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First Aid Flashcards

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1
Q

Neural plate becomes______

Notochord becomes________

A

neural tube/neural crest cells

nucleus pulposus in the intevetebral discs

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2
Q

skin dimple or tuft of hair at level of bony defect

A

spina bifida

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3
Q

spina bifida cause?

A

failure of bony spinal canal to close

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4
Q

meningocele vs. meningomyelocele difference?

A

miningeocele is just meninges herniating through spinal canal
meningomyelocele is both meninges and spinal cord herniating through spinal canal

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5
Q

Neural tube fuses when?

A

4th week

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6
Q

failure of neural tube fusion has multiple causes. What are some of them?

A
  1. low folic acid intake before conception or during pregnancy
  2. elevated AFP (alpha fetoprotein) in amnotic fluid and maternal serum
  3. Increased levels of AchE in amniotic fluid is often used as confirmatory tests
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7
Q

Anencephaly

A

anterior neural tube malformation, no forebrain and open calvarium (frog like appearance)

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8
Q

Holoprosencephaly is…

A

failure of left and right hemisphere to separate.

Moderate form results in cleft lip/palate. Severe form results in cyclopia

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9
Q

Motor innervation of tongue

A

CN 12

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10
Q

Pain innervation of tongue

A

CN V3, 9, and 10

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11
Q

Taste innervation of tongue

A

CN 7, 9, 10

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12
Q

anterior 2/3 of tongue sensation? taste?

A

sensation: V3
taste: 7

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13
Q

posterior 1/3 of tongue sensation? taste?

A

9

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14
Q

How to stain for neurons?

A

Nissl (stains RER)

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15
Q

component of BRB, marker if GFAP

A

astrocytes

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16
Q

CNS phagocytes

A

Microglia

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17
Q

CNS phagocytes

A

Microglia

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18
Q

Neuroectoderm results in which cells?

A

CNs neurons, ependymal cells (makes CSF, lines ventricles), oligodendroglia, and astrocytes

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19
Q

Neural crests results in which cells?

A

PNS neurons, Schwann cells

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20
Q

Mesoderm results in which cells?

A

Microglia (like Macrophages from Mesoderm)

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21
Q

Myelin in CNS and PNS?

A

CNS: oligodendrocytes
PNS: Schwann

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22
Q

fried egg on H&E stain?

A

oligodendroglia

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23
Q

injured in MS, PML?

A

oligodendroglia

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24
Q

difference between oligodendrocytes and schwann?

A

besides location, schwann can only myelinate 1 PNS axon but oligo can myelinate many CNS

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25
Destroyed in guillain-barre?
Schwann
26
sensory corpuscles that sense pain and temp?
free nerve endings
27
sensory corpuscles that sense light touch, position touch?
meissner
28
sensory corpuscles that sense vibration, pressure?
pacinian
29
sensory corpuscles that sense pressure, deep touch?
Merkel
30
Free nerve ending location?
all skin, epidermis
31
Meissner corpuscle location?
hairless skin
32
Pacinian corpuscle location?
deep skin layers, ligaments and joints
33
Merkel locations?
basal epidermal layer, hair follicles
34
In peripheral nerve, what are all the layers?
Endo: right around nerve fiber. GBS is inflammatory infiltrate of endo Perineurium: permeability barreier. Surrounds fascicles. Must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment Epinerium: surrounds entire nerve (including fascicles and blood vessels)
35
Changes in neurotransmitter level in anxiety?
Increase NE | Decreased 5-HT, GABA
36
Changes in neurotransmitter level in depression?
Decreased NE, Dopa, 5-HT
37
Changes in neurotransmitter level in Huntingtons?
Increased Dopa | Decreased ACh, GABA
38
Changes in neurotransmitter level in Parkinsons?
increased 5-HT, Ach | Decreased Dopa
39
Changes in neurotransmitter level in Alzheimers
Decreased Ach
40
Locus ceruleus AKA
pons
41
Locus ceruleus is typically associated with
stress and panic
42
Nucleus accumbens and septal nucleus typically associate with
reward center, pleasure, addiction, fear
43
3 structures that form BRB
1. tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells 2. basement membrane 3. astrocyte foot processes
44
How does glucose/aa cross BRB?
Slowly and via carrier mediated transport
45
How does nonpolar/lipid soluble substances cross BRB?
quickly via diffusion
46
Purpose of BRB?
prevents circulating blood substances from reaching CNS. prevents bacterial diseases from spreading into CNS and also restricts drug delivery to brain
47
Purpose of BRB?
prevents circulating blood substances from reaching CNS. prevents bacterial diseases from spreading into CNS and also restricts drug delivery to brain
48
infarction/neoplasm destroys which structure of BRB?
endothelial tight junctions
49
circadian rhythm control?
SCN of hypothalamus
50
beta EEG waveform?
alert, active mental concentration think awake, eyes open ALSO during REM sleep
51
alpha EEG waveform?
awake, eyes closed
52
Non REM sleep stages?
N1: light sleep N2: deeper sleep, bruxism occurs N3: deepest non-REM sleep, when sleepwalking, night terrors, bedwetting may occur
53
Stage N1 EEG waveform? N2? N3?
N1: theta N2: sleep spindles and K complexes N3: Delta
54
Which EEG waveform type has highest frequency, lowest amplitude?
Beta
55
EEG waveform with lowest frquency, highest amplitude?
Delta
56
ADH and oxytocin released from where?
posterior pituitary
57
limbic system responsible for?
``` Think 5 F's Feeding Fleeing Fighting Feeling Fucking ```
58
lateral lesion of cerebellum results in?
propensity to fall towards injured side
59
lateral lesion of cerebellum responsible for?
voluntary movement of extremities
60
medial lesion of cerebellum injury results in?
gait defect coordination defect, bilateral motor deficit affecting axial and proximal limb musculature
61
basal ganglia responsible for?
voluntary movement postural adjustment provides negative feedback to cortex to modulate movement
62
Parkinson symptoms?
``` think TRAPS Tremors Rigidity cogwheel Akinesia Postural instability Shuffling gait ```
63
Huntington disease due to?
CAG repeats Caudate loses Ach and Gaba
64
Hemiballismus presentation? | where is the lesion?
wild flailing of one arm | contralateral subthalamic nucleus lesion
65
Hemiballismus presentation? | where is the lesion?
wild flailing of one arm | contralateral subthalamic nucleus lesion
66
Chorea presentation? | where is the lesion?
``` Sudden, jerky movements basal ganglia (huntingtons) ```
67
Athetosis presentation? | where is the lesion?
slow, writhing movements, especially in fingers | basal ganglia
68
Myclonus presentation?
suddent, brief uncontrolled muscle contraction, jerks, hiccups, common in renal and liver failure
69
Dystonia presentation?
sustained, involuntary muscle contractions. Writer's cramp
70
Essential *postural* tremor presentation?
action tremor, exacerbated by holding posture/limb position Genetic, often self medicate with alcohol, which decreased tremor amplitude.
71
intention tremor presentation? | where is the lesion?
slow, zigzag motion when pointing towards target | cerellar dysfunction
72
amygdala lesion results in?
kluver-bucy syndrome (hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior) Associated with HSV-1
73
frontal lobe lesion results in?
deficits in concentration, orientation, judgement
74
right parietal temporal cortex lesion results in?
spatial neglect syndrome: agnosia of contralateral side
75
left parietal temporal cortex lesion results in?
agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, left right disorientation (Gerstmann syndrome)
76
reticular activating system *midbrain lesion results in?
reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness
77
Mammillary body lesion results in?
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia, memory loss Associated with B1 deficiency and EtOH use. Wernicke problems come in a CAN of beer Confusion Ataxia Nystagmus
78
Basal ganglia lesion results in?
Parkinson's | Tremor at rest, chorea, athetosis
79
cerebellar lesion lesion results in?
fall towards side of lesion
80
cerebellar vermis lesion results in?
truncal ataxia, dysarthria
81
subthalamic nucleus lesion results in?
contralateral hemiballismus
82
Hippocampus lesion results in?
anterograde amnesia-inability to make new memories
83
Frontal eye field lesion results in?
eyes look towards lesion
84
paramedian pontine reticular formation lesion results in?
eyes look away from side of lesion

Neurology (3 decks)

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