First 10 Pages Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
A tonic, slow, fluctuating change in skin conductivity
A
Skin conductance level (SCL)
2
Q
An EEG wave conducted from the scalp
A
Represents the summed synchronized synaptic potentials of neurons in multiple cortical columns
3
Q
A PET measurement is most often used to detect:
A
brain glucose metabolism
4
Q
The angular gyrus links the
A
Vision region and wernicke’s area
5
Q
A technique for stimulating cortical neurons based on a brief current generated by a transient magnetic field
A
TMS
6
Q
in most split brain humans, words presented to the left visual field
A
Cannot be repeated verbally
7
Q
the cannon-bard theory of emotions would predict that people with severe spinal cord injuries would
A
experience the same emotions that others do
8
Q
Abbreviation of an event-related potential
A
N170
9
Q
a tract connecting Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area
A
Arcuate fasciculus (AF)
10
Q
Best registered in the LA1 (SWS1) sleep phase
A
Theta activity
11
Q
Brain area that plays a key role in inducing arousal
A
Brainstem reticular formation
12
Q
Brain stimulation requires the following
A
Excitable cells, stimulator, electrodes or magnetic coil, power source
13
Q
an entirely novel word, sometimes produced by a person with aphasia
A
neologism
14
Q
Cerebral neurostimulation procedure
A
tDCS
15
Q
Characteristic of epileptic activity is the
A
high degree of EEG synchronization
16
Q
Computed tomography (CT)
A
is based on X-ray transmission
17
Q
Connection between subcomponents of relevant stimuli results in this brief
A
Binding phenomenon and gamma synchronization
18
Q
A class of drugs that block the reuptake of transmitter at serotonergic synapses; commonly used to treat depression
A
SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
19
Q
The phenomenon in which detection if stimuli at the former location of a cue is impaired for latencies of 200 ms or more
A
Inhibition of return
20
Q
Duration of the hemodynamic response that can be recorded on MRI:
A
6 - 12 s
21
Q
During TMS application above the primary visual cortex, the following can be triggered
A
phosphenes
22
Q
Early evoked brain potential components appearing after a stimulus are called
A
exogenous evoked potentials
23
Q
Functional localization recording method
A
PET
24
Q
Gastric Pacemaker activity occurs in this area
A
Corpus
25
primates expressing decreased fear and aggression and increased sexual behavior likely have
klüver-bucy syndrome, due to bilateral removal of the limbic cortex
26
It is true for the deep brain stimulation (DBS) technique
Most often neural circuits in the basal ganglia are perturbation with it
27
It is true for the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) technique
Can be used to determine the excitability threshold of the motor cortex
28
Brain stimulation requires the following
Excitable cells stimulator, electrodes or magnetic coil, power source.
29
Late evoked brain potential components appearing after a stimulus are called
Exogenous evoked potentials
30
Lesion Intervention
Tract disconnection
31
Name of a circumscribed brain injury
Lesion
32
Name of the minimum measurement volume defined for PET and fMRI
Voxel
32
Name of the minimum measurement volume defined for PET and fMRI
Voxel
33
Name of the procedure for examining fiber connections in MRI
Tractography
34
One of the elements of this complex evoked potential is the expectancy wave
CNV
35
Phasic shifts in the frequency of electrogastrographic (EGG) activity denotes.
Nausea
36
one of the two almond shaped archicortical clusters of nuclei located deep in the medial temporal lobe and considered as the core limbic structure of emotional processing and learning and decision making
amygdala
37
Polysomnographic Method means
Monitoring of several physiological parameters during sleep
38
Registration of single cell activity
Non-invasive brain testing method
39
SCL Hypoactivity is a typical symptom of
depression
40
Sequence used for functional MRI scans
T2* weighted (BOLD)
41
Standarized electrode positioning system for scalp EEG recording
International 10-20 system
42
Stereotaxic apparatus is usually not required for this technique
Scalp EEG registration
43
Technique for testing the electric resistance or conductivity of the skin
Measurement of exosomatic EDA
44
True to the P300 wave
Evoked by working memory processes
45
True for the positron emission tomography (PET)
its working principle is based on positron-electron annihilation
46
True to electrogastrography (EGG)
after eating, an increase in amplitude is observed in the signal
47
True to the alpha wave
synchronized sine wave-like brain activity
48
True to the deep brain stimulation (DBS) technique
invasive neurophysiological technique
49
True to the delta waves.
appears during the LA3-4 phase of the hypnogram with the highest power
50
True to the hypnogram
It can separate the individual phases of slow-wave sleep (LA 1-4)
51
The basis of the EDA
sympathetic nerve activation
52
The EEG can be well used well in the clinical practice
for the diagnosis of epilepsy
53
According to the theory of perceptual load, a large perceptual load
decreases perceptual resources for unattended items
54
The EEG signal is suitable for
To objectively determine the level of vigilance
55
The following EEG electrode is located on the vertex
Cz
56
The highest density of sweat glands can be found
on the palms and fingers
57
The latency of the skin conductance response after a stimulus is typically
1-3 s
58
The SCR is a good indication of the contingency awareness of the rule in a Pavlovian conditioning task when the following stimulus is presented
CS+
59
Typical EEG activity in normogastria
3 cm
60
When evaluating the EEG recording, the raw signal is usually filtered in this range
1-100 Hz
61
What does the amplitude of a MEP directly reflect upon
Compound Muscle fiber action potentials
62
With this minimally invasive technique, based on the accumulation of a glucose analogue compound called 18FDG the metabolic status of a given brain area can be indirectly monitored
PET scanning
63
A hypothesis proposing the emotional processes (closely associated with sympathetic autonomic activation) guide or at least strongly influence behavior, particularly decision making
Somatic marker hypothesis
64
The perception of emotional tone-of-voice aspects of language
prosody
65
According to Charles Darwin, facial expressions
are used for communication
66
According to the theory of perceptual load, a large perceptual load
decreases perceptual resources for unattended items
67
A common movement disorder produced by antischizophrenia drugs, called
_______, may affect as many as one-third of patients taking those drugs.
tardive dyskinesia
68
A large frontal lesion in the left hemisphere can produce _______ aphasia.
Broca’s
69
A modern model of schizophrenia presented by Mirsky and Duncan emphasizes that
schizophrenia emerges from
the interaction of stress and genetics
70
A disease in which plaques and abnormalities (lesions) are formed in the walls of the arteries narrowing them and preventing blood circulation and resulting compensatory high blood pressure.
Atherosclerosis
71
a dissociative anesthetic drug, similar to PCP, that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist
ketamine
72
Anesthetizing the right hemisphere in a Wada test interferes with a subject’s ability to
recognize _______ in a picture that is a composite of the subject’s face and that of a
celebrity.
His or her own face
73
An increase in blood flow to the _______, which has been observed in patients with
depression, persists even after alleviation of the depression.
Amygdala
74
A patient who is given L-dopa to control the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease may
Develop schizophrenia like symptoms
75
A patient who produces seemingly fluent but largely unintelligible speech and has
poor comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from ____ aphasia
Wernike’s
76
an individual whose corpus callsum has been severed, halting communication between the right and left hemispheres
Split-brain syndrome
77
Apraxia is
A specific inability to execute sequences of movements
78
A person suffering from Bell’s palsy would likely
Have trouble communicating his or her feelings
79
A principle effect of the drug chlorpromazine is the
Postsynaptic blocking of dopamine receptors
80
A subject whose medial forebrain bundle has been cut would most likely
Cease to demonstrate self stimulating behaviour
81
Attention in which the focus coincides with the individual’s sensory orientation is
called
Overt attention
82
the drug clozapine appears to extert it therapeutic effects via ____ receptors
Serotonin
83
Cardiovascular measures (HR, BP) provide objective readout of
The level of motivation and effort
84
Chlorpromazine is one of the classes of drugs known as
Phenothiazines
85
Decorticate rage refers to
Sudden, intense, poorly directed rage provoked by nonaggressive stimuli in animals whose cortex has been removed.
86
Disarray of hippocampal pyramidal cells has been found in
Chronic Schizophrenics
87
Disturbance in reading is called
Alexia
88
Also called Wernicke's aphasia. A language impairment characterized by fluent, meaningless speech and little language comprehension; related to damage in Wernicke's area.
Fluent aphasia
89
During respiratory movements what happens to the pressure in the thorax?
It decreases during inhaling and increases during exhaling
90
Electrical stimulation of Broca’s area in humans produces
Speech Arrest
91
Emotional stimuli will elicit:
Orienting reaction
92
Eugen Bieuler claimed that one of the cardinal symptoms of schizophrenia is a
condition that he termed
Dissociative thinking
93
Exogenous attention is
both difficult to consciously repress and oriented to sensory events
94
Functional imaging studies indicate that drugs that alleviate symptoms of
schizophrenia tend to increase activation of the
frontal cortex
95
Genes encoding which of the following substances have been associated with
schizophrenia?
AKT1.
COMT.
YWHAE.
chromosome 22.
96
Horizontal eye movements are usually measured with
The potential changes caused by the moving eyeball acting as a dipole
97
In addition to showing changes in serotonin levels, suicide victims show high levels of
circulating
Cortisol
98
In his study of facial expressions of nonhuman primates, William Redican argued that the distinctive primate grimace is analogous to human.
fear or surprise
99
family studies of schizophrenia reveal that
Schizophrenia is more evident among first-degree relatives of patients than it is among more distant relatives
100
In early selection models of attention, perceptual analysis and semantic meaning occur
after the attentional bottleneck
101
It has been speculated that hippocampal cellular abnormalities seen in some patients
with schizophrenia may have resulted from
early cell developmental problems
102
Inhibition of return refers to
Impaired detection of stimuli at the former location of the task relevant cue
103
In the _______ task, a single stimulus or stimulus location is held in an attentional
spotlight
Sustained Attention
104
In the _______ task, subjects are provided with a cue that predicts target location.
Symbolic Cueing
105
One’s enhanced perception of a particular conversation in a crowded room is
referred to as
The Cocktail Party Effect
106
Patients with aphasia sometimes produce entirely new, nonsensical words called
Neologisms
107
Patients with Bell’s palsy
lose control over some facial muscles on one side, resulting in distorted
displays of emotion.
108
Patients with damage to the amygdala
can feel and express a normal fear response to somatic but not visual stimuli.
109
Paul Ekman and colleagues have proposed the existence of facial expressions for
eight emotions that are recognized across all societies. Which emotions is not one of
those eight?
Lust
110
PCP affect which type of postsynaptic receptor
NMDA
111
People whose facial muscles have become paralyzed tend to experience
emotions less intensely than they did before the paralysis
112
Phencyclidine produces
auditory hallucinations
113
Which type of attention can be sustained over the longest period of time?
Both endogenous and conscious
114
Phonemes are the
Basic sounds of a language
115
Prosopagnosia is the inability to
Recognize Faces
116
Pupillary diameter changes during memory performance best correlate with
task engagement
117
Pupillary diameter is usually measured with
Fast digital infrared camera
118
Reflexive attention is also called
Exogenous Attention
119
Research using fMRI suggests that feelings of romantic love, as opposed to
friendship, are associated with reduced activity of the
posterior cingulate and amygdala
120
Split-brain patients can easily read and verbally communicate words projected to
The right visual field
121
The sounds of turbulence cause by pulsating blood flow during blood pressure measurement are called:
Korsakoff sounds
122
Stress in early life can cause long-term consequences due to
epigenetic changes in gene expression
123
Systolic pressure
the maximum pressure value in the arterial system
124
This blood pressure (BP) value is indicated by the fading out of sounds during
auscultation BP measurement:
Systolic Blood Pressure
125
The ___ has been identified as a key structure in the mediation of fear conditioning
Amygdala
126
The angular gyrus links the
visual region and Wernicke’s area
127
The average reaction time in an uncomplicated choice reaction time test (i.e., the
time it takes for the premotor cortex to become activated and for the person to push
the choice button) is approximately _______ ms.
325
128
The Duchenne-smile involves active contraction of the following muscles:
the cheek raiser (orbicularis oculi) and lip corner puller (zygomaticus major)
129
The Einthoven-II ECG Projection
Shows the highest amplitude of the R waves
130
The experience of having your attention suddenly captured by hearing your name
from across the room illustrates which attentional selection model?
Late-Selection
131
The facial nerve innervates
the superficial muscles of facial expression
132
The _______ facial muscle that wrinkles the forehead and raises the eyebrow is the
_______.
Superficial; frontalis
133
The frontalis muscle of the right side of the forehead is controlled by
The right facial nerve
134
The idea that conjunction searches involve sequential shifts of attention that help
coordinate multiple cognitive feature maps is referred to as
feature integration theory
135
The James-Lange theory of emotion argues that each emotion is produced by
perception of a unique bodily change provoked by a stimulus
136
The likelihood that the child of a person with schizophrenia will develop the disease is
13%
137
The neurotrophic factor _______ has been implicated in bipolar disorder.
BDNF
138
The P3 effect of auditory processing is associated with _______ processing
Late-selection
139
The primary pacemaker area of the heart is the
Sino-Atrial Node
140
The R wave reflects on
Ventricular Depolarization
141
Children show evidence of sensitivity to the “rules” of language by the age of ____ months
7
142
The right-ear advantage for speech sounds is evident with simultaneous presentation
of
Consonants
143
The wada test involves
Injection of sodium amytal into the carotid artery
144
This blood pressure (BP) value is indicated by the fading out of sounds during
auscultation BP measurement
Systolic Blood Pressure
145
This component of the electrocardiogram reflects on the ventricular depolarization of
the heart
QRS Complex Wave
146
The R wave reflects on
Ventricular depolarization
147
Typically, human patients with bilateral damage the amygdalas show a marked
impairment in the ability to recognize expressions of _______ in other people.
fear
148
Ventricular enlargement of the brains of some patients with schizophrenia appears to
be related to
Decreases in the volume of adjacent neural tissue
149
Vertical eye movements are usually measured with
electrooculography (EOG)
150
Voluntary attention is also called _______ attention
Endogenous
151
What happens during gas exchange in the lungs?
Oxygen passes into the blood and carbon dioxide passes out of the blood
152
What happens when we exhale (breathe out)?
The diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards
153
What happens when we inhale (breathe in)?
The external intercostal muscles contract and the ribcage is pulled upwards
and outwards
154
What percentage of the population is affected by depression at any one time?
13%-20%
155
Which brain sites are included in the Papez circuit of emotion?
fornix, hippocampus, mammillary bodies, posterior thalamus
156
Which drug, when used at high doses, produces a psychotic state akin to paranoid
schizophrenia?
Amphetamine
157
Which influence has been proposed as an evolutionary pressure favoring
hemispheric asymmetry and specialization?
Differential use of the limbs
158
Which of the following best describes the Wernicke-Geschwind model of aphasia
Connectionist
159
Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
Hallucinations
160
an element (ion) that, when administered as a drug, often relieves the symptoms of bipolar disorder
Lithium
161
Which of the following is NOT an attention-related component of an averaged ERP
waveform?
P0
162
which of the following is a symptom of schizophrenia?
Hallucinations
163
Which phenomenon led to the discovery of a reward system in the brain?
Intracranial Self Stimulation (ICSS)
164
Which researcher suggested that the papez circuit along wit the amygdala and othe
regions should be called the limbic system?
Paul MacLean
165
Which stage of the cardiac cycle is characterized by the closed state of all heart
valves, the increasing tension of the ventricular wall, increasing pressure in the heart
and the constant value of the volume of blood in the ventricles?
Isovolumetric contraction (initial contraction)
166
A brain circuit starting from the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain, that causes feelings of pleasure when it is activated by a positive outcome of the behaviour (eating, drinking, being in love).
Papez circuit
167
Which statement about cross cultural observations of facial expressions is most true?
Facial expressions are subject to culture specific learned display rules.
168
Which statement about the neural innervation of the facial muscles is true?
The facial muscles receive ipsilateral input from the facial nerve
169
Which symptom is not associated with aphasic patients?
Confabulations
170
The _____ nerve controls the muscle that moves the jaw
Trigeminal
171
Which transmitter has been especially implicated as a reward signal?
Dopamine
172
Which two structures does the trachea lead to in the lungs?
The bronchi
173
Referring to the tendency of certain diseases or disorders to occur together in individuals
comorbid
174
Which type of cue will typically elicit the fastest reaction time to the target?
Valid
