FINALS PSYCH STATS (CHAPTER TEST) Flashcards by jas vl

CHAPTER 12

How many levels are there in a single-factor independent-measures design comparing depression scores of participants with and without treatment?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4

b. 2

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CHAPTER 12

When is the distinction between the testwise alpha level and the experiment-wise alpha level important?

a. Whenever you do an analysis of variance.
b. When the study is comparing exactly two treatments.
c. When the study is comparing more than two treatments.
d. Only when there are fewer than 30 scores in each treatment.

c. When the study is comparing more than two treatments.

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CHAPTER 12

Which of the following accurately describes the F-ratio in an analysis of variance?

a. The F-ratio is a ratio of two (or more) sample means.
b. The F-ratio is a ratio of two variances.
c. The F-ratio is a ratio of sample means divided by sample variances.
d. None of the above.

b. The F-ratio is a ratio of two variances.

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CHAPTER 12

For an analysis of variance, the systematic treatment effects in a study contribute to the _________ and appears in the _________ of the F-ratio.

a. variance between treatments, numerator
b. variance between treatments, denominator
c. variance within treatments, numerator
d. variance within treatments, denominator

a. variance between treatments, numerator

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CHAPTER 12

What is suggested by a value of 1 for the F-ratio in an ANOVA?

a. There is a treatment effect and the null hypothesis should be rejected.
b. There is no treatment effect and the null hypothesis should be rejected.
c. There is a treatment effect and you should fail to reject the null hypothesis.
d. There is no treatment effect and you should fail to reject the null hypothesis.

d. There is no treatment effect and you should fail to reject the null hypothesis.

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CHAPTER 12

An analysis of variances produces df between treatments= 3 and df within treatments= 26. For this analysis, what is df total?

a. 27
b. 28
c. 29
d. Cannot be determined without additional information.

c. 29

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CHAPTER 12

An analysis of variance is used to evaluate the mean differences among five treatment conditions. The analysis produces SS within treatments= 20, SS between treatments= 40, and SS total= 60. For this analysis, what is MS between treatments?

a. 20/5
b. 20/4
c. 40/5
d. 40/4

d. 40/4

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CHAPTER 12

A research study compares three treatments with n= 5 in each treatment. If the SS values for the three treatments are 25, 20, and 15, then the analysis of variance would produce SS within equal to ______.

a. 4
b. 12
c. 60
d. Cannot be determined from the information given.

c. 60

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CHAPTER 12

A researcher uses analysis of variance to test for mean differences among three treatments with a sample of n= 10 in each treatment. The F-ratio for this analysis would have what df values?

a. df= 3, 10
b. df= 3, 30
c. df= 3, 27
d. df= 2, 27

d. df= 2, 27

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CHAPTER 12

The following table shows the results of an analysis of variance comparing three treatment conditions with a sample of n= 11 participants in each treatment. Note that several values are missing in the table. What is the missing value for the F-ratio?

Source SS df MS
Between xx xx 14
Within xx xx xx
Total 154 xx

F=xx

a. 3.33
b. 4.2
c. 14
d. 28

a. 3.33

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CHAPTER 12

A research report concludes that there are significant differences among treatments, with “F(2, 27)= 8.62, p< .01, n^2= 0.46.” How many treatment conditions were compared in this study?

a. 2
b. 3
c. 29
d. 30

b. 3

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CHAPTER 12

Under what circumstances are post hoc tests necessary after an ANOVA?

a. When H0 is rejected.
b. When there are more than two treatments.
c. When H0 is rejected and there are more than two treatments.
d. You always should do post hoc tests after an ANOVA.

c. When H0 is rejected and there are more than two treatments.

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CHAPTER 12

An ANOVA finds significant treatment effects for a study comparing three treatments with means of M1= 10, M2= 5, M3= 2. If Tukey’s HSD is computed to be HSD= 2.50, then which of the treatments are significantly different?

a. 1 vs. 2 and 2 vs. 3
b. 1 vs. 2 and 1 vs. 3
c. 1 vs. 3 and 2 vs. 3
d. 1 vs. 2 and 1 vs. 3 and 2 vs. 3

d. 1 vs. 2 and 1 vs. 3 and 2 vs. 3

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CHAPTER 12

Which combination of factors is most likely to produce a large value for the F-ratio and a large value for n^2?

a. Large mean differences and large sample variances.
b. Large mean differences and small sample variances.
c. Small mean differences and large sample variances.
d. Small mean differences and small sample variances.

b. Large mean differences and small sample variances.

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CHAPTER 12

If an analysis of variance is used for the following data, what would be the effect of changing the value of SS2 to 100?

a. Increase SS within and increase the size of the F-ratio.
b. Increase SS within and decrease the size of the F-ratio.
c. Decrease SS within and increase the size of the F-ratio.
d. Decrease SS within and decrease the size of the F-ratio.

b. Increase SS within and decrease the size of the F-ratio.

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CHAPTER 12

A researcher uses an ANOVA to evaluate the mean difference between two treatment conditions and obtains F= 9.00 with df= 1, 17. If an independent- measures t statistic had been used instead of the ANOVA, then what t value would be obtained and what is the df value for t?

a. t= 3.00 with df= 16
b. t= 3.00 with df= 17
c. t= 16 with df= 16
d. t= 16 with df= 17

b. t= 3.00 with df= 17

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CHAPTER 13

A two-factor study with two levels of factor A and three levels of factor B uses a separate sample of n= 6 participants in each treatment condition. How many participants are needed for the entire study?

a. 6
b. 12
c. 30
d. 36

d. 36

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CHAPTER 13

Which of the following accurately describes an interaction between two variables?

a. The effect of one variable depends on the levels of the second variable.
b. Both variables are equally influenced by a third factor.
c. The two variables are differentially affected by a third variable.
d. Both variables produce a change in the subjects’ scores.

a. The effect of one variable depends on the levels of the second variable.

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CHAPTER 13

The results from a two-factor analysis of variance show that both main effects are significant. From this information, what can you conclude about the interaction?

a. The interaction also must be significant.
b. The interaction cannot be significant.
c. There must be an interaction but it may not be statistically significant.
d. You can make no conclusions about the significance of the interaction.

d. You can make no conclusions about the significance of the interaction.

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CHAPTER 13

Which of the following accurately describes the two stages of a two-factor ANOVA?

a. The first stage partitions the total variability and the second stage partitions the within-treatment variability.
b. The first stage partitions the total variability and the second stage partitions the between-treatment variability.
c. The first stage partitions the between-treatment variability and the second stage partitions the within-treatment variability.
d. None of the other options is accurate.

b. The first stage partitions the total variability and the second stage partitions the between-treatment variability.

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CHAPTER 13

In a two-factor analysis of variance, the F-ratio for factor A has df= 2, 60 and the F-ratio for factor B has df= 3, 60. Based on this information, what are the df values for the F-ratio for the interaction?

a. 3, 60
b. 5, 60
c. 6, 60
d. Cannot be determined without additional information.

c. 6, 60

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CHAPTER 13

In a two-factor ANOVA with three levels of factor A and three levels of factor B, SSA= 50 and SS within treatments= 150. With n= 11 scores for each of the nine groups in the analysis, which of the following is the correct value for n^2 for factor A?

a. n^2= 50/150+50= .25
b. n^2= 50/150= .33
c. n^2= 25/2.5= 10.00
d. n^2= 50/2.5= 20.00

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a. n^2= 50/150+50= .25

CHAPTER 13

After performing a factorial ANOVA with three levels of factor A and two levels of factor B, you analyze the simple main effect of factor A at one level of factor B. Assuming that each n equals 6, what are the degrees of freedom for the simple main effect?

a. df= 1, 10
b. df= 2, 10
c. df= 1, 30
d. df= 2, 30

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d. df= 2, 30

CHAPTER 13

A researcher is interested in the effect of caffeine on students’ test scores in an introductory statistics class. What is the consequence of adding major as a factor in the ANOVA?

a. The F-ratio for the caffeine factor will decrease.
b. The MS within treatments value will increase.
c. The MS within treatments value will decrease.
d. The MS within treatments value and the F-ratio for the caffeine factor will both decrease.

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c. The MS within treatments value will decrease.

# **CHAPTER 14** 1. Which of the following is a justified conclusion if a correlation is negative? a. Increases in X tend to be accompanied by increases in Y. b. Increases in X tend to be accompanied by decreases in Y. c. Increases in X are always accompanied by increases in Y. d. Increases in X are always accompanied by decreases in Y.

**b. Increases in X tend to be accompanied by decreases in Y.**

# **CHAPTER 14** 2. Which of the following correlations indicates the most consistent relationship between X and Y? a. 0.80 b. 0.40 c. -0.10 d. -0.90

**d. -0.90**

# **CHAPTER 14** 3. What is the value of SP for a set of n= 5 pairs of X and Y values with ∑ X= 10, ∑ Y= 15, and ∑ XY= 75? a. -20 b. -28 c. 45 d. 60

**c. 45**

# **CHAPTER 14** 4. A set of n= 50 pairs of X and Y scores has SSX= 180, SSY= 80, ∑ X= 50, ∑ Y= 150, and ∑ XY= 180. What is the Pearson correlation for these scores? a. 180/120= 1.50 b. 180/1440= 0.125 c. 30/120= 0.25 d. 30/1440= 0.21

**c. 30/120= 0.25**

# **CHAPTER 14** 5. A set of n= 15 pairs of X and Y values has a Pearson correlation of r= 0.40. If 2 points were added to each of the X values, then what is the correlation for the resulting data? a. 0.40 b. -0.40 c. 0.60 d. -0.60

**a. 0.40**

# **CHAPTER 14** 6. A researcher obtains a strong positive correlation between aggressive behavior for six-year-old children and the amount of violence they watch on television. Based on this correlation, which of the following conclusions is justified? a. Decreasing the amount of violence that the children see on TV will reduce their aggressive behavior. b. Increasing the amount of violence that the children see on TV will increase their aggressive behavior. c. Children who watch more TV violence tend to exhibit more aggressive behavior. d. All of the above.

**c. Children who watch more TV violence tend to exhibit more aggressive behavior.**

# **CHAPTER 14** 7. A set of n= 5 pairs of X and Y scores produces a Pearson correlation of r= 0.10. The X values vary from 40 to 50 and the Y values vary from 30 to 60. If one new individual with X= 4 and Y= 4 is added to the sample, then what is the most likely value for the new correlation? a. -0.60 b. 0.10 c. 0.20 d. 0.60

**d. 0.60**

# **CHAPTER 14** 8. A set of n= 12 pairs of X and Y values produces a Pearson correlation of r= -0.70. How much of the variability in the Y scores can be predicted from the relationship with X? a. 16% b. 49% c. 0.16% d. 0.49%

**b. 49%**

# **CHAPTER 14** 9. A researcher selects a sample of n= 25 high school students and measures the grade point average and the amount of time spent using their smartphone for each student. The researcher plans to use a hypothesis test to determine whether there is a significant relationship between the two variables. Which of the following is the correct null hypothesis for the test? a. Þ= 0 b. Þ ≠ 0 c. Þ= 1.00 d. Þ ≠ 1.00

**a. Þ= 0**

# **CHAPTER 14** 10. The Pearson correlation is calculated for a sample of n= 26 individuals. What value of df should be used to test the significance of the correlation? a. 24 b. 25 c. 26 d. Cannot be determined without additional information.

**a. 24**

# **CHAPTER 14** 11. If the following scores are converted to ranks (1= smallest), then what rank is assigned to the score X= 6? Scores: 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 9, 10 a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 7

**b. 5**

# **CHAPTER 14** 12. What is the Spearman correlation for the following set of ranked data? X Y 1 5 2 4 3 2 4 3 5 1 a. 0.9 b. -0.9 c. 0.375 d. -0.375

**b. -0.9**

# **CHAPTER 14** 13. Which of the following correlations can be computed for data that are also suitable for an independent-measures t test? a. Pearson b. Spearman c. Point-biserial d. Phi-coefficient

**c. Point-biserial**

# **CHAPTER 14** 14. A researcher would like to measure the relationship between success in a class (pass/fail) and voter registration (yes/no). Which of the following correlations would be appropriate? a. Pearson b. Spearman c. Point-biserial d. Phi-coefficient

**d. Phi-coefficient**

# **CHAPTER 14** 15. In the general linear equation Y= bX+a, what is measured by the value of a? a. The point at which the line crosses the X-axis. b. The point at which the line crosses the Y-axis. c. The amount that X changes each time Y increases by 1 point. d. The amount that Y changes each time X increases by 1 point.

**b. The point at which the line crosses the Y-axis.**

# **CHAPTER 14** 16. A set of n=25 pairs of X and Y values has MX=5, SSX=5, MY=2, SSY =20, and SP=10. What is the regression equation for predicting Y from X? a. Y= 2X-2 b. Y= 2X-8 c. Y= 0.5X+4 d. Y= 0.5X+1

**b. Y= 2X-8**

# **CHAPTER 14** 17. What is measured by the standard error of estimate for a regression equation? a. The standard distance between a predicted Y value and the mean for the Y scores. b. The standard distance between a predicted Y value and the center of the regression line. c. The standard distance between a predicted Y value and the actual Y value. d. The standard distance between an actual Y value and the center of the regression line.

**c. The standard distance between a predicted Y value and the actual Y value.**

# **CHAPTER 14** 18. A researcher computes the regression equation for predicting Y for a sample of n= 26 pairs of X and Y values. If the significance of the equation is evaluated with an analysis of regression, then what are the df values for the F-ratio? a. 1, 24 b. 1, 23 c. 2, 23 d. 2, 22

**a. 1, 24**

# **CHAPTER 15** 1. Which of the following is a characteristic of nonparametric tests? a. They require a numerical score for each individual. b. They require assumptions about the population distribution(s). c. They evaluate hypotheses about population means or variances. d. None of the above is a characteristic of a nonparametric test.

**d. None of the above is a characteristic of a nonparametric test.**

# **CHAPTER 15** 2. Which of the following accurately describes the observed frequencies for a chi-square test for goodness of fit? a. They are always positive whole numbers. b. They are always positive but can include fractions or decimals. c. They can be positive or negative but are always whole numbers. d. They can be positive or negative and can include fractions or decimals.

**a. They are always positive whole numbers.**

# **CHAPTER 15** 3. A researcher uses a sample of n= 90 participants to test whether people have any preferences among three kinds of apples. Each person tastes all three types and then picks a favorite. What are the expected frequencies for the chi-square test for goodness of fit? a. 1/3,1/3,1/3 b. 10, 10, 10 c. 30, 30, 30 d. 60, 60, 60

**c. 30, 30, 30**

# **CHAPTER 15** 4. A researcher is conducting a chi-square test for goodness of fit to evaluate preferences among different designs for a new automobile. With a sample of n= 30 the researcher obtains a chi-square statistic of x^2= 6.81. What is the appropriate statistical decision for this outcome? a. Reject the null hypothesis with a= .05, but not with a= .01. b. Reject the null hypothesis with either a= .05 or a= .01. c. Fail to reject the null hypothesis with either a= .05 or a= .01. d. There is not enough information to determine the appropriate decision.

**d. There is not enough information to determine the appropriate decision.**

# **CHAPTER 15** 5. Which of the following is the correct equation to compute df for the chi-square test for goodness of fit? a. n-1 b. C-1 c. n-C (where C is the number of categories) d. None of the above.

**b. C-1**

# **CHAPTER 15** 6. A researcher uses a sample of 20 college sophomores to determine whether they have any preference between two smartphones. Each student uses each phone for one day and then selects a favorite. If 14 students select the first phone and only 6 choose the second, then what is the value for x^2? a. 0.80 b. 1.60 c. 3.20 d. 11.0

**c. 3.20**

# **CHAPTER 15** 7. If a chi-square test for independence has df= 2, then how many cells are in the matrix of observed frequencies? a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 8

**c. 6**

# **CHAPTER 15** 8. Which of the following can be evaluated with a chi-square test for independence? a. The relationship between two variables. b. Differences between two or more population frequency distributions. c. Either the relationship between two variables or the differences between distributions. d. Neither the relationship between two variables nor the differences between distributions.

**c. Either the relationship between two variables or the differences between distributions.**

# **CHAPTER 15** 9. A researcher classifies a group of people into three age groups and measures whether each person used Facebook during the previous week (yes/no). The researcher uses a chi-square test for independence to determine if there is a significant relationship between the two variables. If the researcher obtains x^2= 5.75, then what is the correct decision for the test? a. Reject H0 for a= .05 but not for a= .01. b. Reject H0 for a= .01 but not for a= .05. c. Reject H0 for either a= .05 or a= .01. d. Fail to reject H0 for a= .05 and a= .01.

**d. Fail to reject H0 for a= .05 and a= .01.**

# **CHAPTER 15** 10. Which of the following is an appropriate measure of effect size for the chi- square test for goodness of fit? a. Cohen’s w b. The phi-coefficient c. Cramér’s V d. Either the phi-coefficient or Cramér’s V

**a. Cohen’s w**

# **CHAPTER 15** 11. A researcher obtains x^2= 4.0 for a test for independence using observed fre- quencies in a 3 x 3 matrix. If the sample contained a total of n= 50 people, then what is the value of Cramér’s V? a. 0.04 b. 0.16 c. 0.20 d. 0.40

**c. 0.20**

# **CHAPTER 15** 12. Under what circumstances should the chi-square statistic not be used? a. When the expected frequency is greater than 5 for any cell. b. When the expected frequency is less than 5 for any cell. c. When the expected frequency equals the observed frequency for any cell. d. None of the above.

**b. When the expected frequency is less than 5 for any cell.**

FINALS PSYCH STATS (CHAPTER TEST) Flashcards

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