FINALS: QUIZ #2: EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY + ADDTL. BOOK NOTES Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
It deals with the microscopic study of cells from different body sites.
A
DIAGNOSTIC CYTOLOGY
2
Q
2 PURPOSES OF DIAGNOSTIC CYTOLOGY:
A
- To detect CANCEROUS & MALIGNANCIES conditions.
- To evaluate the MORPHOLOGY OF CELLS.
3
Q
5 ADVANTAGES OF DIAGNOSTIC CYTOLOGY:
A
- SIMPLICITY of procedure
- LOW complication rate
- FASTER TAT
- Cost effective
- HIGH diagnostic accuracy
4
Q
3 BRANCHES OF CYTOPATHOLOGY:
A
- EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY
- INTERVENTIONAL CYTOLOGY
- IMPRINT CYTOLOGY / ABRADED CYTOLOGY
5
Q
IMPRINT CYTOLOGY is also known as
A
ABRADED CYTOLOGY
6
Q
2 TYPES OF EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY:
A
- SPONTANEOUS EXFOLIATION (NON-GYNECOLOGICAL CYTOLOGY)
- MECHANICAL EXFOLIATION (GYNECOLOGICAL CYTOLOGY)
7
Q
It is a type of EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY where the specimens are non-gynecological.
A
SPONTANEOUS EXFOLIATION
8
Q
It is a type of EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY where the specimens are gynecological specimens, it is where the natural shed of cells are obtained like vaginal cells from PAP smear.
A
MECHANICAL EXFOLIATION
9
Q
2 TYPES OF INTERVENTIONAL CYTOLOGY:
A
- FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY (FNAC)
- SEDIMENT CYTOLOGY
10
Q
It is a type of INTERVENTIONAL CYTOLOGY where no surgical procedure is needed, does not require hospitalization, and is cost-effective.
A
FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY (FNAC)
11
Q
It is a study of cells DIRECTLY taken from the surface of EXCISED / INCISED specimens by touching them with a clean glass slide.
A
IMPRINT CYTOLOGY / ABRADED CYTOLOGY
12
Q
3 SPECIMENS FOR CYTOLOGIC EXAM that may be derived from various sources:
A
- BODY FLUIDS
- FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION (FNA)
- EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY (PAP smear)
13
Q
It is the study of cells shed from EPITHELIAL SURFACES.
A
EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY
14
Q
5 PURPOSES OF EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY:
A
- Detect cancerous / malignant conditions
- Detecting asymptomatic cancer in women or precancerous cervical lesions
- Determination of genetic sex
- Detection of possible infection
- Evaluate female hormonal status in cases of sterility (PAP smear)
15
Q
Evaluating female hormonal status in case of sterility is achieved by determining?
A
CYTOHORMONAL MATURATION INDEX (CHMI) / MATURATION INDEX (MI)
16
Q
How to obtain specimens for EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY?
A
It may be collected by lightly scraping or brushing the surfaces, swabbing, aspirating or washing surfaces.
17
Q
GYNECOLOGICAL SPECIMEN: ?
A
CERVICOVAGINAL SMEAR / PAP SMEAR
18
Q
8 NON-GYNECOLOGICAL SPECIMENS:
A
- BRONCHIAL WASHINGS/BRUSHINGS
- BRONCHO ALVEOLAR LAVAGE (BAL)
- SPUTUM
- BLADDER WASHINGS/BRUSHINGS
- PERITONEAL-PERICARDIAL-PLEURAL FLUIDS
- CSF & SYNOVIAL FLUID
- GASTRIC WASHINGS/BRUSHINGS
- PROSTATIC SECRETIONS/FLUIDS
19
Q
3 TYPES OF PREPARING NON-GYNECOLOGICAL SPECIMENS:
A
- SMEAR (2 SMEARS)
- CELL BLOCK TECHNIQUE
- CYTOSPIN PREPARATION
20
Q
What non-gynecological specimen preparation involves paraffin embedding the REMAINING sediments of body fluids?
A
CELL BLOCK TECHNIQUE
21
Q
What is the preferred stain for EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY?
A
PAPANICOLAOU STAIN
22
Q
A
23
Q
5 TECHNIQUES IN EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY:
A
- SMEAR TECHNIQUE
- CELL BLOCK TECHNIQUE
- MEMBRANE FILTRATION METHOD
- CONCENTRATION TECHNIQUE (CYTOSPIN)
- LIQUID-BASED CYTOLOGY
24
Q
It is a technique where cells and other components are SPREAD THINLY in a clean slide for malignancy detection.
A
SMEAR TECHNIQUE
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2 TYPES OF TECHNIQUES IN PREPARING SMEARS (based on viscosity of sample):
1. CRUSH TECHNIQUE
2. PULL-PUSH TECHNIQUE
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In EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY, it is a TYPE OF SMEAR TECHNIQUE for MUCOID + VISCOUS FLUID
CRUSH TECHNIQUE
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In EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY, it is a TYPE OF SMEAR TECHNIQUE for OTHER TYPES OF FLUID
PULL-PUSH TECHNIQUE
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3 TYPES OF PREPARATION METHODS FOR CELL BLOCK TECHNIQUE:
1. DIRECT FILTRATION METHOD
2. PLASMA-THROMBIN METHOD
3. CARBOWAX METHOD
30
It is a CELL BLOCK TECHNIQUE where:
- Centri. fluid, add 10% FORMALIN in SEDIMENT
- DISADVANTAGE: Easily washed out
DIRECT FILTRATION METHOD
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It is a CELL BLOCK TECHNIQUE where:
- Not usually carried out in labs because it is expensive
- Centri. fluid, add 1 mL of PLASMA & add THROMBIN.
- ADVANTAGE: Reduce washing out
- DISADVANTAGE: Expensive
PLASMA-THROMBIN METHOD
33
It is a CELL BLOCK TECHNIQUE where:
- Centri. fluid, add CARBOWAX to SEDIMENT and place in a PARAFFIN BLOCK
- ADVANTAGE: No dehydration step
- DISADVANTAGE: Expensive
CARBOWAX METHOD
34
8 STEPS FOR CELL BLOCK TECHNIQUE:
1. Fluid aliquot will be centrifuged.
2. Sediment
3. Decant
4. Pipette any remaining fluid.
5. Add PLASMA + THROMBIN to the remaining sediment OR Add melted agar (CARBOWAX) stir then refrigerate.
6. Put into cassette (lined with tissue paper)
7. Fix in formalin
8. Embed in paraffin to become cell block
35
It is a type of EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY TECHNIQUE where the best to collect cells are from BODY FLUIDS. Then, a smear is made out of the sediments.
CONCENTRATION TECHNIQUE (CYTOSPIN)
36
In CYTOSPIN, specimen is centrifuge for how many minutes and what rpm?
1 min. at 1000 rpm
37
In CYTOSPIN, if smears cannot be made immediately, sediments should be covered with ? and place in the ref.
ABSOLUTE ALCOHOL
38
In CYTOSPIN, if amount is small, smear should be prepared and fixed before drying occurs. (TRUE / FALSE?)
TRUE
39
It is a TYPE OF CELL BLOCK TECHNIQUE where it uses spatula or brush/broom to collect specimens then placed in a vial containing preservative, a thin layer of cells is placed on the slide.
LIQUID-BASED CYTOLOGY
40
What is the name of the spatula used for performing PAP smear?
AYRE'S SPATULA
41
4 RESPIRATORY TRACT SPECIMENS:
1. BAL
2. BRONCHIAL WASHINGS
3. BRONCHIAL BRUSHINGS
4. SPUTUM
42
How many times does sputum be collected?
3 consecutive morning sputum specimens (deep cough or induced)
43
To collect sputum specimens, what is the satisfactory indication? (because it might be a saliva)
IF SPUTUM, look for:
- ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES
- COLUMNAR CELLS
44
What is the FIXATIVE for SPUTUM?
SACCOMANNO FLUID
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What is the component of SACCOMANNO FLUID?
Combination of 50% ETHANOL & 2% CARBOWAX
46
What are the 2 FIXATIVES for BRONCHIAL BRUSHING?
1. SPRAY FIXATIVE
2. 95% ETHANOL
47
What fluid specimen needed an immediate transport to the lab to prevent degeneration of cells?
GASTRIC SECRETIONS / ASPIRATES
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In GASTRIC SECRETIONS / ASPIRATES, immediate transport is needed is required and no delay beyond how many minutes?
30 mins.
49
In GASTRIC SECRETIONS / ASPIRATES, what is the requirement prior to collection?
FASTING OF AT LEAST 8 HRS. prior to collection
50
What fluid specimen has a:
- LOW DIAGNOSTIC YIELD for diagnosis of BREAST CANCER
- DISCHARGE during & POST LACTATION may be normal
- DISCHARGE form breast nipple is usually BENIGN & may be due to lesions like DUCT ECTASIA & PAPILLOMA
BREAST SECRETION
51
2 FIXATIVES for BREAST SECRETIONS:
1. SPRAY FIX
2. 95% IPA
52
What fluid specimen is used to prevent JELLY CLOTS?
PERITONEAL-PLEURAL-PERICARDIAL FLUIDS
53
In order to prevent jelly clots in PPP fluids, add ?
Add 300 units of HEPARIN per 100 mL of FLUID
54
3 TYPES OF URINARY TRACT SPECIMENS:
1. VOIDED URINE
2. CATHETERIZED URINE
3. WASHING FROM BLADDER / RENAL PELVIS
55
In CLINICAL MICROSCOPY, what is the PREFERRED URINARY TRACT SPX for ROUTINE URINALYSIS?
FIRST MORNING / VOIDED URINE
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In MICROBIOLOGY SECTION, what URINARY TRACT SPX is preferred for BACTERIAL CULTURE?
MIDSTREAM CLEAN CATCH
57
For HISTOPATH SECTION, what is the preferred URINARY TRACT SPX for detecting cancerous conditions / urothelial malignancies.
SECOND VOIDED URINE
(first voided urine should be discarded due to overnight degeneration of cells)
58
If there is a delay in processing URINARY TRACT SPX, what should be done?
REFRIGERATE ONLY.
59
Should preservatives be added in URINARY TRACT SPX for HISTOPATH SECTION?
NO, IT SHOULD NOT BE ADDED.
60
AMOUNT OF URINE FOR CYTOLOGY / HISTOPATH SECTION:
At least 50 cc
61
What fluid specimens must be submitted FRESH?
BODY CAVITY EFFUSIONS (CSF & Ascitic fluid)
62
Should FORMALIN or ALCOHOL be used in BODY CAVITY EFFUSIONS?
NO, IT SHOULD NOT BE USED.
63
AMOUNT OF CSF:
1 cc
64
3 EXAMPLES OF GYNECOLOGICAL SPECIMENS:
1. CERVICAL SMEARS
2. VAGINAL SMEARS
3. ENDOMETRIAL SMEARS
65
What is the MOST COMMON GYNECOLOGICAL SPECIMEN?
CERVICO-VAGINAL SMEARS / PAP SMEAR
66
PURPOSE OF PAP SMEAR:
Serves as a SCREENING TOOL for CERVICAL CANCER.
67
5 REASONS PAP SMEAR SCREENING TEST IS DONE:
1. Age & screening guidelines
2. Abnormal vaginal bleeding
3. Unexplained pelvic pain
4. HPV infection
5. Family history
68
WHO COLLECTS & PROCESS BIOPSY SPX?
PERFORMS THE PROCEDURE / COLLECTOR: Surgeon
PROCESSING: Medtech
EVALUATION: Pathologist
69
WHO COLLECTS & PROCESS PAP SMEAR?
COLLECTOR: OBGYNE
PROCESSING: Medtech
EVALUATION: Pathologist
70
WHO COLLECTS & PROCESS AUTOPSY SPECIMEN?
COLLECTOR: Pathologist
PROCESSING: Medtech
EVALUATION: Pathologist
71
POSITION OF THE PATIENT FOR PAP SMEAR:
LITHOTOMY
72
The OBGYNE will insert 2 types of tools to collect the specimen for PAP smear?
1. CYTOBRUSH
2. AYRE'S SPATULA
73
SITE OF COLLECTION FOR PAP SMEAR:
- The junction between ENDO + ECTO CERVIX because most cervical cancer cases arises in this site.
T ZONE (TRANSFORMATION ZONE)
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75
It is a TYPE OF PAP SMEAR PROCEDURE involves collecting cells from the cervix using a spatula and brush, transferring them to a slide, and fixing the slide with a preservative. The collected cells are then examined under a microscope to identify any abnormalities.
CONVENTIONAL PAP SMEAR
76
It is a type of PAP SMEAR PROCEDURE where it involves the use of spatula or brush/broom to collect the specimens then placed in a vial containing preservative. A thin layer of cells is placed on the slide and is the MOST COMMONLY PREFERRED.
LIQUID BASED PAP SMEAR / THINPREP PAP TEST
77
Sampling of PAP smear must be done during what period and not during menstrual bleeding to prevent contamination.
MID CYCLE PERIOD
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Avoidance of ________ and ________ 24 hrs. prior to sampling is one of the precaution of collecting specimens for PAP SMEAR.
VAGINAL DOUCHE / LUBRICANT & COITUS
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80
AFTER SAMPLING FOR PAP SMEAR, when submitted to the lab:
1. immediate fixation is required
2. drying of smears must be avoided
- then when fixed, smears are stained
81
BEST FIXATIVE FOR CYTOLOGY:
95% ETHANOL + ETHER
(but not used as routine because ether is flammable)
82
COMMONLY USED / ROUTINE FIXATIVE FOR CYTOLOGY:
95% ETHANOL
83
RECOMMENDED SUBSTITUTE for 95% ETHANOL fixative for cytology:
100% METHANOL
84
WHAT ARE THE 5 OTHER FIXATIVES FOR CYTOLOGY:
1. 80% PROPANOL & ISOPROPANOL
2. DENATURED ALCOHOL
3. CARBOWAX FIXATIVES (POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL)
4. CARNOY'S FLUID
5. SPRAY FIXATIVE
85
It is a fixative for cytology that is special purpose fixative used to hemolyze the RBC in hemorrhagic samples. It is also an alcoholic fixative.
CARNOY'S FLUID
86
It is a fixative for cytology that may be used but the slide must be kept at a distance of atleast 1 foot (12 inches or 30.5 cm) from the spray.
SPRAY FIXATIVE
87
3 COMPONENTS OF PAPANICOLAOU STAIN:
1. HARRIS HEMATOXYLIN
2-3. 2 COUNTERSTAINS: ORANGE G (OG-6) & EOSIN AZURE SOLUTION (EA-50)
88
It is a NUCLEAR STAIN.
HARRIS HEMATOXYLIN
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It is a ROUTINE STAIN FOR IHC.
MAYER'S HEMATOXYLIN
90
It is a counterstain that stains the CYTOPLASM of PARABASAL & INTERMEDIATE CELLS.
- It denotes the concentration of PHOSPHOTUNGSTIC ACID.
- 0.5 solution in 95% ALCOHOL & PHOSPHOTUNGSTIC ACID
- It stains the KERATIN & originally was used to stain small cells of KERATINIZING SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA.
ORANGE G (OG-6)
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It is a counterstain that stains the CYTOPLASM of SUPERFICIAL CELLS.
EOSIN AZURE (EA-50)
92
3 DYES OF EOSIN AZURE:
1. EA 36
2. EA 50
3. EA 65
93
EOSIN Y stains 4 sites:
1. SUPERFICIAL EPITHELIAL SQUAMOUS CELLS
2. NUCLEOLI
3. CILIA
4. RBCs
94
What are the other 2 components of EA-50?
1. LIGHT GREEN SF
2. BISMARCK BROWN Y
95
It stains the CYTOPLASM of other cells including NON-KERATINIZING SQUAMOUS CELLS.
LIGHT GREEN SF
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It stains NOTHING & in conventional methods is often omitted.
BISMARCK BROWN Y
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NUCLEI:
DEEP BLUE to BLACK
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CELLS w/ HIGH KERATIN CONTENT & GLYCOGEN:
YELLOW
99
SUPERFICIAL CELLS:
ORANGE-PINK
100
INTERMEDIATE & PARABASAL CELLS:
TURQUOISE GREEN to BLUE
101
METAPLASTIC CELLS often stain both at once:
GREEN & PINK
102
CELLS ARE SEEN IN:
CERVICO-VAGINAL SMEARS
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