Fire Essentials Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
Policy
A
Guide to decision making in an organization
2
Q
Procedure
A
A written communication closely related to a policy.
3
Q
Ambient Temperature
A
Temperature of the surrounding environment
4
Q
Aspect
A
- Position facing a particular direction; exposure. 2. Compass direction toward which a slope faces.
5
Q
Backdraft
A
Very rapid, often explosive burning of hot gases that occurs when oxygen is introduced into an oxygen-depleted confined space. it may occur because of inadequate or improper ventilation procedures.
6
Q
Bale
A
Valve handle
7
Q
Ball Valve
A
Valve having a ball-shaped internal component with a hole through its center that permits water to flow through when aligned with the waterways.
8
Q
Bam-Bam Tool
A
Tool used to dissemble padlocks and trip its lock mechanism.
9
Q
Bank Down Application Method (Deflect)
A
Method of foam application that may be employed on an unignited or ignited Class B fuel spill. The foam stream is directed at a vertical surface or object that is next to or within the spill area. The foam deflects off the surface or object and flows down onto the surface of the spill to form a foam blanket.
10
Q
Bar Screw Jack
A
Jack used to hold loads under compression. It is commonly used in shoring work or other similar evolutions.
11
Q
Beam
A
- Structural member subjected to loads, usually vertical, perpendicular to its length. 2. Main structural member of a ladder supporting the rungs or rung blocks. Also called Side Rail or Rail.
12
Q
Becket Bend
A
Knot used for joining two ropes. It is particularly well suited for joining ropes of unequal diameters or joining a rope and a chain. Also called Sheet Bend.
13
Q
Bed Section
A
Bottom section of an extension ladder. Also called Base Section
14
Q
Belay
A
Climber’s term for a safety line.
15
Q
Bight
A
Element of a knot formed by simply bending the rope back on itself (creating a loop) while keeping the sides parallel.
16
Q
Black
A
Area already burned by a wildland fire. Also called Burn.
17
Q
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE)
A
Rapid vaporization of a liquid stored under pressure upon release to the atmosphere following a major failure of its containing vessel. The failure of the containing vessel is the result of over-pressurization caused by an external heat source causing the vessel to explode into two or more pieces when the temperature of the liquid is well above its boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure.
18
Q
Bowline Knot
A
Knot used to form a loop in a rope.
19
Q
Bowstring Truss
A
Lightweight truss design noted by the bow shape, or curve, of the top chord.
20
Q
Braided Rope
A
Rope constructed by uniformly intertwining strands of rope (similar to braiding a persons hair).
21
Q
Braid-on Braid Rope
A
Rope constructed with both a braided core and a braided sheath. The appearance of the sheath is that of a herringbone pattern.
22
Q
British Thermal Unit
A
Amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.
23
Q
Broken Stream
A
Stream of water that has been broken into coarsely divided droplets.
24
Q
Butterfly Roof
A
V-shaped roof style resembling two opposing shed roofs joined along their lower edges.
25
Butterfly Valve
Type of control valve that uses a flat circular plate in the pipe which rotates ninety degrees across the cross section of the pipe to control flow.
26
Butt Spurs
Metal safety plates or spikes attached to the butt end of ground ladder beams.
27
NFPA 1500 Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program
It specifies the minimum requirements for a fire department safety and health program.
28
Training
Developing and maintaining job skills
29
Education
learning new information, concepts, and procedures.
30
Hose loading, tiller training, and some EMS operations
Exceptions to NFPA 1500 that requires all personnel riding in the apparatus be seated and securely belted inside the cab or body of the vehicle whenever it's in motion.
31
90 decibels
Noise level on the apparatus is above this level hearing protection must be worn.
32
protect your life and those of fellow firefighters
The highest fire ground priority
33
Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM)
Should start before firefighters enter the scene if it is known that conditions there are likely to produce psychological or emotional stress for the responders.
34
Defusing
If firefighters are required to work more than one shift in these conditions, they should go through a minor debriefing. They should attend within 72 hours of completing their work on the incident.
35
Live wires touching Apparatus
Its the one exception to the use of handrails when dismounting an apparatus. Always jump clear.
36
Back Injuries
Most expensive single type of accident in terms of workers compensation.
37
Three prong plug
Any electrical tool not marked "double insulated" should have a?
38
NFPA 1403 Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions
Requirements to keep live fire training safe. Site preparations, Safety, Prerequisite training, Water supply, Training plan, Fuel, Ventilation.
39
Ready State
being and having all equipment prepared for immediate use.
40
Critical Factors
Basic items that the IC must consider when evaluating tactical situations.
41
Critical Factors Include
Life safety, nature and extent of the emergency, building type, arrangement, and access, resources, special hazards.
42
What are Tactical Priorities?
Firefighter Safety (Life Safety), Rescue (Life Safety), Fire Control (Incident Stabilization), Loss Control (Property Conservation)
43
Bench Marks
Objectives of each priority. Personnel Accountability Report (PAR), "All Clear", "Under Control", "Loss Stopped".
44
Personnel Accountability Report (PAR)
A report is made to the IC signifying that companies working in the hazard are all safe and accounted for.
45
All Clear
The primary search has been completed and all savable occupants are out of the hazard zone.
46
Under Control
The fire is controlled with the forward fire progress stopped, no additional units will be required, and there is no imminent danger to firefighters.
47
Loss Stopped
Property conservation is complete.
48
Control Zones
Hot, Warm, Cold
49
Passport System
Before entering the hot zone FF give their passports or tags to a designated Accountability Officer (AO) or supervisor.
50
SCBA Tag system
Before entering the hazard zone, officers give their tags to an AO who records time of entry and expected time of exit based on the pressure in the lowest reading SCBA in the team. The AO also does a brief check to ensure that all rpotective equipment in on and functional.
51
Situational Awareness
Your knowledge of the situation or environment around you.
52
Rapid Intervention Crews
Members may be assigned other fireground support duties as long as they are able to abandon those other assignments (without endangering other FF) when they are needed to fulfill their primary function.
53
Physical Science
The study of the physical world around us and includes the sciences of chemistry and physics.
54
Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass (weight). Matter can undergo many types of physical and chemical changes.
55
Physical Change
Occurs when a substance remains chemically the same but changes in size, shape, or appearance.
56
Chemical Reaction
Occurs when a substance changes from one type of matter into another. Often involves the reaction of two or more substances to form toher types of compounds.
57
How much Oxygen in atmosphere?
21 %
58
Exothermic
Reactions that give off energy as they occur.
59
Combustion
An exothermic chemical reaction that is a self sustaining process of rapid oxidation of a fuel. which produces heat and light.
60
Endothermic
Reactions that absorb energy as they occur. Converting water from a liquid to a gas (steam) requires the input of energy and is an endothermic physical reaction.
61
Fire
Rapid oxidation of combustible materials accompanied by a release of energy in the form of heat and light.
62
Fire Triangle
oxygen, fuel, and heat
63
Fire Tetrahedron
Four elements: oxygen, fuel, heat, and a self-sustaining chemical chain reaction.
64
Energy exist in two states
Potential and Kinetic
65
Potential Energy
Energy Possessed by an object that may be released in the future.
66
Kinetic Energy
The energy possessed by a moving object.
67
What is the measurement of Kinetic Energy
Temperature.
68
Energy
The capacity to perform work.
69
Work
Occurs when a force is applied to an object over a distance or when a chemical, biological, or physical transformation is made in a substance.
70
Measure of heat energy in International System of Units (SI)
Joules in the International System of Units (SI) or metric system. Joule is equal to 1 newton over a distance of 1 meter.
71
Pyrolisys
The chemical decompositon of a substance through the action of heat in solid fuels and vaporization of liquid fuels, releasing ignitable vapors or gases.
72
Two forms of ignition
Piloted ignition and autoignition
73
Piloted ignition
Occurs when a mixture of fuel and oxygen encounter an external heat (ignition) source with sufficient heat energy to start the combustion reaction.
74
Autoignition
Occurs without any external flame or spark to ignite the fuel gases or vapors.
75
Autoignition temperature
is the temperature to which the surface of a substance must be heated for ignition and self sustained combustion to occur.
76
Sources of Heat Energy
Chemical, mechanical, electrical, light, nuclear, and sound energy.
77
Chemical heat energy
The most common source of heat in combustion reactions. Heat produced from a chemical reaction including combustion, spontaneous heating, heat of decomposition, and heat of solution.
78
Self-heating (spontaneous heating)
a form of chemical heat energy that occurs when a material increases in temperature without the addition of external heat.
79
Boiling Point of Water
100˚ Celsius or 212˚ F
80
Freezing Point of Water
0˚ C or 32˚ F
81
18˚ F
When chemical reactions occur doubles.
82
Risk Management Plan
Written plan that identifies and analyzes the exposure to hazards and includes selection of appropriate risk management techniques to handle exposures, implementation of chosen techniques, and monitoring of the results of those risk management techniques.
83
Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices
D.O.T publishes guidelines for operating at highway emergencies.
84
5:1
A student to instructor ratio for live burns.
85
Heat of Combustion
The total amount of energy released when a specific amount of that fuel is oxidized(burned).
86
Hydrogen Cyanide
Acts to prevent the body from using oxygen at the cellular level. Its a byproduct of the combustion of polyurethane foam, which is commonly used in furniture and bedding. Acts as a chemical Asphyxiant.
87
Carbon Monoxide
By product of incomplete combustion of organic (carbon-containing) materials. Acts as a chemical asphyxiant by binding with hemoglobin in the blood that transports oxygen throughout the body.
88
Carbon Dioxide
Product of complete combustion of organic materials. Acts as a simple asphyxiant by displacing oxygen.
89
Fuel
The material of substance being oxidized or burned in the combustion process
90
Reducing Agent
The fuel in a combustion reaction.
91
Heat Release Rate (HRR)
The energy released per unit of time as a given fuel burns and is usually expressed in kilowatts (kW)
92
Fire point
The temperature at which sufficient vapors are be ing generated to sustain the combustion reaction.
93
Chord
The main structural members of a truss as distinguished from diagonals. Chords span the open space between the upper and lower diagonal members in a truss assembly.
94
Plate
The top or bottom horizontal member of a frame wall. The sole plate is nailed or screwed to the subfloor, and the top plate is what the roof assembly rests on.
95
British Thermal Unit
Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit.
96
Vaporization
Process of evolution that changes a liquid into a gaseous state. Rate of vaporization depends on the substance involved, heat, and pressure. Transformation of a liquid to vapor or gaseous state.
97
Electrical Heat Energy
Heat energy that is electrical in origin including resistance heating, dielectric heating, heat from arcing, and heat from static electricity.
98
Resistance heating
Electric current flowing through a conductor, heat is produced.
99
Overcurrent or Overload
Current flowing through a conductor exceeds its design limits, it may overheat and present an ignition hazard.
100
Arcing
Luminous Electric discharge across a gap or through a medium such as charred insulation.
101
Sparking
Luminous (glowing) particles can be formed and spatter away from the point of arcing.
102
Mechanical Heat Energy
generated by friction or compression.
103
Heat of compression
Generated when a gas is compressed.
104
Transmission of heat 3 mechanisms
Conduction, Convection, Radiation
105
Conduction
Transfer of heat within a body or to another body by direct contact.
106
Convection
Transfer of heat energy from a fluid (liquid or gas) to a solid surface.
107
Radiation
Transmission of energy as an electromagnetic wave (such as light waves, radio waves, or x-rays) without an intervening medium.
108
Passive Agents
Materials that absorb heat but do not participate actively in the comubustion reaction.
109
Fuel
Material or substance being oxidized or burned in the combustion process. It is also known as the reducing agent in a combustion reaction.
110
Flaming combustion
Only occurs when fuels are in the gaseous state.
111
Vapor Density
Describes the density of gases in relation to air. Air has a Vapor Density of 1. Gases with a vapor density of less than 1 will rise while those with a greater density than 1 will sink.
112
Methane (Natural Gas)
| Vapor Density & Ign. Temp.
Vapor Density = .55
| Ignition Temp. = 1000ºF (540ºC)
113
Propane (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
| Vapor Density & Ign. Temp.
Vapor Density = 1.52
| Ignition Temp. = 842ºF (450ºC)
114
Carbon Monoxide
Vapor Density = .96
| Ignition Temp. = 1128ºF (620ºC)
115
Specific gravity
the ratio of the mass of a given volume of a liquid compared with the mass (weight) of an equal volume of water at the same temperature. Specific gravity of water is 1.
116
Flash Point
Minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air near the liquids surface. Doesn't sustain, combustion (piloted ignition)
117
Fire Point
Temperature at which a liquid fuel produces sufficient vapors to support combustion once the fuel is ignited.
118
Gasoline
| water soluble, Specific Gravity, Flash point, Autoignition Temp
Water Soluble = No
S.G = .72
F.P. = -36ºF (-32ºC)
A.T = 853ºF (486ºC)
119
Diesel
| water soluble, Specific Gravity, Flash point, Autoignition Temp
Water Soluble = No
S.G = >1.00
F.P. = 125ºF (52ºC)
A.T = 410ºF (210ºC)
120
Ethanol
| water soluble, Specific Gravity, Flash point, Autoignition Temp
Water Soluble = yes
S.G = .78
F.P. = 55ºF (13ºC)
A.T = 689ºF (365ºC)
121
Methanol
| water soluble, Specific Gravity, Flash point, Autoignition Temp
Water Soluble = yes
S.G = .79
F.P. = 52ºF (11ºC)
A.T = 867ºF (464ºC)
122
Pyrolysis
Chemical decomposition of a substance through the action of heat.
123
Solubility
Degree to which a solid, liquid, or gas dissolves in a solvent (usually water).
124
Miscible
Materials that are capable of being mixed.
125
Surface to mass ratio
ratio of the surface area of the fuel to the mass of the fuel.
126
Heat of combustion
Total amount of thermal energy (heat) that could be generated by the combustion (oxidation) reaction if a fuel were completely burned. Heat of combustion is measured in BTU's. per pound.
127
Heat Release Rate
Total amount of heat produced or released to the atmosphere from the convective-lift fire phase of a fire per unit mass of fuel consumed per unit time.
