Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

2nd Year Fall > Finals Studying > Flashcards

Finals Studying Flashcards

(93 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is a Bronsted Acid/Base?

A

A proton donor/acceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Aqua Acid

A

Acidic proton is on e H2O molecule coordinate to a central metal ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hydroxoacid

A

The acidic proton is on a hydroxyl group WITHOUT a neighboring oxo group (=O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Oxoacid

A

acidic proton is on a hydroxyl group WITH an oxo group attached to the same atom; these are strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens when you deprotonate an aqua acid/hydroxoacid?

A

You get a hydroxoacid/oxoacid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain what type of acid Te(OH)6 is and why. How does it react in water?

A

Te(OH)6 is a hydroxoacid because there is no neighbouring oxo groups. When it reacts with water, the H+ is removed from one of the OH- groups which forms H3O+ and O^2-, which is an oxo group, forming an oxoacid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of acid is [Fe(H2O)6]^3+? How does it react in water?

A

This is an aqua acid. When added to water, this produces H3O^+ (signifying the acid), and one of the H2O groups becomes an OH group forming a hydroxoacid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Strength of aqua acid relies on 2 things; what are they?

A

Charge on central metal ion and ionic radius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Electron withdrawing determines the strength of hydroxo and oxo acids. So, which is stronger; CF3CO2H or CH3CO2H?

A

CF3CO2H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When we replace an OH group in H2SO4 with an NH2 group, there is pi donation of the lone pair on the N atom into the S-N bond. Is this new molecule stronger or weaker than H2SO4? Why?

A

It is stronger because the S atom is more electron rich which pulls density away from the O-H bond, and it is more easily lost.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Pauling’s pKa rule, assuming an acid of the form OpE(OH)q?

A

pKa is around 8-5p, where p is the number of oxogroups and E is the heteroatom.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

CrO3 + H2O = ?

A

H2CrO4, chromic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

SO3 + H2O = ?

A

H2SO4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CO2 is an acidic oxide. What does it react with to produce HCO3-?

A

OH-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

H2CrO4 + H2O = ?

A

H3O+ + HCrO4-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

P2O5 + 3 H2O = ?

A

2H3PO4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

IS P2O5 an acidic or basic oxide?

A

Acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

If SrO + H2O = Sr^2+ + 2OH-, is SrO an acidic or basic oxide?

A

Basic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

If a basic oxide reacts with H3O+, what is formed?

A

Water and a cation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What elements usually form basic oxides?

A

Metals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What elements usually form acidic oxides?

A

Non-metallic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When reacted with water, what do acidic oxides form?

A

Acids or H3O+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When reacted with water, what do basic oxides form?

A

Bases or OH-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Other than reacting with water, how else can we determine/show if an oxide is acidic or basic?

A

Show how they react with their counterpart (OH- or H3O+); should neutralize/form water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What elements are typically amphoteric?
Metalloids
26
What is the structure of pyridine?
Number 1 in Drawings Documents
27
There are 3 main types of Lewis acid/base reactions; name them.
Adduct formation, displacement reaction, double displacement/metathesis reaction
28
Hard acids/bases are:
Small, minimally polarizable; high charge
29
Soft acids/bases are:
Larger, more polarizable; small charge
30
Is V^5+ or V^3+ harder?
V^5+
31
Is Pb^2+ or Pb^4+ softer?
Pb^2+
32
Is Ag+ hard or soft? Would it react better with NMe3 or PMe3?
Soft. PMe3
33
Why is BF3 a weaker lewis acid than BBr3?
The BF3 bond is small, and the filled p-orbitals of F give electron density to the orbitals in B.
34
How much stronger is a super acid than a normal acid (magnitude 10^n)?
10^18 time more acidic (than H2SO4)
35
What is a superacid?
H2SO3F+ (sol)
36
What other fields were shown that HSAB can be used in?
Catalysis, geochemistry
37
In equilibrium problems, how do you figure out which side is favoured?
The side which has a hard acid paired with a hard base or soft acid paired with a soft base will be favoured.
38
What is the name and structure of THF?
Tetrahydrofuran, number 2 in structures document.
39
What is an example of current research around this?
Frustrated lewis pair; lots of sterics.
40
What are 3 important factors in making a coordination compound?
Size of the central atom/ion, steric interactions between ligands, electronic interactions between ligands and central atom/metal
41
What is a complex?
Molecules that involve metal ions interacting with ligands
42
What is a ligand?
Atoms or molecules that have lone pairs and can act as lewis bases and they interact with metal centers (lewis acids)
43
What is the coordination number of a particular compound?
The number of ligands or ligation sites bound to a central metal
44
What are the 2 types of ligands?
Ionic and neutral
45
How do you identify the difference in ionic and neutral ligands?
In ionic ligands, the ligand cannot exist on its own; in neutral, they can
46
In M-Br, is Br a neutral or ionic ligand?
Ionic
47
In M-OH2, is water a neutral or ionic ligand?
Neutral
48
When writing chemical formulas of coordination complexes, what element comes first?
Metal
49
Complexes are mainly 3 shapes; what are these?
Tetrahedral, square planar, octahedral
50
Draw [Pt(NH3)4]^2+ if it has a square planar shape. What type of ligand is it? What is the charge/oxidation state of the central metal?
Number 3 in structure document. Neutral ligand. +2
51
Draw [Ni(CN)4]^2- if it is tetrahedral. What type of ligand is it? What is the charge/oxidation state of the central metal?
Number 4 in structure document. Ionic ligand. +2
52
What is more sterically demanding; nBu or tBu?
tBu!
53
What type of ligands bind easier to highly charged cations?
Charged ligands!
54
What is the structure of ethylenediamine, en?
Number 5 in structure document.
55
Using en/ethylenediamine as an example, what is chelation?
Chelation is when the ligand binds to the central atom in a caliper-like fashion (in a ring). In en, this happens when the two N atoms bind to the metal atom, as it forms a 5 membered ring.
56
What number of rings is favorable to form during chelation?
5 and 6 membered rings
57
What is a bite angle?
The bite angle is the angle between the two atoms in a ligand which donate to the metal atom when chelating.
58
When is chelation unfavorable? (In terms of bite angle)
If the bite angle is too small, the ligand will be too tight and there will be too much strain and it may not exist.
59
What is bridging?
When one ligand donates at different sites to 2 different metal atoms.
60
Draw the structure of EDTA and list the name.
Name: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Structure 6 in document.
61
What is the chelate effect?
Stability constants for complexes with chelating ligands are higher than their non-chelating counterparts.
62
How is the chelate effect explained in terms of entropy?
In the chelate molecule, only 3 "molecules" (groups) lose their freedom instead of 6, and when compared to delta G = delta H - T delta S, we know higher S is favorable, and this gives a higher value of S.
63
What is the macrocyclic effect?
Stability constants of complexes containing macrocyclic ligands are higher than their acyclic counterparts.
64
What is a macrocyclic ligand?
A ligand that is preorganized in the lowest energy conformation
65
What is the explanation for the macrocyclic effect? Think of enthalpy
An acyclic ligand must adopt a new structure, which costs energy, to bind to the metal.
66
Crown ethers ---- draw 24-crown-8
Number 7 in structure document
67
What is an ambidentate ligand?
A ligand with a choice of 2 different donor sites; can be chelating or monodentate
68
What are the different types of structural isomers?
Ionization isomers, solvate isomers, coordination isomers, ligand isomers, linkage isomers
69
What types of isomers are in the following 2 complexes? [Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Br*(H2O) and [Pt(H2O)4Br2]Cl*(NH3)
Ionization and solvate
70
What geometry do chelation ligands prefer?
Cis so they are closer to stretch
71
Are cis or trans isomers more polar and why?
The dipole in trans isomers cancel due to symmetry so cis isomers are more polar.
72
What is Fac in Octahedral Stereoisomers?
Fac is when there are 3 of the same atoms on the same face.
73
What is Mer in Octahedral stereoisomers?
When 3 of the same atoms are in the same plane
74
If we want to stop racemization, what (type of) ligand should we chose?
A chelating ligand
75
What are d and l used to describe in chirality?
d is when the compound rotates plane polarized light to the right, l is to the left
76
What happens when we have a complex in the form M(A-A)3 and M(A-B)3 octahedrally in terms of chirality? How many enantiomers? What type of ligand is occuring?
Since it is octahedral, the ligand must be chelating. There are 2 enantiomers in a screw-like fashion.
77
CoCl2*6H2O has two isomers; what are they? Write the formulas. What is the charge/oxidation state on cobalt? What is d^n?
CoCl2*6H2O and [Co(H2O)6]Cl2. The charge on cobalt is 2+; d^7.
78
What is the formula to figure out d^n?
n=group # - oxidation state
79
When is bis/tris/tetrakis/etc. used in naming complexes?
If the ligand contains di, tri, etc. in its name
80
When the complex is neutral or positively charged, what should we remember about the nature of the ligand?
Anionic ligands end in "o"
81
What are some (3) exceptions to the naming rules?
Water = aqua, Ammonia = ammine, carbon monoxide = carbonyl
82
For complex anions, what is the main thing to remember when naming?
The metal name should end in "ate"
83
Name Na[FeCl4]
Sodium tetrachloroferrate (III)
84
Name Fe(CO)5
Pentacarbonyl Iron(0). The iron has 0 charge because the ligand is neutral.
85
Name [Mn(OH2)6]SO4
Hexaaquamanganese(II) sulfate or Hexakisaquamanganese(II) sulfate; the hexakis is just added to avoid 2 vowels in a row, not necessary
86
What is the 18-electron rule formula?
Valence electrons = group of metal + ligand electrons - overall charge
87
How many electrons are donated for neutral ligands?
2 electrons
88
How many electrons are donated for anionic ligands?
1 electron
89
How many electrons are donated for polyhapto species (organics)?
The number of Carbons = the number of electrons donated
90
How many electrons are donated for multiple metal-ligand bonds? Such as M=O
2 for oxides, 3 for nitrides
91
Use the 18 electron rule to find the number of VE in TiCl4
8
92
Use the 18 electron rule to find the number of VE in cis-platin
16
93
What are the 3 main things that drive coordination reactions?
1) Hard soft acid base theory 2) Chelate effect and macrocyclic effect; entropy and enthalpy 3) Le Chatelier's Principle

2nd Year Fall (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions