finals review

Question 1

Describe policing in one word

Answer 1

Asmakaya: exciting; one day is boring, the other murder
Skurrah: diconomist; supposed to be problem solver and gentle for people (dichotomous)
Pope: astounding; going home and reflecting on the day/shift

Question 2

What excites you most of police work?

Answer 2

A: progress call; call 911 and watch things happen; get helicopter or other vehicle; rewarding to help the victim
S: challenging but rewarding; being able to help people from
P: frauds, chasing criminals down; tone or priority call satisfying; catching bad guy

Question 3

Challenges of patrol work, has perception change them?

Answer 3

P: not addressing problems, little support to certain problems (mental health, homelessness); not enough resources
S: change from one thing to another drastically - deal with CPR then theft
A: mental health and addiction; lack of funding; short-staffed

Question 4

Most common call in their community

Answer 4

A: homeless people; getting them to hospital again cuz hospital send them out
S: thefts, trespassing, property crime, stranger assualt
P: property thefts, break ins

Question 5

What is the biggest misconception public has on police

Answer 5

S: society expects police to solve any problem people have; not equipped enough;expect perfection
A: not understanding mental health;use violence to solve most cases; media posts pore only being violent
P:believing now media portrays police;negatively, violent & mean people

Question 6

How does fear manifest itself in frontline policing?

Answer 6

S: Mundane; every time hearing a call, afraid of what to do to someone; cannot control
A: afraid to get hurt/stabbed, show action, hope for the best; have to use force; high blood pressure lasts for hours after call; affects personal life
P:tone alert, unpredictable situation; do I really want to be first one there?; reflect on day; gotta do what you to get job done

Question 7

Was experience of patrol/policing what you expected or not

Answer 7

P:no; not predictable, will know secrets when you join; way better than he expected - happy memories
S: what he expected, busier, similar to cvsa
A: some aspects expected, did normal policing stuff; did not expect scope of societal issues have to deal with

Question 8

Examples of why people want to become a police officer

Answer 8

-Excitement
-Genuinely want to help people
-To catch bad people; people who commit crimes; put handcuffs
-Diversity of opportunity with the policing career
-Ability to problem-solve
-Being in the community, getting away from the desk, connecting with the street

Question 9

Why is it difficult to hire police officers?

Answer 9

-Not everyone wants to become a police officer!
-Not everyone who wants to become an officer can be one!
-Not everyone who can become an officer is eligible!
-Not everyone who is eligible is desirable!

Question 10

Not everyone wants to become a police officer!

Answer 10

Personal goals
Fear
Hostility
Compensation

Question 11

Not everyone who wants to become a police officer can be one!

Answer 11

-Vision (shooting a gun, drive)
-Hearing (communication, hear environment)
-Health (sit and stand for certain amts of time, jump, run, lift, other physical functions)
-citizenship (not as relevant anymore in Canada; ppl w/ PR card allowed)

Question 12

Not everyone who can become an officer is eligible!

Answer 12

Past behaviour (under police discretion, don’t cheat, be honest)
Job testing (need to pass a lengthy amount of tests, difficult)

Question 13

Job testing examples

Answer 13

Written test
Physical agility test
Oral interview
Background investigation
Polygraph examination
Psychologist test
Medical examination

Question 14

Not everyone who is eligible desirable!

Answer 14

Personal fit:
-Make sure you enjoy the career in their agency
-Be successful in their agency
-Devote themselves
-Be able to go from one case to another

Question 15

Todak,2017: survey on why men and women(in uni) want to become an officer

Answer 15

-28 women, 18 men
-motivation when they were: childhood (16), teenager (15), college (11)

Question 16

Todak,2017: survey on why men and women(in uni) want to become an officer (continued)

WHY?

Answer 16

-Help people (31)
- avoid a “desk job” (18)

Question 17

Todak,2017: survey on why men and women(in uni) want to become an officer (continued)

LONG-TERM GOALS?

Answer 17

• full career in policing (16)
• stepping stone into federal law enforcement (15)
• one option to consider (11)

Question 18

Todak,2017: survey on why men and women(in uni) want to become an officer (continued)

CONCERNS

Answer 18

Cynical - Exposed to the negative parts of society all the time
Protective - Swallow how horrible human beings can be to one another
Fear - Danger and risk that comes with the job
Coping -Trauma ;From cases: like picking up a dead
corpse

Question 19

How to prepare for careers in policing?

Answer 19

● Shooting
● Ride-alongs
● Purchased firearm
● Work in police department; Get to know more about an agency
● Attended events
● Martial arts
● Criminal justice college education

Question 20

Problems in applicants

Answer 20

• Many aspiring applicants have positive motivations, realistic expectations, good preparation
  -Applicant numbers and applicant pool struggling

Question 21

How to expand applicant pool?

Answer 21

Police recruitment videos ( Simpson, 2022)

Question 22

Criteria for videos: Simpson, 2022

Answer 22

• look on department websites, youtube, Facebook
• video characteristics (music)
• officer representation (female, testimonials )
  -Information content (slogan)
• behaviourial content (what police were doing)

Question 23

Discussion (Simpson 2022)

Answer 23

● The recruitment and retention of police officers remains a priority for police agencies around the world
● One of the primary means by which police to their agencies is via their recruitment videos
● Potential applicants may use these videos to infer conclusions about the police agency’s philosophies and practices

Question 24

changing the content of the job ads for policing impacted applicant numbers
Linos, 2018

Answer 24

○ Public service motivations = not good
○ Personal benefits: challenge/career benefits

Question 25

Constable Zacharias

Answer 25

-BA Criminology from SFU -Port Moody Police Department -Community and media relations officer -role: social media, volunteers, engagement

Question 26

Hiring process

Answer 26

-Typically 6-18 month process ○ Application, Intake exam, POPAT, Panel interview, Polygraph test (lie detector test), Psychological assessment, Medical testing, Background investigation, Ride along, Chief constable interview

Question 27

Training

Answer 27

● Block I - foundation of policing: firearms investigations, law, UOF, driving (3 months) ● Block II - field training with training officer (5 months) ● Block III - advanced policing, special topics, certifications (2 months)

Question 28

Recruiting strategies

Answer 28

○ Social media ○ Ride Along Videos ○ Community engagement: never too early!

Question 29

Retention & recruiting issues

Answer 29

Declining interest ■ Media perceptions ■ Salary not competitive enough ■ pandemic/frontline work ■ LMD uncertainty ■ Existence of danger ■ Patrol work unfavourable -not much representation

Question 30

important factors of policing job

Answer 30

○ Shiftwork is tough ○ You will work holidays and weekends ○ High stress situations ○ Physically and emotionally demanding job ○ Rewarding and exciting ○ *Administratively intensive*

Question 31

Contact with police

Answer 31

Citizen-initiated process

Question 32

NOT all contacts with the police have the same impact on the public’s perceptions of the police

Answer 32

The impact of having a negative encounter w/ the police is 4-14 times greater than the impact of having a positive encounter with the police Stakes of police contacts is really high (takes time to build trust, can lose that trust super quickly)

Question 33

The assumption of police work from calls

Answer 33

○ The public’s interaction with the police begins when the police arrive on-scene at a call for service ■ Police officers use information obtained on-scene to accurately assess their response to the situation ■ Police Officer On-Scene -> Outcome

Question 34

The reality

Answer 34

1) Judgement by Public 2) Judgement by Call-Taker 3) Judgement by Radio-Operator 4) Judgement by Police Officer 5)Police Officer On-Scene

Question 35

Dispatcher

Answer 35

All people who work in an emergency call environment

Question 36

Call-taker

Answer 36

deals with public

Question 37

Radio-operator

Answer 37

communicates with police officer

Question 38

information-operator

Answer 38

- sometimes don’t exist in small agencies -Takes on both call-taker and radio-operator cuz too much calls and information -Backup

Question 39

1) Judgement by the public

Answer 39

-in order for a public-initiated contact with the police to begin, the public must first decide to contact the police such as: call the police, visit a police station, flag down a police officer -The public’s reasons for contacting the police can vary depending uponthe person, context, and time

Question 40

Criminal in nature call examples

Answer 40

● “He just hit me!” ● “Someone is breaking into my house!’ ● “My car is stolen!” ● “I think someone just vandalized my mailbox!” ● “There's a drunk driver on highway 1!” ● “I think some just got shot!”

Question 41

Civil in nature call examples

Answer 41

● “My tenant won/t pay his rent!” (get lawyer) ● “I let my friend borrow my Xbox and now he won’t return it!” ● “The store won’t return my purchase!” ● “The contractor is telling me I owe twice the price we originally agreed upon!” ● “My neighbor’s fence crosses onto my property!” ● “My brother isn’t honoring my deceased mother’s will!”

Question 42

2) judgement by the call-taker

Answer 42

-Importance of language; synonyms can have different meanings (arguing, fighting) -Indications of distress? -Time pressure -Complainants in various states of mind

Question 43

3) judgement by radio-operator

Answer 43

○ Radio-operators rely on the files generated by call takers to dispatch police officers to calls for service ■ Radio-operators utilize information from call-takers to decide: ■ ... the order of files to be dispatched ■ ...and how many police officers to send each file

Question 44

Two features of dispatching

Answer 44

1) radio time is sparse -> radio-operators must be considerate of the amount of radio time they use to dispatch calls for service ● Radio time is shared by the radio-operator and multiple police officers at any given time 2) multiple calls for service are being handled simultaneously -> each call for service is dispatched and handled alongside of multiple other calls for service

Question 45

4) judgement by the police officer

Answer 45

Police officers rely on the information provided to them by their radio-operator to make operational decisions regarding their response to the call ○ Depending on the information provided to them, police officers must decide: ■ Emergency response vs routine response? ■ Proceed into situation upon arrival vs wait for backup unit(s)? ■ Tactical entry vs routine entry? ■ Etc.

Question 46

5) police officer on-scene

Answer 46

Police officers’ initial reactions to calls for service are based upon the information provided to them leading up to their arrival on-scene ■ E.g., if there is reason to believe that an assault occurred -> officers may initially detain someone on-scene ○ Following mediation, it may become clear that the initial call description was not accurate, however these details were NOT known at the time of the police arrivals ■ Hindsight is 20/20

Question 47

Evidence based policing

Answer 47

○ Police do things that they have always done it, not necessarily because it is the best option ○ Research in policing is new

Question 48

“The early 20 years since the publication of Sherman’s (1998, p. 2) assertion that ‘police practices should be based on scientific evidence about what works best’

Answer 48

● Anecdotal evidence - throws out ● Rigorous research - favours this

Question 49

evidence based policing (continued) statistics

Answer 49

Numbers of assaults do not correlate with fluctuation of numbers ○ Evidence based policing do not look at number

Question 50

Survey: do officers know what EBP is?

Answer 50

5% provided accurate definition 30% provided an incorrect definition Pos. Relationship between rank and higher education

Question 51

Appearance based research

Answer 51

■ Public liked when officers wear high-visibility apparel (vest) ■ Public doesn't like when police wears black gloves, sunglasses ● Look at eyes for threats ■ Public doesn't like when police wears long stick batons ● Doesn't like clanging on uniforms ■ Baseball caps had no effect ■ External low-bearing vest elicited mixed reaction, some saw pos., some neg.

Question 52

Appearance based research (continued) vehicles

Answer 52

■ Police cars are important for their identity ■ Style factor, cool part of the job ■ Showed pictures of police officers in different looking police cars ■ Public prefers marked cars ■ Color scheme matters too (on the marked cars) ■ Favoured black and white cars more, seem more approachable, not the predominately white car

Question 53

Constable scarecrow, Simpson 2020

Answer 53

○ A life-sized cardboard cutout of a police officer ○ To police roadways, for safety ○ To help slow cars down, reduce speeding ○ Two residential roadways, reduce speeding in neighbourhoods

Question 54

Constable scarecrow, Simpson 2020 (cont.)

Answer 54

Traffic-related issues are a major concern for communities across North America ■ Traffic condition are the leading cause of death aged 15-29 and the eighth leading cause of death for all people worldwide (World Health Organization, 2015) ■ Police are increasingly expected to reduce traffic collisions and the correlates of such collisions

Question 55

Constable scarecrow, Simpson 2020 (cont.)

Answer 55

Arterial: successful in vehicles slowing down, sharp reduction in speeding, during day & night Residential: no effect, cars were about the same as it CST scarecrow wasn't there

Question 56

Deterrence theory

Answer 56

human beings are rational actors who are motivated to pursue pleasure and avoid pain

Question 57

Routine activities theory

Answer 57

Perspective of criminal; A crime will only be committed if a motivated offender thinks that a target is suitable and a capable guardian is absent. It is the offender's assessment of a situation that determines whether a crime will take place.