Financial Planning Flashcards
(29 cards)
What is a Static Budget?
Budget targeted for a specific segment of a company.
What is a Master Budget?
Budget targeted for the company as a whole
Includes budgets for Operations and Cash Flows
Includes set of budgeted Financial Statements
How do Fixed Costs affect budgeting?
Costs independent of the level activity within the relevant range
Property Tax is the same whether you produce 100-000 units or zero units
However - Fixed Costs per unit vary given the amount of activity
If you produce fewer units- fixed costs per unit will be greater than if you produce more units - i.e. less units to spread the cost over
How do Variable Costs affect budgeting?
The more Direct Materials or Direct Labor used- the more Variable Costs per unit
However - Variable Costs per unit don’t change with the level of activity like Fixed Costs per unit
How are Material Variances calculated?
SAM:
Standard Material Costs
- Actual Material Costs
= Material Variance
How are Labor Variances calculated?
SAL
Standard Labor Costs
- Actual Labor Costs
= Labor Variance
How are Overhead Variances calculated?
OAT
Overhead Applied
- Actual Overhead Cost
= Total Overhead Variance
How does Absorption Costing compare to Variable Costing?
Absorption Costing - External Use- Cost of Sales- Gross Profit- SG&A
Variable Costing - Internal Use- Variable Costs- Contribution Margin- Fixed Costs
How is Contribution Margin calculated?
Sales Price (per unit)
- Variable Cost (per unit)
= Contribution Margin (per unit)
How is Break-even Point (per unit) calculated?
Total Fixed Costs / Contribution Margin (per unit)
= Break-even Point Per Unit
Assumption: Total Costs & Total Revenues are LINEAR
You can figure fixed cost dollars from the Sales Dollars percentage of e.g. if sales are $900,000 and SP PU IS $20 AND FCPU are $10 you can say $450,000 are FCs
$8 is the VC for $20 SP
Formula $20X -8X-$450,000 = 0
Solve for X 12X = 450,000
X or breakeven is $37,500
What is the focus in a Cost Center?
Management is concerned only with costs
What is the focus in a Profit Center?
Management is concerned with both costs and profits
What is the focus in an Investment Center?
Management is concerned with costs- profits- and assets
What is the Delphi technique?
Forecasting technique where Data is collected and analyzed
Requires judgement/consensus
What is Regression Analysis?
A forecasting technique where Sales is the dependent variable.
Simple Regression - One independent variable
Multiple Regression - Multiple independent variables
What are Econometric Models?
Forecast sales using Economic Data
What are Naive Forecasting Models?
Very Simplistic
- Eyeball past trends and make an estimate
How does a Moving Average compare to Exponential Smoothing?
Both project estimates using average trends from recent periods
Difference: Exponential Smoothing weighs recent data more heavily
What are the characteristics of Short-term Cost Analysis?
Uses Relevant Costs Only
Ignore Sunk Costs
Opportunity Cost is a Must
Duration of Treasury Bills, Notes, Bonds
Bills less than 1 year - Short-term
Notes less than 10 years - Medium term
Bonds greater than - 10 Long term
Commercial Paper
Similar to T-Bill but it is issued by a large corporation versus the government,
Less than 9 months maturity
Unsecured.
Advantages of Commercial Paper
Advantages:
Financing less than Prime
No Compensating Balances required
Disadvantages:
Unpredictability of markets
Credit crisis emerges and large insurance/investment companies stop lending
Inventory Re-order Point
Is How low should you go before is should be reordered?
Formula:
Avg Daily Demand x Avg Lead Time
where Demand = Sales
Lead Time = Wait time Inventory Shipmemt
Cost of Foregoing Trade Discounts using 1/10 net 30
and 2/10 net 30
(Disc % x 365)/(100%- Disc %) multiply this
by (Pay Period less Disc Period)
so 1/10 Net 30 is
Numerator:
1% x 365 = 3.65
Denominator:.
(100%-1%) x 20 or 19.8
3.65/19.8 = 18.43%
2/10 net 30 is
7.3/19.6 = 37.24%
