Finals Rororor Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
- Most anterior portion of the human head
- Refers to the area that extends from the superior margin of the forehead to the chin, and from one ear to another.
A
Human Face
2
Q
The basic shape of the human face is determined by the ___________, the _______ and the amount of ________ present
A
- underlying facial skeleton
- facial muscles
- subcutaneous tissue
3
Q
The region is considered the upper face starts from the hairline superiorly and ends just under the lower eyelid
A
Upper face
4
Q
The lateral borders of the upper face terminate around the _____
A
Temporal region
5
Q
This region of the face contains thre forehead, eyes, and temporal region
A
Upper face region
6
Q
- The superior region of the upper face region
- Composed mainly of the frontal bone and the underlying muscles
A
Forehead
7
Q
What are the 4 underlying muscles of the forehead?
A
- Procerus
- Occipitofrontalis
- Depressor supercillii
- Corrugator supercilii muscle
8
Q
The muscles of the forehead are covered by _____ and _____
A
Fat pad and skin
9
Q
This region are composed of several cranial bones including the frontal bone superiorly, nasal bone medially, maxilla inferomedially and the zygomatic bone inferolaterally. Containg the eyes and orbit
A
Orbit region
10
Q
true or false
Each eyeball is cushioned by superior, inferior, and lateral fat pads
A
true
11
Q
the eyes are enveloped and covered by the _____ which function to protect eyes from external factors
A
eyelids
12
Q
true or false
The orbit is surrounded by a single muscle - orbicularis oculi muscle
A
true
13
Q
this muscle closes the eyelids on contraction
A
orbicularis oculi muscle
14
Q
this muscle open the eyelids
A
levator palperbrae
15
Q
this region is composed of frontal, sphenoid, and temporal bones. It is covered mainly by the temporalis muscle and overlying skin
A
temporal region
16
Q
this region of the face starts superior at the lower eyelid and spans inferior terminating just above the upper lip
A
middle face
17
Q
it contains the nose, cheeks, and ears
A
central face region
18
Q
these enclose the lateral borders of the central face
A
ears
19
Q
this region is located in the central portion of the human face featuring the nose
A
nasal region
20
Q
it is the central pyramid-shaped structure, situated in the midline
A
nose
21
Q
The base of the nose is formed mainly by the nasal bone and covered by the ______ muscle
A
nasalis
22
Q
The area between the base and apex is the dorsum of the nose which is formed by _________.
A
nasal cartilage
23
Q
Superficially, the dorsum of the nose is covered by _______ and ______
A
fat pads and skin
24
Q
true or false
the infraorbital region overlies the maxilla
A
true
25
These regions are located lateral to the nose and mark the superior portion of the cheek.
zygomatic region
26
it is a prominence that overlies the zygomatic arch and is comprised of muscles and fat
cheek
27
the most lateral region of the face. It contains the external ear.
auricular region
28
The internal structure of the auricle is made from ______ and covered by ______.
cartilage and covered by skin.
29
true or false
The ears are surrounded by 2 auricular muscles
false
surrounded by 3 auricular muscles
30
this part of the face is Bordered superiorly by the superior margin of the upper lip and inferiorly by the inferior border of the chin.
inferior part of the face
31
This part of the face can be divided into oral, mental, buccal and parotideomasseteric regions
inferior part of the face
32
Surrounds the lips, the most prominent structures in the inferior part of the face. They are divided into two parts: the upper lip and the lower lip.
oral region
33
upper lip is associated with the _____ while Lower lip is associated with the _____
- maxilla
- mandible
34
Located inferior to the mouth. It features the chin, a central structure that overlies mental protuberance of the mandible
mental region
35
Located just inferior to the infraorbital and zygomatic region, and comprises the inferior portion of the cheek.
buccal region
36
the buccal region mainly refers to the area marked by the ______muscle.
buccinator
37
The inferior border of the buccal region is the jawline, formed by the ___________
inferior border of the mandible
38
Located lateral to the buccal region. Named after the underlying parotid gland and masseter muscle
Parotideomasseteric Region
39
The peripheral organ of vision, is situated in a skeletal cavity, the orbit
1 inch in diameter, 8 g in weight embedded in orbital fat, separated from it by a thin fascial sheath
eyeball
40
the anterior cavity of the eye is divided into two chambers:
-
-
- anterior chamber
- posterior chamber
41
anterior cavity is divided into two chambers by ____
iris
42
anterior cavity contains aqueous humor by the ______ ________
ciliary process
43
posterior cavity is located behind the lens, containing the _____ ______ enclosed in hyaloid membrane
vitreous humor
44
what are the 3 layers of the eyeballs?
fibrous coat
vascular coat
neural coat
45
part of the fibrous coat that is relatively hard consistency, is dense layer which when distended by intraocular pressure, maintains the shape of the eyeball
sclera
46
true or false
The sclera's external surface is white and smooth and is in contact with the inner surface of the fascial sheath of the eyeball
truelaloo
47
Sclera provides passage for nerves of the cornea and _______ _______ ______and attachment for _____ eye muscles
- vascular autonomic nerves
- extrinsic
48
The anterior, projecting transparent part of the external tunic
Its tear film cover is the major site of refraction of light entering the eye
cornea
49
Thin, highly vascular, dark brown tissue which lines almost the posterior five-sixth of the eye
Is pierced behind by the optic nerve and is firmly adherent to the sclera
choroid
50
Directly continuous with the choroid behind and with the iris in front
Internally it shows a scalloped periphery where it is continuous with the choroid and retina
ciliary body
51
ciliary body is a major source of ______ _______for the anterior segment of the eye
aqueous fluid
52
An adjustable diaphragm around a central aperture
iris
53
controls the amount of light entering the eye
pupil
54
what is the main factor determining the hue of the iris
concentration of melanocytes
55
what are the 2 muscles of the iris?
- spinchter pupillae
- dilator pupillae
56
This is a flat annulus of smooth muscle about 0.75 mm wide and 0.15 mm thick
Its densely packed fusiform myocytes are often arranged in small bundles, as in the ciliary muscle, and pass circumferentially around the pupil
spinchter pupillae
57
A thin stratum lying immediately anterior to the epithelium of the posterior iridial surface
Its fibers are in fact the muscular processes of the anterior layer of this epithelium
Their apical processes form the epithelium itself
dilator pupillae
58
eye muscles involved in Pupil Constriction
Sphincter (Circular) - Contract
Dilator (Radial) - relax
59
eye muscles involves in pupil dilation
Sphincter (Circular) - relax
Dilator (Radial) - Contract
60
The neural, sensory stratum of the eyeball
It is thin, being thickest near the optic disc
retina
61
retina contains a variety of cell types. They including the:
photoreceptors (rod and cone cells)
62
Near the center of the retina is an oval, yellowish area called the _____ _____
macula lutea
63
macula lutea has a central depression where visual resolution is highest called _____ ______
fovea centralis
64
Chiefly responsible for high spatial resolution and color vision in good lighting conditions (photopic vision)
cone cells
65
true or false
Highly concentrated at the fovea centralis, but they populate the whole retina, intermingled with rods
truebells
66
Provide high monochromatic sensitivity to a much wider range of illumination down to much lower intensities (scotopic vision) although with relatively low spatial discrimination because of their different neural connection
rods
67
rods are included from the fovea
engk false
rods are excluded from the fovea
68
the region where retinal tissues meet the neural retinal tissues meet the neural elements of the optic nerve
optic disc
69
true or false
Besides being the exit point for the optic nerve fibers, optic disc also provides a point of entry and exit for the retinal circulation Superomedial to the posterior pole of the eye
hala true
70
The components of the eye which transmit and refract light
refractive media
71
the component of the eye composed of cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor
refractive media
72
The total quantity of aqueous humor is small, filling the anterior and posterior chambers. An avenue for nutrients, and metabolic exchange for the avascular tissues of the cornea and lens
aqueous humor
73
Fills the vitreous chamber, occupying about four-fifths of the eyeball
It is colorless, consisting of approximately 99% water, and although apparently, structureless, a sparse but organized cellular and fibrous content is present
vitreous humor
74
A transparent, encapsulated, biconvex body, placed between the iris and the vitreous body
Encircled by the ciliary process, to which it is attached by the zonular fibers collectively forming the zonule holding the lens in place and transmitting the forces stretching the lens except in visual accommodation
lens
75
what are the accessory structures of the eye?
- eyelids
- lacrimal apparatus
- eye muscles
76
function of eyelids
provide protection
77
function of lacrimal apparatus
lubrication
78
function of eye muscles
support
79
what are the Visible portion of the ear Collecting and directing sound waves to the eardrum
- auricle / pinna
- external acoustic meatus
80
Surrounds the entrance to the external auditory canal
Supported by elastic cartilage
Protects the opening of the canal
Collects and convey soundwaves to the tympanic membrane
pinna
81
what are the functions of the ears?
- equilibrium
- hearing
82
function of the ears that informs us of the position of the body in space by monitoring gravity, linear acceleration and rotation.
equilibrium
83
function of the ears that enables us to detect and interpret soundwaves
hearing
84
external ear
Large outside rim of the auricle
Has a crus part
It ends inferiorly at the fishy Lobule - only part of the auricle not supported by cartilage
helix
85
A smaller curved rim, parallel and anterior to the helix
Has a superior and inferior crura (leg)
antihelix
86
Hollow center of the auricle
Consists of 2 parts:
Cymba
Cavum
concha
87
An elevation located just anterior to the opening of the external acoustic meatus, in front of the concha
tragus
88
Elevation opposite the tragus, and above the fleshy lobule
antitragus
89
Extends from the concha to the tympanic membrane
external auditory meatus
90
The External Auditory Meatus
Length:
From floor of the concha
-
From the tragus
-
- Approximately 2.5 cm (1 inch)
- About 4 cm
91
External Auditory meatus has 2 structurally different parts:
Lateral third (cartilaginous)
Medial two-thirds (osseous)
92
External Auditory Meatus
Features:
- skin
- hair
- sweat glands
- sebaceous glands / ceruminous glands
93
Slows down the growth of bacteria and reduces the chances of infection
cerumen / earwax
94
Separates the external and middle ear
Transmits sound waves along the auditory ossicles to the inner ear
tympanic membrane
95
Located around the periphery of the tympanic membrane
Attaches the eardrum to the tympanic part of the temporal bone
fibrocartilage ring
96
Concave and deepest part of tympanic membrane
Where the tip of the handle of the malleus is attached
umbo
97
A bright reflection of light anteroinferior to the umbo Visible with the use of an otoscope
cone of light
98
Superior to the umbo in an anterior direction
Handle of Malleus (Manubrium)
99
Located at superior end of the Manubrium of Malleus
Lateral process (short process)
100
Extension away from the Lateral process on the internal surface of the membrane
Anterior and Posterior Malleolar Folds
101
Superior to these folds the tympanic membrane is:
-
-
- Thin and slack (pars flaccida)
- Thick and taut (pars tensa) - for the rest of the membrane
102
Also known as the tympanic cavity
Space in the petrous temporal bone lined by mucous membrane
MIDDLE EAR
103
Middle ear has two parts:
- epitympanic reccess
- tympanic cavity
104
part of the middle ear that contains the malleus and incus
Epitympanic recess
105
part of the middle ear that is proper, opposite the membrane
tympanic cavity
106
wall of the middle ear that opens directly to the eustachian tube
anterior wall
107
wall of the middle ear that presents a large opening “aditus” that leads to the tympanic antrum, where the stapedius muscle is found
posterior muscle
108
middle ear
Muscles:
-
-
Bones:
-
-
-
Muscles:
- Tensor tympani Muscle
- Stapedius muscle
Bones:
- Malleus (hammer)
- Incus (anvil)
- Stapes (stirrup)
109
Located in the petrous part of the temporal bone
The senses of equilibrium and hearing are provided by the receptors of the inner ear, which lies in the membranous labyrinth
inner ear
110
two labyrinths of the inner ear:
- Bony Labyrinth
- Membranous labyrinth
111
The fluid that separates the bony and membranous labyrinth
perilymph
112
labyrinths:
Each of these canals form ⅔ of a circle connected at both ends to the vestibule and with one end dilated to forms the ____
ampulla
113
Contain receptors stimulated by the rotation of the head (Equilibrium)
inner ear
114
Contains the cochlear duct of the membranous labyrinth
Contains receptors in the cochlear ducts that provide the sense of hearing
cochlea
115
Semicircular Canals
3 horseshoe-shaped fluid-filled canals:
- Anterior
- Lateral
- Posterior
116
A continuous system of ducts and sacs within the bony labyrinth
Contain fluid known as endolymph
membranous labyrinth
117
it is within the cochlea of the bony labyrinth anteriorly
cochlear duct
118
it is within the vestibule of the bony labyrinth in the middle
saccule and utricle of vestibular apparatus
119
it is within the three semicircular canals of the bony labyrinth posteriorly
3 semicircular ducts
120
membranous labyrinth inside the cochlea are made up of:
-
-
-
- scala tympani
- scala vestibuli
- cochlear duct
121
how does the sound transmission work?
luh galing
122
it is larger than the saccule
oval elongated, irregular posterosuperior part of vestibule of bony labyrinth
contains fluid draned from the 3 semicircular duct
utricle
123
smaller, rounded sac
anteroinferior part of vestibule of bony labyrinth
contains fluid drained from cochlear duct
saccule
124
drains into the utricle
each is similar in shape
terminates at the ampulla
3 semicircular ducts
125
sensory receptors for utricle and saccule
macula
126
centrifuged and vertical acceleration
macula of utricle
127
linear acceleration
macula of saccule
128
movement in any direction
sensory receptor for semicircular ducts
crista ampullaris
129
Distance between the (b) outer Canthus of the eye and corner of the mouth should be equal to the distance between the (a) lower border of the septum of the nose / Columelia Nasi and Lower border of the chin
Willis Method
130
inflammation of the canal between the eardrum and the external opening of the ear (external auditory meatus)
Otitis Externa
131
Inflammation usually due to viral or bacterial infection of the middle ear
Symptoms include pain and a high fever
Treatments is with antibiotics and sometimes also by surgical drainage (myringotomy)
Acute Otitis Media
132
Otitis media with effusion
A chronic accumulation of fluid in the middle ear, causing hearing loss (glue ear)
Secretory Otitis Media
133
Chronic inflammation of the middle ear associated with perforation of the eardrum and in some instances with cholesteatoma
Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
134
inflammation of the inner ear causing vertigo, vomiting, loss of balance and deafness
Labyrinthitis (Otitis Interna)
