finals stuff

Question 1

True/False- both B and T cells can be self-reactive

Answer 1

True Chainz

Question 2

True/False: In a normal immune response, previously “hidden”antigens should not be able to generate an autoimmune response

Answer 2

false- hidden antigens such as testes etc can cause a self-reactive response, they may come into contact with immune system during tissue damage

Question 3

Molecular mimicry

Answer 3

in response to virus that looks like self, T cells will be activated by APC and will be cross reacted with normal tissues which stimulates an autoimmune response

Question 4

Abnormal immune response is due to a failure in regulatory control such as:

Answer 4

failure of apoptosis, viral infections, microchimerism

Question 5

cross reaction with self antigen

Answer 5

when a foreign antigen is recognized, cross reactions with foreign antigens may be sufficient to trigger a helper T cell population that will promote an autoimmune response by B cells (inadvertent)

Question 6

ways viruses generate autoimmunity

Answer 6

mimicry or bystander activation

Question 7

predisposing factors to autoimmunity

Answer 7

genetics, breed, intestinal microflora, hypersensitivity,

Question 8

organ specific autoimmunity

Answer 8

ex: autoimmune thyroiditis–>antibody produced against T3 and T4 hormone

Question 9

autoimmune skin diseases

Answer 9

cause blistering
Ab against squamous desmosomes: pemphigus foliaceus
Ab against desmosomes: pemphigus vulgaris
Ab against a type of collagen: bullous pemphigoid

Question 10

hemolysis

Answer 10

immune mediated hemolytic anemia

-immune response to RBC membrane which is altered by bacteria, virus, or drugs

Question 11

myasthenia gravis

Answer 11

autoimmune response to Ach receptors, prevents effective neuromuscular transmission (blocked by Abs)
-blockage of cholinesterase activity by Ach drugs permits Ach accumulation and enhances neuromuscular transmission

Question 12

SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus)

Answer 12

• abs produced against RBCs, muscle cells, skin basement membranes
• immune response causes lesions in skin, kidney, and blood

Question 13

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 13

antibodies produced against collagen type 2

-localized autoimmunity in the joints

Question 14

primary immunodeficiency

Answer 14

happens early in life in response to mutation in genes (inherited/congenital), has high mortality

can depend on breed and present as chronic recurrent infections at multiple body sites with failure to respond to antibiotics of vax

Question 15

levels of primary immunodeficiency

Answer 15

pluripotent stem cells (most severe), stem cells, T cell development, B cell development, B cell maturation to plasma cells, production of selected Ig classes production of functional phagocytic cells, production of one or more complement molecules

Question 16

SCID

Answer 16

basset hounds, welsh corgi, Jack russel, arabs, angus

-bone marrow, heterologous stem cell transplant, gene therapy

Question 17

Thymic aplasia

Answer 17

lack of T cells, failure of coat development

-nude rats and mice, mexican hairless dog, chinese crested, birman kittens

Question 18

Zinc associated disorder

Answer 18

acrodermatitis in bull terrier- lymphocyte dysfunction, subnormal plasma zinc levels, severe cutaneous parakeratosis, reduced T cell mitogen response

Question 19

neutrophil disorder

Answer 19

trapped neutrophils disorder- cannot release neutrophils from bone marrow
-chediak higashi syndrome- defective neutrophil function

Question 20

cyclic hematopoiesis

Answer 20

cyclic neutropenia, associated with episodes of infection

Question 21

leukocyte adhesion deficiency

Answer 21

-mutations on integrin gene, neutrophils cannot migrate into tissue, susceptible to infections

Question 22

selective immunoglobin deficiency

Answer 22

relative IgA deficiency (mucosal surfaces)

• mild, chronic, recurrent mucosal infections
• autoimmunity, allergies, neoplastic diseases
• may be low levels of IgG

Question 23

complement deficiency

Answer 23

C3 or factor H deficiency `

Question 24

secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 24

more common in adult animals, more common than primary immunodeficiency

Question 25

immunosenesence

Answer 25

in secondary immunodeficiency- decrease in CD4 cells, relative increase in CD8 cells
-susceptible to infections, autoimmune diseases, neoplasia

Question 26

medical immunosupression

Answer 26

chemotherapy, imunnosupressive therapy

Question 27

Allograft

Answer 27

one dog to another, unrelated, can be rejected 1 to 2 wks

Question 28

autograft

Answer 28

from self, no reaction

Question 29

xenograft

Answer 29

one species to another, can be rejected in hours

Question 30

isograft

Answer 30

-one twin to another, not rejected

Question 31

autoantigen

Answer 31

components of host’s own body and recognized by the immune system, important in autoimmune diseases

Question 32

alloantigen

Answer 32

ags on foreign cells or tissues from genetically unrelated member of same species

Question 33

xenoantigen

Answer 33

antigens present in graft tissue derived from different species

Question 34

histocompatibility antigens

Answer 34

-blood antigens, MHC1 and 2, many celu