Finals Study Sem 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Identifying the Problem (Purpose)
A
Ask Questions
2
Q
Research
A
Gather background information about the topic from many different sources
3
Q
Hypothesis
A
An educated guess or a prediction of the outcome of a problem
4
Q
Experiment
A
A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.
5
Q
Independent Variable
A
Variable that is manipulated. The CAUSE or answers the question: What did we change?
6
Q
Dependent Variable
A
Variable that changes in response to the independent variable. The EFFECT or answers the question: What can I measure after the change?
7
Q
Conclusion
A
Based on the results of the experiment. Describes whether the experimental data supports the hypothesis or not.
8
Q
Biology
A
Study of life; living organisms
9
Q
(G)rowth
A
The process of becoming larger and more complex
10
Q
Development
A
Changes an organism undergoes in its lifetime before reaching its adult form
11
Q
(R)eproduction
A
The process of producing offspring
12
Q
Sexual Reproduction
A
A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents.
13
Q
Asexual Reproduction
A
A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.
14
Q
(A)daptation
A
Inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival
15
Q
Evolution
A
The gradual change in a species over time
16
Q
Adjustment
A
Individual’s functional alteration or adaptation to the immediate environment
17
Q
Homeostasis
A
Self-regulating process by which an organism tends to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are best for its survival
18
Q
(C)ells
A
The smallest functional unit of life
19
Q
Unicellular
A
Made of a single cell
20
Q
Multicellular
A
Made up of more than one cell.
21
Q
(E)nergy
A
The ability to do work
22
Q
Heterotroph
A
An organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer
23
Q
Autotroph
A
An organism that makes its own food
24
Q
Photosynthesis
A
The process in which plants use light energy from the sun to create their own sugar (glucose).
25
agri-
Field, soil
26
atmo-
Vapor
27
anti-
Against
28
auto-
Self
29
bio-
Life
30
chromo-
Color
31
con-
Together
32
di-
Double
33
endo-
Within
34
exo-
Outside
35
hetero-
Different
36
homo-
Same
37
hydro-
Water
38
inter-
Between
39
iso-
Equal
40
kilo-
Thousand
41
macro-
Large
42
micro-
Small
43
photo-
Light
44
trans-
Across
45
-logy
Study of
46
-meter
Device for measuring
47
-scope
Instrument for seeing
48
-sphere
Round
49
-stasis
Stationary condition
50
-synthesis
The forming or building of a more complex substance or compound from elements or simpler compounds
51
-therm
Heat
52
-troph
Nourishment
53
-ology
Study of
54
Population
All the individuals of a species that live together in an area
55
Limiting Factors
Any part of an ecosystem that prevents population growth ( Biotic and Abiotic)
56
Biotic Factors
Living parts of an ecosystem
57
Abiotic Factors
Nonliving parts of an ecosystem
58
Population Size
How many individuals make up a population
59
Population Density
Measurement of population per unit area or unit volume (# of individuals/unit of space)
60
Population Dispersion
Describes the spacing of organisms relative to each other
61
Exponential Growth
When resources are unlimited (J shaped curve)
62
Logistic growth
When resources are limited (S shaped curve)
63
Carrying Capacity
The maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources
64
Clumped Dispersion Pattern
A pattern in which the individuals of a population are aggregated in patches
65
Random Dispersion Pattern
A pattern in which the individuals of a population are spaced in an unpredictable way
66
Uniform Dispersion Pattern
A pattern in which the individuals of a population are evenly distributed over an area
67
Immigration
Migration to a new location
68
Emmigration
Movement of individuals out of a population
69
Natality (birth rate)
Ability of a population to increase; reproductive rate
70
Mortality (death rate)
The number of deaths in a population in a certain amount of time
71
r-strategist
Reproduce early in life; many small unprotected offspring
72
k-strategist
Reproduce late in life; few offspring; care for offspring
73
intraspecific competition
Competition between members of the same species
74
interspecific competition
Competition between members of different species
75
survivorship curve
Graph showing the number of survivors in different age groups for a particular species.
76
Biodiversity
The variety of life in all its forms, levels and combinations
77
Ecosystem Diversity
The variations in ecosystems within a geographical location
78
Habitat
The natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.
79
Species Diversity
The number of different species that are represented in a given community
80
Niche
The role and position a species has in its environment; how it meets its needs for food and shelter, how it survives, and how it reproduces
81
Genetic Diversity
The variation in the amount of genetic information within and among individuals of a population, a species, or a community.
82
Diversity (Simpson's) Index
A numerical measure of species diversity in a given area. The scale ranges from 0-1, with 1 representing the lowest biodiversity.
83
species richness
The number of individuals species in a given area
84
species evenness
Relative abundance of each species
85
Hotspots
Biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat from humans.
86
Extinction Rates
The state or process of a species, family, or larger group being or becoming extinct
87
Biome
A group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms
88
tundra biome
Extremely cold and dry biome; known for its permafrost, mosses, lichens, caribou, and snowy owl
89
Desert Biome
A biome that has little or no plant life, long periods without rain, and extreme temperatures; usually found in hot climates
90
Forest Biome
High precipitation, little evaporation; dominated by trees; found in tropics, subarctic
91
freshwater biomes
Lakes, ponds, rivers, streams and wetlands
92
grassland biome
Land biome characterized by moderate rainfall, fields of grasses, and few trees
93
marine biome
Covers 70% of earth's surface; largest biome; temperatures vary from region to region; algae and plankton form the base of the food chain
94
Population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
95
Community
All the different species that live together in an area
96
Producer
Use energy from sunlight to form food molecules by photosynthesis
97
Decomposer
An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms
98
Primary Consumer
A herbivore that feeds directly on producers
99
Secondary Consumer
An organism that eats primary consumers
100
Tertiary Consumer
A carnivore at the topmost level in a food chain that feeds only on secondary consumers
101
Food Chain
A series of events in which one organism eats another and obtains energy.
102
Food Web
Network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem
103
Omnivore
An animal that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals
104
Carnivore
An animal that obtains energy by eating only other animals
105
Herbivore
An animal that obtains energy by eating only plants
106
Energy Pyramid
Shows the amount of energy that moves from one trophic level to another
107
What % of Earth's water ready for human use?
Less than 1%
108
oceans, atmosphere, solid Earth and the biosphere
The four places water is stored on Earth
109
Evaporation
Water falling from clouds in the form of rain, sleet, hail, or snow.
110
Transpiration
The movement of liquid water through a plant to the atmosphere
111
Condensation
Clouds are an example of which step in the water cycle?
112
Where does the water cycle get its energy from?
The Sun
113
When ice melts into water, is energy added or removed?
Energy is added
114
Sublimation
The process in which a solid changes states directly to a gas
115
Deposition
the laying down of sediment carried by wind
116
When water freezes, is energy added or removed?
Energy is removed
117
Precipitation
Which part of the water cycle is shown in the image?
118
water conservation
Careful use and protection of water resources
119
Aquifer
An underground formation that contains groundwater
120
Adhesion
An attraction between molecules of different substances
121
Cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance
122
surface tension
A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
123
specific heat
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius
124
Carbon
An element that is in all living things, or things that were once living. It's referred to as the 'building block of life'
125
Carbon Cycle
The organic circulation of carbon between living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) parts of an ecosystem.
126
Atmosphere
Thin layer of gases surrounding Earth
127
Fossil Fuels
Coal, oil, natural gas, remains of dead plants and animals
128
H2CO3
Carbonic acid
129
Coal
a combustible black or dark brown rock made from dead plants and animals that once lived on land.
130
Petrol
A highly flammable fossil fuel formed by the decayed remains of ancient organisms
131
Carbon is found in which four macromolecules necessary for life?
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
132
Soil Respiration
When terrestrial microbial communities release CO2 back into the atmosphere (Process 8)
133
Chemical Weathering
The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes. Ex carbonic acid from rain dissolving rocks on the Earth's surface
134
Sedimentation
the action or process of forming or depositing sediment
135
Subduction
The process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench, melting carbonic rock.
136
Volcanic Activity
the formation and eruption of volcanoes which returns carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere.
137
N2
Nitogen Gas
138
NO3
Nitrate
139
NH4
Ammonium
140
5 Process of the nitrogen cycle?
Nitrogen Fixation, Ammonification, Nitrification, Assimilation, Denitrification
141
How can nitrogen enter water?
Leaching
142
What is phosphorus needed for?
Cell membranes, DNA, ATP, teeth and bones
143
Where is phosphorus not found?
Atmosphere
144
Where does phosphorus cycle through?
Soil and oceans
145
What happens when water runs over rocks containing phosphorus?
It erodes rock and releases phosphorus into water
146
How do decomposers contribute to the phosphorus cycle?
Release phosphorus into soil from dead matter
147
Where is most phosphorus stored?
In rock
148
What two organic molecules are built using phosphate absorbed by plant roots?
ATP and DNA
149
What is the phosphorus cycle?
The movement of phosphorus atoms from rocks through the biosphere and hydrosphere and back to rocks.
150
How do animals get phosphorus?
By eating plants and other animals that contain phosphorus
151
What is mineralization?
The process by which fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic matter found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into inorganic compounds
152
What is leaching?
Process in which various chemicals in upper layers of soil are dissolved and carried to lower layers and which eventually empty into bodies of water.
153
What is eutrophication?
A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria.
154
What is weather?
The daily conditions of the atmosphere in terms of temperature, atmospheric pressure wind and moisture
155
What is climate?
Patterns of atmospheric conditions over long periods of time
156
What are anthropogenic changes?
Changes in the environment caused by humans
157
How do scientists study ancient climate change?
By examining fossils, tree rings (dendrochronology), ice cores, and sunspots
158
Which type of ground cover reflects the highest amount of the sun's energy?
Ice or snow
159
What are greenhouse gases?
Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect.
160
What is the greenhouse effect?
Natural situation in which heat is trapped in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases
161
What is global warming?
Refers to an average increase in the Earth's temperature, which in turn causes changes in the global climate.
162
What are the effects of an increase in global average temperature on the Earth?
1. Global Temperatures will Rise
2. Melting Ice
3. Changing Ocean Currents
4. Drought
5. Loss of Flora and Fauna
6. Ocean Acidification
7. Extreme Weather
163
What is drought?
A long period without rain
164
What is ocean acidification?
When CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which prevents shell growth in marine animals
165
What human activities produce greenhouse gases?
1. Burning fossil fuels
2. Cutting or burning forest land
3. Raising livestock
4. Production of Waste
166
What is a monomer?
A simple, basic building block
167
What is a macromolecule?
A very large molecule (such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids or carbohydrates) built up from smaller chemical structures
168
What is a carbohydrate?
Used for short term energy storage and structure. Examples: sugar, starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
169
What is a monosaccharide?
A simple sugar that is the basic building block of a carbohydrate
170
What is a disaccharide?
A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together.
171
What is a polysaccharide?
A large sugar molecule made of a long chain of monosaccharides.
172
What is a lipid?
Used by cells as long term energy storage. Examples: fats, oils, waxes
173
What is a fatty acid?
Building blocks of lipids
174
What is glucose?
A simple sugar or monosaccharide that is an important source of energy.
175
What is glycerol?
Combines with fatty acids to make lipids.
176
What type of lipid acts as a water repellant?
Waxes
177
What are nucleic acids?
Store and transmit genetic information. Examples: DNA & RNA
178
What is a nucleotide?
The basic building block of nucleic acids
179
What is a protein?
Involved in movement, structure, the immune system and enzymes
180
What are amino acids?
The basic building block of proteins
181
What is dehydration synthesis?
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
182
What is hydrolysis?
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
183
What are phospholipids?
A lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.
184
What are steroids?
Steroids are a class of lipids that have a basic structure of four linked carbon rings and include cholesterol, vitamin D, and a variety of hormones.
185
What are enzymes?
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
186
What is a substrate?
A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme
187
What is a covalent bond?
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
188
What is a hydrogen bond?
Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
