FINALS: Pulmonary Conditions Flashcards
(45 cards)
How should a mask be worn correctly?
The darker colored side should be outside. The mask should cover the bridge of the nose down to the chin.
What is the PPE level:
Surgical mask (N95 optional), face shield (goggles optional), and a disposable apron (optional for outpatient).
PPE Level 1
What is the PPE level:
For patients with exudates or bodily fluids: head cap, N95 (fit checked), face shield/goggles, gloves, booties, and an impermeable gown.
Level 2
What is the PPE requirement for Level 3?
Used for pneumonia patients. Includes Level 2 PPE but with two layers of gloves.
What additional PPE is required for Level 4, and who needs it?
For COVID patients: Level 2 PPE plus two layers of gloves and a HAZMAT suit.
What is Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?
A condition with scarring and stiffness of the lungs, making breathing difficult. It leads to fibrotic changes in the lung parenchyma, resulting in resistance to lung expansion.
What is Restrictive Lung Disease?
A group of lung diseases characterized by a reduction in lung volumes, including Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, Sarcoidosis, and Interstitial Lung Disease.
Key symptoms and stages of Sarcoidosis?
Symptoms: Persistent dry cough, wheezing, dyspnea, chest pain. Stages (Scadding): 0-4. Diagnosis via breathing tests, chest CT, or ECG.
How does severe scoliosis impact lung function?
Causes reduced lung volumes, limited diaphragmatic movement, and inefficient chest wall muscles. Managed with bracing, physical therapy, or surgery.
How is Interstitial Lung Disease diagnosed and managed?
Diagnosed through chest X-rays, lung function tests, and in severe cases, bronchoscopy or biopsy. Managed with corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, and pulmonary rehabilitation.
What causes Pneumoconiosis and how does it present?
Caused by inhaling airborne dust and fibers, leading to irreversible lung damage. Symptoms: Cough and dyspnea. Common types include Asbestosis and Coal Miner’s Lung.
Characteristics and symptoms of Asbestosis?
Prolonged asbestos exposure causes dyspnea, dry cough, chest tightness, and crackling sounds on inspiration. May develop symptoms years after exposure.
What is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?
An immune reaction to inhaled allergens. Acute phase: flu-like symptoms; chronic phase: dyspnea, coughing, weight loss, digital clubbing. Managed by avoiding allergens.
Describe Flail Chest and its management.
: A condition where a segment of the chest wall moves paradoxically, causing pain and shallow breathing. Managed with splinting to stabilize the chest.
Timing: End of inspiration. Pitch: High. Sound: Pops/cracks like a fire. Location: Small airways. Discontinuous and short in duration.
fine crackles
: What does wheezing sound like?
Timing: Mainly expiration. Pitch: High. Sound: Squeaky, whistling, musical. Location: Throughout the respiratory system.
Timing: Start of inspiration, extending to expiration. Pitch: Low. Sound: Gurgling/bubbling. Location: Large airways. Discontinuous and longer in duration.
coarse crackles
Characteristics of stridor?
Timing: Inspiration or expiration. Pitch: High. Sound: Screeching or squawking from the throat area. Location: Upper respiratory system.
Timing: Mainly in expiration. Pitch: Low but loud. Sound: Snoring or snorting, improves with coughing. Location: Large airways like the trachea or bronchus.
rhonchi
What causes a pleural friction rub and how does it sound?
Caused by pleural layer irritation. Timing: Inspiration and expiration. Pitch: Low. Sound: Harsh, grating. Associated with pain during deep breaths.
What is Obstructive Lung Disease, and what causes it?
Progressive airway obstruction due to chronic inflammation, leading to small airway fibrosis and lung damage. Conditions include Bronchitis, Emphysema, Cystic Fibrosis, Chronic Asthma, Bronchiectasis, and Tuberculosis.
What is the key difference between Obstructive and Restrictive Lung Diseases?
Obstructive lung diseases make exhalation difficult (e.g., Bronchitis, Emphysema), while restrictive lung diseases make lung expansion difficult, usually due to issues outside the lung itself (e.g., Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, Scoliosis).
What are the main symptoms and management strategies for Bronchitis?
Symptoms: Productive cough, cyanosis, wheezing, hypoxemia, digital clubbing. Management: Bronchodilators, glucocorticoids, smoking cessation, and pulmonary rehabilitation.
What characterizes Emphysema, and how is it managed?
Characterized by permanent enlargement of airspaces and loss of elastic recoil. Symptoms: Breathlessness, hyperventilation, bullae, barrel chest. Management: Smoking cessation and oxygen therapy.
