects red blood cells and can lead to cerebral involvement (brain malaria).
It is a medical emergency.
Cerebral malaria
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Cerebral malaria is a severe complication of malaria, caused by WHAT parasite, which infects red blood cells and can lead to cerebral involvement (brain malaria).
Plasmodium falciparum parasite
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It is a medical emergency.
Affects the brain, cause by infection. Transmitted by the infected mosquitoes.
Cerebral malaria
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Cerebral malaria is a severe complication of malaria, caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite, which infects red blood cells and can lead to WHAT
lead to cerebral involvement (brain malaria).
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It occurs due to the loss of dopamine- producing neurons in the substantia nigra, a region of the brain that controls movement.
Parkinson's disease
21
Parkinson's Disease (PD) Risk factors:
mostly happen in patients after 60 years old, genetic or family history, or environmental exposure like pesticides.
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is a genetic, autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain.
Huntington's Disease (HD)
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Affect the motor dysfunction, cognitive decline and psychiatric symptoms.
It cause by mutation of gene which leads to production of toxic protein that would damage in brain
Huntington's Disease (HD)
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a region of the brain that controls movement.
substantia nigra
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Parkinson's disease
It occurs due to the loss of WHAT- producing neurons in the substantia nigra, a region of the brain that controls movement.
dopamine
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is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement.
Parkinson's disease
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Parkinson's disease Symptoms:
the motor symptoms: popular if has tremors or shaking or postural instability or balance problem or slowness movements, and non-motor symptoms: depression or anxiety or trouble sleeping and having a cognitive impairment
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is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects memory, thinking, and behavior.
It is the most common cause of dementia in older adults.
Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
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It typically affects movement, cognition, and mood.
Huntington's Disease (HD)
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Huntington's Disease (HD) Symptoms:
motor symptoms: involuntary movements, difficult coordination, balance and swallowing, cognitive decline: impair taking having a problem to memory, difficulty with planning and decision making and psychiatric symptoms: depression, irritability, and anxiety
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as WHAT
Lou Gehrig's disease
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Huntington's Disease (HD)
Risk factors:
inherited in an autosomal dominant patterns, each child affected in parents have 50% chance of inheriting
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also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects motor neurons responsible for controlling muscles. Voluntary
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Symptoms:
early symptoms: muscles twitching, cramping, weakness and difficulty speech, swallow or breathing. Progress: muscle weakness, complete paralysis, the patient eventually loss of ability to grip with no assistance
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Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) Symptoms:
changes in personality, loss of social inhibitions, progressive of language skills (difficult to talk), difficult to understand what he says, diffcult to read
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This results in muscle weakness, atrophy, and eventual paralysis.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
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is a group of neurodegenerative disorders that primarily affect the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, areas involved in personality, behavior, and language.
Frontotemporal dementia
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Risk factors:
age most common between 40-70 years old, about 10% of the cases is inherited, environmental factors or may increase the risk
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It is one of the leading causes of dementia in people under 65.
Caused by progressive degeneration in frontal and temporal lobes of the brain
Frontotemporal dementia
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Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)
Risk factors:
most commonly affect the individuals, age 40-60 years old, about 30-50% of the cases no genetics
25
affects the movements and often tremors or difficulty to move fast
The Parkinson's disease (PD)
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is a genetic disorder that leads to motor, cognitive and psychiatric issue due to toxic buildup
The Huntington's Disease (HD
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is primarily affects the memory and cognition with block and entangled buildup
The Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
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affects motor neurons and if affect the motor neurons it would have a muscle weakness, paralysis, and some cases no cognitive decline
The Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
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Gliomas are a group of brain tumors that originate from WHAT, which are the supportive cells of the nervous system.
glial cells
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affect the behavior and the language, damage also the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain.
The Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)
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are a group of brain tumors that originate from glial cells, which are the supportive cells of the nervous system.
Gliomas
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These tumors can develop in the brain or spinal cord and vary widely in terms of aggressiveness and prognosis.
Gliomas
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They are typically benign but can be malignant in rare cases.
Meningiomas
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are tumors that arise from the meninges, the protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Meningiomas
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types of Gliomas needed to memorize!!!
Astrocytomas (arising from astrocytes)
Oligodendrogliomas (from oligodendrocytes)
Ependymomas (from ependymal cells)
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is protective layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
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arise from the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland at the base of the brain. These tumors can be benign (most common) or malignant and affect the production of various hormones.
Pituitary tumors
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is small structure at the base of the brain and responsible to produce oh hormones that regulate of many body functions these hormones are the functioning produce excess hormones or non-functioning not producing hormones
Pituitary gland
26
Pituitary Tumors Symptoms:
hormonal imbalances: depending on the type of hormones that secrete of tumor that increase growthbhirmones leading to acromegaly or increase or prolactin causing infertility, and
mass effect symptoms: headaches, vision problems and fatigue
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Also known as Pituitary Adenomas
Pituitary tumors
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They are usually benign or non cancerous but can cause significant issues depend on the size and location
Meningiomas
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tumor that They are most common in children but can also occur in adults.
Medulloblastomas
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types of Pituitary Tumors
Pituitary adenomas (the most common type)
Craniopharyngiomas (benign tumors that arise near the pituitary).
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Medulloblastoma Symptoms:
because of they often block the passage of cerebrospinal fluid having a pressure in brain structures and symptoms is headache, usually happen in morning more severe, nausea, vomiting, ataxia (lack of coordination or balance), changes in speech, swallowing, in childrens is developmental delays
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are malignant brain tumors that typically arise in the cerebellum, the part of the brain responsible for motor control, coordination and balance.
Medulloblastomas
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Schwannomas (also called neurilemmomas) are benign tumors that develop from WHAT, which are responsible for producing the myelin sheath around peripheral nerves.
Schwann cells
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which are responsible for producing the myelin sheath around peripheral nerves
Schwann cells
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Schwannomas (also called
neurilemmomas
26
are benign tumors that develop from Schwann cells, which are responsible for producing the myelin sheath around peripheral nerves.
Schwannomas (also called neurilemmomas
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typically occur on cranial nerves (especially vestibulocochlear nerve, leading to acoustic neuromas) or on spinal nerves.
Schwannomas
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Schwannomas typically occur on cranial nerves (especially WHAT nerve, leading to acoustic neuromas) or on spinal nerves.
vestibulocochlear nerve
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Schwannomas typically occur on cranial nerves (especially vestibulocochlear nerve, leading to WHAT) or on spinal nerves.
acoustic neuromas
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Schwannomas
Treatment:
3 (observation, surgery and radiation therapy) if the tumor is small causing symptoms maybe in observation, if the tumor is cause significant symptoms or growing maybe surgery, if the tumor is severe radiation therapy is the option
27
are spinal cord tumors that develop within the spinal cord itself, typically arising from glial cells or neurons.
intramedullary tumors
27
Intramedullary Tumors Symptoms:
back pain, or localize pain at the tumor site, weakness, numbness, or paralysis limbs, or loss coordination or balance or bladder or bowel dysfunction if the tumor if affect the spinalization
27
types of Intramedullary Tumors
pendymomas (from ependymal cells lining the spinal cord's central canal),
Astrocytomas (from astrocytes).
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Extramedullary tumors are spinal tumors that develop outside the WHAT, typically in the meninges (covering of the spinal cord) or from nerve roots.
outside the spinal cord but within spinal canal
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are spinal tumors that develop outside the spinal cord but within spinal caanl, typically in the meninges (covering of the spinal cord) or from nerve roots. They are often benign but can cause significant symptoms due to compression of the spinal cord or nerves.
Extramedullary tumors
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Extramedullary tumors are spinal tumors that develop outside the spinal cord but within spinal canal, typically in WHAT
the meninges (covering of the spinal cord) or from nerve roots
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They are often benign but can cause significant symptoms due to compression of the spinal cord or nerves.
Extramedullary tumors
30
they typically benign tumor and affect the pituitary gland with hormonal imbalance or mass effect symptoms, if have a problem in pituitary gland it would probably cause of acromegaly
Pituitary tumors
30
types of Extramedullary Tumors
Meningiomas (benign tumors of the meninges)
Schwannomas (from Schwann cells of peripheral nerves)
Neurofibromas (benign tumors of nerve tissue).
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tumor that arises in glial cells in the brain and spinal cord may be benign or malignant.
Gliomas
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is a tumor that affects tumors outside the spinal cord but within the spinal canal and often compressing the nerves or the spinal cord.
Extramedullary tumor
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benign tumors and usually develop meninges and often causing mass effect symptoms
Meningiomas
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is a malignant tumor and affect are the children and originate in cerebellum and often causing increase intracranial pressure
Medulloblastomas
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is a tumor within the spinal cord itself and often affecting the motor and sensory function
Intramedullary tumors
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are benign tumors that originate in schwann cells that affect the cranial nerves or peripheral nerves.
Schwannomas
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is a tumor that affects tumors outside the spinal cord but within the spinal canal and often compressing the nerves or the spinal cord.
Extramedullary tumor
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the urinary system, also known as the what
renal system
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The urinary system, also known as the renal system, what purposes
produces, stores and eliminates urine, the fluid waste excreted by the kidneys.
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The kidneys make urine by WHAT
filtering wastes and extra water from blood.
35
Urine travels from the kidneys through two thin tubes called WHAT and fills the WHAT
ureters and bladder.
36
Helpful to diagnose using this modality in urinary system
ultrasound, x-ray, CT scan and MRI
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Parts of Urinary system include what
kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.
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what is susceptible to a variety of infections and other problems, including blockages and injuries.
The urinary system
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These can be treated by a WHOor another health care professional who specializes in the renal system.
urologist
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TWO KIDNEYS -This pair of WHATis located below the ribs toward the middle of the back.
pair of purplish-brown organs
37
TWO KIDNEYS -Their function is to:
Remove waste products and medicines from the body
Balance the body's fluids
Balance a variety of electrolytes
Release hormones to control blood pressure
Release a hormone to control red blood cell production
Help with bone health by controlling calcium and phosphorus
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TWO KIDNEYS -This pair of purplish-brown organs is located in where
below the ribs toward the middle of the back.
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The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called WHAT.
nephrons.
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each nephron consists of a ball formed of small blood capillaries (glomerulus) and a small tube called a WHAT
renal tubule.
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If urine backs up, or is allowed to stand still, a kidney infection can develop. About every how many seconds, small amounts of urine are emptied into the bladder from the ureters.
About every 10 to 15 seconds
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These narrow tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Muscles in the ureter walls keep tightening and relaxing. This forces urine downward, away from the kidneys.
URETERS
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This triangle-shaped, hollow organ is located in the lower belly. It is held in place by ligaments that are attached to other organs and the pelvic bones.
BLADDER
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BLADDER
They contract and flatten to empty urine through the urethra. The typical healthy adult bladder can store up to WHAT.
store up to 2 cups of urine for 2 to 5 hours.
39
WHAT relax and expand to store urine.
BLADDER
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These circular muscles help keep urine from leaking by closing tightly like a rubber band around the opening of the bladder.
TWO SPHINCTER MUSCLES
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The nerves alert a person when it is time to urinate or empty the bladder.
NERVES IN THE BLADDER
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color indication in urine: is a pale straw or clear yellow color.
Normal, healthy urine
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color indication in urine: often means you need more water.
Darker yellow or honey-colored urine
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This tube allows urine to pass outside the body. The brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten. This squeezes urine out of the bladder.
URETHRA
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color indicatio in urine may mean a liver problem or severe dehydration.
A darker, brownish color
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color indication in urine: may mean blood in the urine.
Pinkish or red urine
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RENAL AGENESIS
A relatively rare anomaly that demonstrates the absence of the kidney on one side with an unusually large kidney on the other side, which is known as
COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY.
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the WHAT kidney is more frequently missing and it is more common among males.
left
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It has no parenchymal attachment to a kidney and it often becomes symptomatic as a result of an infection.
SUPERNUMERARY KIDNEY
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A rare anomaly of kidney size involving a kidney that is developed less than normal.
RENAL HYPOPLASIA
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Also a relatively rare and it consists of the presence of a third small, rudimentary kidney.
SUPERNUMERARY KIDNEY
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It is usually associated with hyperplasia of the other kidney, an overdeveloped kidney that is often associated with renal agenesis pr hypoplasia of the other kidney.
RENAL HYPOPLASIA
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A condition which the lower poles of the kidneys are joined across midline by a band of soft tissues, causing a rotation on one or both sides.
HORSESHOE KIDNEY
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consists of incomplete or excessive rotation of the kidney as they ascend from the pelvis in utero.
MALROTATION
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one that is out of its normal position, usually lower than normal. Such kidneys are often in a pelvic or sacral location.
ECTOPIC KIDNEY
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These are frequent and they can be unilateral or bilateral.
This condition impairs renal drainage, predisposing the patient to infection, and formation of calculi.
DOUBLE RENAL PELVIS AND DOUBLE URETER
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Radiographically, presents a filling detect in the bladder with a characteristic "cobra head" appearance.
URETEROCELES
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Cyst-like dilations of a ureter near its opening into the bladder and usually result from stenosis of the ureteral orifice.
URETEROCELES
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Out touching seen in urethra, form like a sack structure that communicating with the urethra lumen
URETHRAL DIVERTICULA
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Pouch like that we seen in bladder wall that extends beyond the normal bladder control
BLADDER DIVERTICULA
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URETEROCELES
Radiographically, presents a filling detect in the bladder with a characteristic WHAT appearance.
"cobra head"
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A congenital anomaly representing a dilated, branched ureteric remnant and is best demonstrated by retrograde urography.
URETHRAL DIVERTICULA
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May occur as a congenital anomaly or be caused by chronic bladder obstruction and resultant infection occurring in middle aged men.
BLADDER DIVERTICULA
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A bacterial infection of the calyces and renal pelvis and thought to represent the most common renal disease
PYELONEPHRITIS
42
Common among women than men due to their increases incidence of reflux from the bladder.
PYELONEPHRITIS
43
Acute condition occurs to pregnant women due to increase size of the uterus that compresses the ureter and decreases urine clearance of bacteria.
PYELONEPHRITIS
43
An acquired disease abnormally common in adults and are usually asymptomatic and not an impairment to renal function, but may cause symptoms from rupture, hemorrhage, infection obstruction.
RENAL CYST
43
An antigen antibody reaction in the glomeruli causing inflammation of the renal parenchyma.
Radiographically, the kidneys appear larger because of edematous accumulation
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
43
Inflammation of the bladder, common fairly infection caused by a bacteria.
CYSTITIS
43
demonstrate may the presence of reflux as well as a roughening of the normally smooth bladder wall referred to as bladder trabeculae.
Cystography
43
is a kidneys filtration units and if having an inflammation in glomeruli pwede maaffectbthe function of kidney
Glomeruli
43
Disturbances of calcium metabolism (hyperthyroidism) that results in such condition characterized by tiny deposits of calcium dispersed throughout the renal parenchyma.
NEPHROCALCINOSIS
43
It is the intimal thickening of predominantly the small vessels of the kidney.
Occur as part of the normal aging process as well as in younger patients in association with hypertension and diabetes.
NEPHROSCLEROSIS
43
It represents the end result of a chronic process that gradually results in lost kidney function
RENAL FAILURE
43
An obstructive disease that causes a dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces with urine.
HYDRONEPHROSIS
43
is characteristics a of renal failure and consist of retention of urea in blood.
Uremia
43
in hydronephrosis.
The most common cause is WHAT however it can also occur as a congenital defect or blockage of the system by a tumor, structure, blood clot or inflammation.
calculus
44
Most common malignant tumor of the kidney referred as adenocarcinoma (hypernephroma).
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
45
NEPHROBLASTOMA
Also known as WHAT, a malignant tumor commonly encountered by children.
Wilm's tumor
45
Also known as Wilm's tumor, a malignant tumor commonly encountered by children.
NEPHROBLASTOMA
45
Etiology is unknown but chronic inflammation as from obstruction, cigarette smoking and other agents can contribute to its development.
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
46
Children with this disease present a large, palpable abdominal mass, showing an enlarged kidney on a urographic examination.
NEPHROBLASTOMA
46
common in men than in women after 50 years of age.
BLADDER CARCINΟΜΑ
46
BLADDER CARCINΟΜΑ
WHAT is a chief symptom and cystoscopy followed by a urogram is the method of choice for investigating bladder carcinoma.
Hematuria
46
BLADDER CARCINΟΜΑ
Hematuria is a chief symptom and cystoscopy followed by a WHAT is the method of choice for investigating bladder carcinoma.
urogram
