First 10 Flashcards
(30 cards)
What is the function of the thymus gland?
Matures T-cells.
What is the function of Peyers Patches? Which organ do they protect?
Function to destroy intestinal bacteria. They protect the intestine.
What is the function of the spleen?
- Filters blood
- Recycles red blood cells
- Activates white blood cells
- Initiates immune responses
How is bone marrow involved in immunity?
Produces the white blood cells needed for immunity
Site of maturation for B-cells
Which 2 types of lymphocytes are found in lymphatic tissue?
T cells and B cells.
What is the pathway of the flow of lymph?
Lymphatic capillaries → Lymphatic vessels → Lymph nodes → Larger lymphatic vessels → Lymphatic trunks → Lymphatic ducts → Subclavian veins (into bloodstream).
What are the primary and secondary lymphatic organs/structures?
Primary lymphatic organs: Thymus, Red bone marrow
Secondary lymphatic:
Lymph nodes, Spleen, Tonsils
MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue)
Which lymphatic duct is responsible for draining most of the body?
thoracic duct
Where are there major clusters of lymph nodes?
Neck
Armpits
Groin
Chest
Abdomen
What are the main functions of the lymphatic system?
Fluid Balance
Immune Defense
Fat Absorption
Waste Removal
What determines a persons blood type?
A person’s blood type is determined by specific antigens present or absent on the surface of their red blood cells.
What blood is the universal donor and what blood type is the universal acceptor for transfusions?
The universal donor blood type for red blood cell transfusions is O negative (O−).
The universal recipient blood type is AB positive (AB⁺).
When testing a persons blood type, the blood will react with the antibody-reagents for what present on the red blood cells?
antigens
In blood typing what is the difference between antigens and antibodies?
Antigens:
- Surface markers on red blood cells determine blood type
Antibodies:
- Proteins in blood plasma that react to specific antigens
Which lymphatic organ shrinks as we age?
The thymus
What is lymph?
Lymph is a clear fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system. It originates from interstitial fluid—the fluid that surrounds the body’s cells—which enters lymphatic capillaries. Lymph contains white blood cells (especially lymphocytes), proteins, fats, and waste products. It plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance, absorbing dietary fats, and supporting immune function by transporting lymphocytes and filtering pathogens through lymph nodes.
What lymphoid structures try to trap and filter out pathogens that enter through the nose or mouth?
Tonsils and adenoids are lymphoid structures that trap and filter pathogens entering through the nose and mouth.
Which component of the lymphatic system directly connects to and drains lymph back into the circulatory system?
The lymphatic ducts—specifically, the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct—are the components of the lymphatic system that directly connect to and drain lymph back into the circulatory system.
Which lymphocyte is matured in bone marrow?
B lymphocytes (B cells) mature in the bone marrow.
What is the difference between memory B cells and plasma B cells?
Plasma B-Cells give an undifferentiated response, memory B cells remember
What are the immune systems 3 lines of defense in order?
First Line of Defense – Physical and Chemical Barriers
These are external defenses that prevent pathogens from entering the body. They include:
Skin: Acts as a physical barrier.
Mucous membranes: Trap pathogens in the respiratory and digestive tracts.
Secretions: Such as saliva, tears, and stomach acid, which contain enzymes and acids that neutralize or destroy pathogens.
Second Line of Defense – Innate Immune Response
If pathogens bypass the first line, the innate immune system responds quickly and non-specifically. Key components include:
Phagocytic cells: Such as macrophages and neutrophils that engulf and destroy invaders.
Third Line of Defense – Adaptive Immune Response
B lymphocytes (B cells): Produce antibodies that target specific antigens.
T lymphocytes (T cells): Include helper T cells that assist other immune cells and cytotoxic T cells that kill infected cells.
Which lymphatic duct drains lymph from the majority of the body?
thoracic duct
What process tries to stop the spread of a pathogen at its point of entry into the body?
Innate immune system.
How do antibodies attack a foreign pathogen?
Tags the pathogen for destruction, neutralizes it, and activates the complement system.
