Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Dr. Mel - Microbiology > First Aid > Flashcards

First Aid Flashcards

(222 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Triad of Rocky Mountain spotted fever

A

Headache
Fever
Rash (wrists, ankles then trunk, palms, soles) (vasculitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 diseases with palms and soles rash

A

Coxsackievirus A
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Secondary syphilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Penicillin G (IV/IM) and Penicillin V (oral) used against

A

Gram +
Gram - cocci (N. meningitidis)
Spirochetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Penicillinase-sensitive penicillins

A

Penicillin G, penicillin V
Ampicillin
Amoxicillin (greater oral bioavailability)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ampicillin and amoxicillin used against

A

Many G- rods (HHEELPSS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

A

Oxacillin
Nafcillin
Dicloxacillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins used against

A

S. aureus except MRSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Antipseudomonal penicillins

A

Piperacillin

Ticarcillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Antipseudomonal penicillins used against

A

Pseudomonas spp.

Gram - rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Beta-lactamase inhibitors

A

Clavulanic acid
Sulbactam
Tazobactam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

4 organisms not covered by 1-4th gen of Cephalosporins

A

Listeria
Atypicals (chlamydia, mycoplasma)
MRSA
Enterococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

1st gen Cephalosporins (cefazolin, cephalexin)

A

Gram + cocci
Proteus mirabilis
E. Coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

2nd gen Cephalosporins (cefaclor, cefoxitin, cefuroxime)

A 
Gram + cocci
H. Influenzae
Enterobacter aerogenes
Neisseria spp.
Serratia marcescens
Proteus mirabilis
E. Coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3rd gen cephalosporins (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime)

A

Ceftriaxone: meningitidis, gonorrhea, disseminated Lyme ds
Ceftazidime: pseudomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

4th gen cephalosporins (cefepime)

A

Gram -
Pseudomonas
Gram +

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

5th gen cephalosporins (ceftaroline)

A

Gram +
Gram -
MRSA
(NOT pseudo)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Carbapenems

A

Imipenem
Meropenem
Ertapenem
Doripenem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Carbapenems used against

A

Gram + cocci
Gram - rods
Anaerobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Monobactams (Aztreonam) used against

A

Gram - rods ONLY

If penicillin allergy or renal insuff who cannot tolerate aminoglycosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Vancomycin (glycopeptide)

A

Gram + ONLY

Including MRSA, sensitive enterococcus, C. difficile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Protein synthesis inhibitors

A

50S: chloramphenicol, clindamycin, linezolid, macrolides, streptogramins
30S: aminoglycosides, tetracyclines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Aminoglycosides

A 
Gentamincin
Neomycin
Amikacin
Tobramycin
Streptomycin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Aminoglycosides used against

A

Severe Gram - rod infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Tetracycline
Doxycycline
Minocycline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Tetracyclines used against
Borrelia burgdorferi Mycoplasma pneumoniae Rickettsia Chlamydia
26
Chloramphenicol used against
Meningitis (H. Influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Strepto pneumoniae) Rocky mountain spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)
27
Clindamycin used against
``` Anaerobic infections (Bacteroides spp., Clostridium perfringens) Invasive group A strepto infection ```
28
Clindamycin vs Metronidazole
Clindamycin: anaerobic infections above the diaphragm Metronidazole: anaerobic infections below the diaphragm
29
Oxazolidinones (Linezolid) used against
Gram + (including MRSA and VRE)
30
Macrolides
Azithromycin Clarithromycin Erythromycin
31
Macrolides used against
Atypical pneumonias (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella) STIs (Chlamydia) Gram + cocci (Strepto infections if allergy to penicillin) Bordetella pertussis
32
Acid folic synthesis and reduction inhibitors
Sulfonamides (sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulfadiazine) | Trimethoprim
33
Sulfonamides used against
``` Gram + Gram - Nocardia Chlamydia Sulfamethoxazole for simple UTIs ```
34
Dapsone (similar to sulfonamides)
Leprosy | Pneumocystis jirovecii prophylaxis
35
Trimethoprim used against
``` Combined with SMX for: UTIs Shigella Salmonella Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia ttt and prophylaxis Toxoplasmosis prophylaxis ```
36
Gyrase inhibitors
Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, norflo, levoflo, oflo, moxiflo, gemiflo, enoxacin) Quinolone (Nalidixic acid)
37
Fluoroquinolones used against
Gram - rods of urinary and GI tracts (+ pseudomonas) Neisseria Some Gram +
38
Daptomycin used against
Staph aureus skin infections (+ MRSA) Bacteremia Endocarditis VRE
39
Metronidazole used against
``` Giardia Entamoeba Trichomonas Gardnerella vaginalis Anaerobes (bacteroides, C. diff) H. Pylori (with Clarithromycin + PPI) ```
40
Prophylaxis against Mycobacterium
M. Tuberculosis: Isoniazid M. Avium and M. Intracellulare: azithromycin, rifabutin M. Leprae: -
41
Mycobacterium treatments
M. Tuberculosis: Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol M. Avium - M. Intracellulare: Azithromycin or Clarithromycin + Ethambutol. Can add Rifabutin or Ciprofloxacin M. Leprae: for tuberculoid, long-term Dapsone + Rifampin. For lepromatous, add Clofazimine
42
Rifamycins (mRNA synthesis inhibitors): Rifampin - Rifabutin | Used against
M. Tuberculosis M. Leprae Meningococcal prophylaxis Chemoprophylaxis in contacts of children with H. Influenzae B
43
Isoniazid (mycolic acid synthesis inhibitor) used against
M. Tuberculosis (monotherapy for latent TB, monotherapy for prophylaxis, combined for treatment)
44
Treatments of MRSA, VRE, multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
MRSA: vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, tigecycline, ceftaroline VRE: linezolid and streptogramins (quinupristin, dalfopristin) MDR P. aeruginosa and MDR A. baumannii: polymyxins B and E (colistin)
45
Amphotericin B (acts on cell membrane integrity) used against
``` Serious, systemic mycoses Cryptococcus Blastomyces Coccidioides Histoplasma Candida Mucor ```
46
Nystatin (acts on cell membrane integrity)
Topical use only for diaper rash, vaginal candidiasis | For oral candidiasis
47
Flucytosine (nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor) used against
Systemic fungal infections with Amphotericin B (especially meningitis by Cryptococcus)
48
Azoles (ergosterol synthesis inhibitors)
``` Clotrimoxazole Fluconazole Itraconazole Ketoconazole Miconazole Voriconazole ```
49
Azoles used against
Local and less serious systemic mycoses Fluconazole: chronic suppression of cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS patients + candidal infections Itraconazole: Blastomyces, coccidioides, histoplasma Clotrimoxazole and Miconazole: topical infections
50
Terbinafine (lanosterol synthesis inhibitor) used against
Dermatophytoses (especially onychomycosis)
51
Echinocandins (cell wall synthesis inhibitors)
Anidulafungin Caspofungin Micafungin
52
Echinocandins used against
Invasive aspergillosis | Candida
53
Griseofulvin used against
Oral treatment of superficial infections | Inhibits growth of dermatophytes
54
Antiprotozoan therapy
Pyrimethamine (toxoplasmosis) Suramin and melarsoprol (trypanosoma brucei) Nifurtimox (T cruzi) Sodium stibogluconate (leishmaniasis)
55
Anti-mite/louse therapy: for scabies (Sarcoptes scabei) and lice (Pediculus and Phthirus)
Permethrin Malathion Lindane
56
Chloroquine used against
Plasmodial species (other than P. falciparum) P. falciparum: artemether/lumefantrine or atovaquone/proguanil Life-threatening malaria: quinidine (quinine) or artesunate
57
Antihelminthic therapy
``` Mebendazole (microtubule inhibitor) Pyrantel pamoate Ivermectin Diethylcarbamazine Praziquantel ```
58
Neuraminidase inhibitors (inhibition of progeny virus release)
Oseltamivir | Zanamivir
59
Oseltamivir and zanamivir used against
Treatment and prevention of Influenza A and B
60
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors (antiviral): 3 mechanisms
``` Guanosine analogs (Acyclovir, Famciclovir, Valacyclovir and Ganciclovir) Viral DNA polymerase inhibitors (Cidofovir, Foscarnet) Guanine nucleotide synthesis (Ribavirin) ```
61
Acyclovir, Famciclovir, Valacyclovir used against
``` HSV VZV Weak activity against EBV No effect on latent forms of HSV ans VZV For herpes zoster: Famciclovir ```
62
Ganciclovir (Valganciclovir) used against
CMV
63
Foscarnet used against
CMV retinitis in immunocompromised patients when ganciclovir fails Acyclovir-resistant HSV
64
Cidofovir used against
CMV retinitis in immunocompromised patients | Acyclovir-resistant HSV
65
Protein synthesis inhibitors (antiviral)
Interferon-alpha: against chronic HBV and HCV, Kaposi sarcoma, hairy cell leukemia, condyloma acuminatum, renal cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma Interferon-beta: against multiple sclerosis Interferon-gamma: chronic granulomatous disease
66
Uncoating inhibitors (antiviral)
Amantadine Rimantadine No longer used for Influenza (high resistance)
67
HIV therapy drugs
``` NRTIs NNRTIs Protease inhibitors Integrase inhibitors Fusion inhibitors (on attachment or penetration) ```
68
7 NRTIs
Abacavir (CI if HLA-B*5701 mutation) Didanosine Emtricitabine Lamivudine Stavudine Tenofovir (nucleotide/ others nucleosides) Zidovudine (for general prophylaxis and during pregnancy)
69
3 NNRTIs
Delavirdine (CI in pregnancy) Efavirenz (!!! Vivid dreams and CNS symptoms) (CI in pregnancy) Nevirapine
70
7 Protease inhibitors
``` Atazanavir Darunavir Fosamprenavir Indinavir (!!! Nephropathy, hematuria) Lopinavir Ritonavir Saquinavir ```
71
3 Integrase inhibitors
Raltegravir Elvitegravir Dolutegravir
72
2 Fusion inhibitors
Enfuvirtide (binds gp41, inhibits penetration) (! Skin reaction) Maraviroc (binds CCR-5 on host cell, inhibits attachment)
73
Hepatitis C therapy: 3 drugs
Ribavirin: against chronic HCV, RSV (Palivizumab in children) Sofosbuvir: against chronic HCV with Ribavirin +/- peginterferon alfa Simeprevir: against chronic HCV with Ledipasvir
74
Giemsa stain (5 organisms)
``` Chlamydia Borrelia Rickettsia Trypanosomes Plasmodium ```
75
PAS stain (glycogen) (1 organism)
Trophyrema whipplei (Whipple ds)
76
Silver stain (3 organisms)
Fungi (Coccidioides, Pneumocystis jirovecii) Legionella Helicobacter pylori
77
Thayer-Martin agar (selective media)
Neisseria Vancomycin (against G+) Trimethoprim and Colistin (against G-) Nystatin (fungi)
78
Mac-Conkey agar
Lactose-fermenting enterics (acid, pink)
79
Anaerobes
Nocardia Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mycobacterium tuberculosis
80
Anaerobes (lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase)
Clostridium Bacteroides Fusobacterium Actinomyces
81
3 obligate Intracellular bugs
Rickettsia Chlamydia Coxiella
82
8 facultative intracellular bugs
``` Salmonella Neisseria Brucella Mycobacterium Listeria Francisella Legionella Yersinia pestis ```
83
7 encapsulated bacteria
``` Pseudomonas aeruginosa Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae type B Neisseria meningitidis E. Coli Salmonella Group B Strep ```
84
2 pneumococcal vaccines
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar) | Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine with no conjugated protein (Pneumovax)
85
8 urease-positive organisms (struvite stones)
``` Proteus Cryptococcus H. Pylori Ureaplasma Nocardia Klebsiella Staph epidermidis Staph saprophyticus ```
86
10 catalase-positive organisms
``` Nocardia Pseudomonas Listeria Aspergillus Candida E. Coli Staphylococci Serratia B. Cepacia H. Pylori ```
87
Chronic granulomatous disease (NADPH oxidase deficiency) recurrent infections with
Catalase-positive organisms
88
In vivo biofilm-producing bacteria 1- Catheter + prosthetic devices 2- Dental plaques + infective endocarditis 3- Respiratory tree colonization in Cystic fibrosis + Contact lens 4- Otitis media
1- Staph epidermidis 2- Strepto viridans (mutans, sanguinis) 3- Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4- Nontypeable (unencapsulated) H. Influenza
89
1- Protein A 2- IgA protease 3- M protein
1- prevents opsonization + phagocytosis (Staph Aureus) 2- colonizes respiratory mucosa (Strep pneumo, H influenzae type B, Neisseria) 3- prevents phagocytosis (group A Streptococci)
90
6 spore-forming bacteria
``` Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus Clostridium botulinum Clostridium difficile Clostridium perfringens Clostridium tetani ```
91
6 functions of exotoxins
``` 1- Inhibit protein synthesis (4) 2- Increase fluid secretion (3) 3- Inhibit phagocytic ability (1) 4- Inhibit release of neurotransmitter (2) 5- Lyse cell membrane (2) 6- Superantigens causing shock (2) ```
92
4 bugs with exotoxins that inhibit protein synthesis
Corynebacterium diphteriae (Diphtheria toxin: EF-2) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Exotoxin A: EF-2) Shigella spp. (Shiga toxin: 60S) Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (Shiga-like toxin: 60S)
93
3 bugs with exotoxins that increase fluid secretion
``` Enterotoxigenic E. coli (Heat-labile toxin: cAMP / Heat-stable toxin: cGMP) Bacillus anthracis (Edema toxin: cAMP) Vibrio cholerae (Cholera toxin: cAMP) ```
94
1 bug with exotoxin that inhibits phagocytic ability
Bordetella pertussis (Pertussis toxin: cAMP)
95
2 bugs with exotoxins that inhibit release of neurotransmitter
``` Clostridium tetani (Tetanospasin: SNARE) Clostridium botulinum (Botulinum toxin: SNARE) ```
96
2 bugs with exotoxins that lyse cell membranes
``` Clostridium perfringens (Alpha toxin: lecithinase) Streptococcus pyogenes (Streptolysin O: protein lyses RBCs) ```
97
2 bugs with exotoxins / superantigens causing shock
``` Staphylococcus aureus (Toxic shock syndrome toxin: binds to MHCII/TCR, releases IL1 IL2 IFNg TNFa) Streptococcus pyogenes (Exotoxin A: binds to MHCII/TCR, releases IL1 IL2 IFNg TNFa) ```
98
3 main effects of endotoxin
Macrophage activation (TLR4) Complement activation Tissue factor activation
99
Only bacterium with a polypeptide capsule (D-glutamate)
Bacillus anthracis
100
Treatment of Clostridium tetani infection
Antitoxin +/- vaccine booster Diazepam Wound debridement Prevention with tetanus vaccine (inactivated bacterial toxoid)
101
Treatment of Clostridium botulinum infection
Antitoxin
102
Treatment of Pseudomembranous colitis
Metronidazole or Oral Vancomycin | If recurrent: repeat ttt or Fidaxomicin or Fecal microbiota transplant
103
Treatment of Corynebacterium diphtheriae
1- Diphtheria antitoxin (passive immunization) 2- Penicillin or Erythromycin 3- DPT vaccine (active immunization)
104
Treatment of Tuberculoid form of Leprosy
Dapsone + Rifampin
105
Treatment of Lepromatous form of Leprosy
Dapsone + Rifampin + Clofazimine
106
Treatment of N. gonorrhoeae infection
Ceftriaxone | +/- Azithromycin or Doxycycline (for possible Chlamydia coinf.)
107
Treatment of N. meningitidis infection
Ceftriaxone or Penicillin G
108
Treatment of H. Influenzae infection
Mucosal inf: Amoxicillin +/- clavulanate Meningitis: Ceftriaxone Prophylaxis for close contacts: Rifampin
109
Difference between EHEC and other forms of E. coli
EHEC does not ferment sorbitol
110
Treatment of typhoid fever
Ceftriaxone or Fluoroquinolone
111
Gram - rod that is triple +
Helicobacter pylori Catalase + Oxidase + Urease +
112
Initial treatment of H. pylori
Triple therapy: Amoxicillin (metronidazole if allergy) + Clarithromycin + PPI
113
Prevention of congenital syphilis
Treat mother early in pregnancy (placental transmission after first trimester)
114
4 cases of VDRL false positives
Viral infections (EBV, hepatitis) Drugs Rheumatic fever Lupus / Leprosy
115
Treatment of Rickettsial diseases and vector-borne illnesses
Doxycycline
116
Infection where rash spares palms and soles
``` Rickettsia typhi (endemic) Rickettsia prowazekii (epidemic) ```
117
4 symptoms of Chlamydia trachomatis infection + treatment
Reactive arthritis (Reiter syndrome) Follicular conjunctivitis Nongonococcal urethritis PID Azithromycin (one-time) or Doxycyclin
118
Cold agglutinins (IgM) seen in 3 conditions
EBV infection Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection Hematologic malignancies
119
Treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection
Macrolides, Doxycyclin or Fluoroquinolone
120
Treatment for systemic mycoses
``` Fluconazole or Itraconazole (local infection) Amphotericin B (systemic infection) ```
121
Treatment of Pityriasis versicolor infection
Selenium sulfide | Topical and/or oral antifungal medications
122
Treatment of candida albicans infection
Topical azole (vaginal) Nystatin, Fluconazole or Caspofungin (oral/esophageal) Fluconazole, Caspofungin, Amphotericin B (systemic)
123
3 presentations of Cryptococcal infection
Cryptococcosis (lung ds) Meningitis Encephalitis
124
Treatment + prophylaxis of Cryptococcal infection
Amphotericin B + Flucytosine (acute meningitis) Fluconazole for lifelong prophylaxis
125
Treatment of Mucor/Rhizopus infection
Surgical debridement | Amphotericin B
126
Treatment and prophylaxis of Pneumocystis jirovecii
TMP-SMX Pentamidine Atovaquone Dapsone (when CD4+ <200 in HIV ptts)
127
2 clinical presentations of Sporothrix schenckii
Local pustule or ulcer + nodules in ascending lymphangitis | Disseminated disease in immunocompromised
128
Treatment of sporotrichosis (Sporothrix schenckii)
Itraconazole or Potassium iodide
129
Triad of congenital toxoplasmosis
Chorioretinitis Hydrocephalus Intracranial calcifications
130
Treatment of Toxoplasma gondii infection
Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine + Leucovorin Or Pyrimethamine + Clindamycin (if sulfa hypersensitivity)
131
Treatment of Trypanosoma brucei infection
Suramin (blood-borne ds) | Melarsoprol (CNS penetration)
132
Treatment of Plasmodium infections
Sensitive: Chloroquine Resistant: Mefloquine or Atovaquone/Proguanil Life-threatening: IV Quinidine or Artesunate For P. vivax/ovale: add Primaquine for hypnozoite
133
Treatment of Babesia infection
Atovaquone + Azithromycin
134
Treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi infection (Chagas)
Benznidazole or Nifurtimox
135
Treatment of Leishmania donovani infection
Amphotericin B | Sodium stibogluconate
136
Treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis
Metronidazole for patient and partner
137
Transmission + Treatment of Enterobius, Ascaris, Toxocara, Trichinella
Fecal-oral Bendazoles
138
Treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis
Ivermectin or Bendazoles
139
Treatment of Ancylostoma and Necator
Bendazoles or Pyrantel pamoate
140
Treatment of Onchocerca volvulus
Ivermectin
141
Treatment of Loa loa and Wuchereria bancrofti
Diethylcarbamazine
142
3 presentations and treatment of Taenia solium
Intestinal tapeworm (Praziquantel) Cysticercosis (Praziquantel) Neurocysticercosis (Albendazole)
143
Presentation + Treatment of Diphyllobothrium latum
Megaloblastic anemia Praziquantel
144
Presentation + Treatment of Echinococcus granulosus
Hydatid cyst in liver Albendazole
145
Presentation + Treatment of Schistosoma
S. mansoni (lateral spine): fibrosis, inflammation and enlargement of liver and spleen S. haematobium (terminal spine): chronically, squamous cell carcinoma of bladder + pulmonary HTN Praziquantel
146
Presentation + Treatment of Clonorchis sinensis
Pigmented gallstones Ass. w/ cholangiocarcinoma Praziquantel
147
Treatment of Sarcoptes scabiei
Permethrin cream Washing/drying all clothing/bedding Treat close contacts
148
Treatment of Lice (Pediculus humanus/Phthirus pubis)
Pyrethroids, Malathion or Ivermectin lotion Nit combing Head lice treated at home
149
9 live attenuated vaccines
``` Smallpox Yellow fever Rotavirus Chickenpox (VZV) Sabin polio (oral) MMR Influenza (intranasal) ```
150
4 killed/inactivated vaccines
Rabies Influenza (injected) Salk polio (injected) HAV
151
7 positive-stranded RNA viruses
``` Retrovirus Togavirus Flavivirus Coronavirus Hepevirus Calicivirus Picornavirus ```
152
4 naked DNA and 4 naked RNA viruses
Papillomavirus Adenovirus Parvovirus Polyomavirus Calicivirus Picornavirus Reovirus Hepevirus
153
3 diseases from Poxvirus infection
Smallpox (eradicated by vaccine) Cowpox (milkmaid blisters) Molluscum contagiosum (papule w/ central umbilication)
154
Presentation + characteristic of Hepadnavirus
HBV: Acute or chronic hepatitis B Has reverse transcriptase (even if Not retrovirus)
155
4 presentations of Adenovirus infection
Febrile pharyngitis Acute hemorrhagic cystitis Pneumonia Conjunctivitis
156
3 presentations of Papillomavirus
``` HPV: Warts = Condyloma acuminata (serotypes 1, 2, 6, 11) Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia Cervical cancer (serotypes 16, 18) ```
157
2 viruses + presentations of Polyomavirus
JC virus: progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV | BK virus: transplant patients, targets kidney
158
4 presentations of Parvovirus infection
B19: Aplastic crises in Sicke cell ds Erythema infectiosum = fifth ds (children) Hydrops fetalis + death (fetus) RBC aplasia + rheumatoid arthritis-like symptoms (adults)
159
5 presentations of HSV-1
``` Gingivostomatitis Keratoconjunctivitis Herpes labialis Herpetic whitlow on finger Temporal lobe encephalitis ```
160
3 presentations of HSV-2
Herpes genitalis Neonatal herpes Meningitis (> HSV-1)
161
4 presentations of HHV-3 (VZV)
Varicella (chickenpox) Zoster (shingles) Encephalitis Pneumonia
162
Presentation + 2 associations of HHV-4 (EBV) infection
Mononucleosis w/ positive monospot test | Ass w/ lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
163
4 presentation of HHV-5 (CMV) infection
Immunocompetent: mononucleosis w/ negative monospot test Immunocompromised: many infections esp. pneumonia in transplant ptt AIDS: retinitis Congenital CMV
164
Presentation of HHV-6 and HHV-7 infections
``` Roseola infantum (exanthem subitum): high fevers several days then diffuse macular rash (trunk then extremities) HHV-6 > HHV-7 ```
165
Presentation of HHV-8 infection
Kaposi sarcoma (in HIV/AIDS and transplant ptt)
166
2 Reoviruses + presentations
Coltivirus: Colorado tick fever Rotavirus: #1 fatal diarrhea in children
167
5 Picornaviruses + presentation
``` Poliovirus Echovirus: aseptic meningitis Rhinovirus: "common cold" Coxsackievirus: 5 diseases HAV: acute viral hepatitis ```
168
5 diseases of Coxsackievirus
``` Aseptic meningitis Herpangina (mouth blisters + fever) Hand + foot + mouth ds Myocarditis Pericarditis ```
169
1 Hepevirus
HEV
170
1 Calicivirus + presentation
Norovirus: viral gastroenteritis
171
5 presentations of Flaviviruses
``` HCV Yellow fever Dengue St. Louis encephalitis West Nile virus ```
172
3 presentations of Togaviruses
Rubella Eastern equine encephalitis Western equine encephalitis
173
2 Retroviruses + presentations
HTLV: T-cell leukemia HIV: AIDS
174
3 presentations of Coronaviruses
"Common cold" SARS (Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome) MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome)
175
1 Orthomyxovirus
Influenza virus
176
4 Paramyxoviruses + presentations
Parainfluenza: croup RSV: bronchiolitis (babies) (ttt: Ribavirin) (prevention in premature infants: Palivizumab) Measles Mumps
177
1 Rhabdovirus
Rabies
178
1 Filovirus
Ebola/Marburg hemorrhagic fever
179
2 Arenaviruses + presentations
LCMV (Lymphocytic ChorioMeningitis Virus) | Lassa fever encephalitis
180
4 Bunyaviruses + presentations
California encephalitis Sandfly/Rift Valley fevers Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever Hantavirus: hemorrhagic fever, pneumonia
181
1 Deltavirus
HDV
182
All Picornaviruses are enteroviruses except 1 Acid-labile
Rhinovirus
183
3 characteristics + 4 symptoms of Yellow fever virus
Flavivirus Aedes mosquitoes Monkey + human reservoir High fever Black vomitus Jaundice Councilman bodies on liver biopsy
184
3 characteristics of Rotavirus
``` #1 infantile gastroenteritis (day care centers, kindergartens) Villous destruction + atrophy (loss of Na+ and K+) Routine vaccination of all infants ```
185
5 characteristics of Influenza viruses
Hemagglutinin Ag + Neuraminidase Ag Bacterial superinfection: S. aureus, s. pneumoniae, H. influenzae Reformulated vaccine (season) - rapid genetic change Killed vaccine (frequently used) Live attenuated vaccine (intranasally)
186
4 symptoms of Rubella + 5 of Congenital rubella
Fever, postauricular + other lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, fine rash on face then trunk + extremities Blueberry muffin rash (dermal extramedullary hematopoiesis), deafness, cataracts, cardiac defects (PDA), microcephaly/mental retardation
187
6 characteristics of Croup
``` Parainfluenza virus Barking cough Inspiratory stridor Narrowing of upper trachea + subglottis Steeple sign on XRay If severe, pulsus paradoxus ```
188
6 symptoms + 3 complications + reduction of morbi/morta of Measles
Prodromal fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, Koplik spots, maculopapular rash (1-2 days later): head/neck then downward SSPE (years later), encephalitis, giant cell pneumonia (immunodepressed) Vitamin A supplementation
189
4 symptoms + 1 complication of Mumps
Parotitis, orchitis, aseptic meningitis, pancreatitis Sterility
190
4 findings + 7 symptoms of Rabies
Negri bodies Long incubation period Travels to CNS (retrograde) then to salivary glands Postexposure prophylaxis: wound cleaning + killed vaccine + Ig Fever, agitation, hydrophobia, photophobia, hypersalivation, ascending flaccid paralysis, coma (then death)
191
8 findings in Ebola virus infection
``` Endothelial cells, phagocytes, hepatocytes Incubation period of 21 days Abrupt flu-like sympt., diarrhea, vomiting, high fever, myalgia Progression: DIC, diffuse hge, shock Dg: RO-PCR in 48h of sympt. Supportive care Strict isolation High mortality ```
192
4 general findings in Hepatitis viruses
Fever, jaundice, high ALT and AST Naked (HAV + HEV) not destroyed by gut HBV DNA-polymerase has DNA+RNA dependent activities HCV lacks 3'-5' exonuclease (variation in antigenic env prot)
193
5 differential diagnosis for HIV brain lesions w/ ring enhancing on head MRI
``` 1- Cerebral toxoplasmosis 2- CNS lymphoma 3- Primary brain tumors (glioblastoma multiforme) 4- Metastatic carcinoma 5- Fungal or bacterial abscesses ```
194
4 stages of untreated HIV infection
1- Acute, flu-like syndrome 2- Clinical latency (replication in lymph nodes) 3- Constitutinal symptoms (falling count) - CD4+<400 4- Opportunistic diseases (final crisis) - CD4+<200
195
3 diseases w/ elevated risk when CD4+ count diminishes in HIV
Reactivation of past infections (TB, HSV, shingles) Dissemination of bacterial + fungal infections Non-Hogdkin lymphomas
196
6 infections in HIV when CD4+<500
Candida albicans (oral thrush) EBV (oral hairy leukoplakia) Bartonella henselae (bacillary angiomatosis) HHV-8 (Kaposi sarcoma) Cryptosporidium spp. (chronic, watery diarrhea) HPV (squamous cell carcinoma)
197
3 infections in HIV w/ CD4+<200
HIV (dementia) JC (reactivation: PML) Pneumocystis jirovecii (pneumocystis pneumonia)
198
8 infections in HIV w/ CD4+<100
Aspergillus fum. (hemoptysis, pleuritic pain) Cryptococcus neof. (meningitis) Candida alb. (esophagitis) CMV (retinitis, esophagitis, colitis, pneumonitis, encephalitis) EBV (B-cell lymphoma) Histoplasma caps. (F*, weight loss, fatigue, cough, dyspnea, N/V, diarrhea) Mycobacterium av.-intrac. (systemic sympt./focal lymphadenitis) Toxoplasma gondii (brain abscesses)
199
4 symptoms + 3 diseases of Prions
Spongiform encephalopathy Dementia Ataxia Death Creutzfeldt-Jacob ds (rapidly prog., sporadic, rarely familial) Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Kuru (acquired, in human cannibalism)
200
Food poisoning that starts quickly + ends quickly
S. aureus | B. Cereus
201
7 bugs causing bloody diarrhea
``` Campylobacter E. histolytica Enterohemorrhagic E. coli Enteroinvasive E. coli Salmonella Shigella Y. enterocolitica ```
202
6 bugs causing watery diarrhea
``` C. difficile C. perfringens Enterotoxigenic E. coli Protozoa (Giardia, Cryptosporidium) V. cholerae Viruses (Rotavirus, Norovirus, Adenovirus) ```
203
Causes of pneumonia in alcoholics, IV drug users, aspiration
Alcoholics: Klebsiella, anaerobes (peptostreptococcus, fusobacterium, prevotella, bacteroides) IV drug: S. pneumoniae, S. aureus Aspiration: anaerobes
204
Causes of atypical pneumonia and pneumonia in cystic fibrosis
Atypical: Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia Cystic fibrosis: Pseudomonas, S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, Burkholderia cepacia
205
Causes of pneumonia in immunocompromised, nosocomial, postviral
I.compromised: S. aureus, enteric gram - rods, fungi, viruses, P. jirovecii (HIV) Nosocomial: S. aureus, Pseudomonas, enteric gram - rods Postviral: S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenzae
206
Most common causes of meningitis according to age + ttt
0-6 mo: group B Strep, E coli, Listeria 6 mo - 60 yo: S pneumo, N meningitidis Teens: N meningitidis ``` Ceftriaxone + Vancomycin (empirically) Add Ampicillin (if Listeria suspected) ```
207
Causes of osteomyelitis
S aureus Sickle cell ds: Salmonella, S aureus Prosthetic joint: S aureus, S epidermidis Vertebral: S aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis IV drug: Pseudomonas, Candida, S aureus Sexually active: N gonorrhoeae (septic arthritis)
208
3 leading causes of UTI
E coli Staph saprophyticus Klebsiella pneumo
209
3 vaginal infections
``` Bacterial vaginosis (Gardnerella vaginalis) Trichomonas vaginitis (Trichomonas vaginalis) Candida vulvovaginitis (Candida albicans) ```
210
5 characteristics of Bacterial vaginosis
``` No inflammation Thin, white discharge + pruritus Fishy odor Clue cells / Whiff test + Ttt: Metronidazole or Clindamycin ```
211
4 characteristics of Trichomonas vaginitis
Inflammation (strawberry cervix) Yellow-green, foul-smelling discharge Motile trichomonads Ttt: Metronidazole + ttt partner
212
5 characteristics of Candida vulvovaginitis
``` Inflammation Thick, white discharge Pruritus + erythema Pseudohyphae Ttt: Fluconazole ```
213
3 findings in ToRSHeS infections
Toxoplasma g, Rubella, CMV, HIV, HSV-2, Syphilis Transplacental (or via delivery for HSV-2) Hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation
214
Maternal transm., maternal manif., neonatal manif. for Toxoplasma gondii
Cat feces / undercooked meat Asymptomatic / rarely lymphadenopathy Triad: chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications +/- blueberry muffin rash
215
Maternal transm., maternal manif., neonatal manif. for Rubella
Respiratory droplets Rash, lymphadenopathy, polyarthritis, polyarthralgia Triad: cataract, deafness, PDA +/- blueberry muffin rash
216
Maternal transm., maternal manif., neonatal manif. for CMV
Sexual contact / organ transplant Asymptomatic / mononucleosis-like illness Hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash, periventricular calcifications, blueberry muffin rash
217
Maternal transm., maternal manif., neonatal manif. for HIV
Sexual contact / needlestick Presentation depending on CD4+ count Recurrent infections, chronic diarrhea
218
Maternal transm., maternal manif., neonatal manif. for HSV-2
Skin-mucous membrane contact Asymptomatic / herpetic lesions Encephalitis, herpetic lesions
219
Maternal transm., maternal manif., neonatal manif. for Syphilis
Sexual contact Chancre (1*), disseminated rash (2*) Stillbirth, hydrops fetalis If child survives: facial abnl (notched teeth, saddle nose, short maxilla), saber shins, CN VIII deafness
220
7 Red rashes of childhood
``` Coxsackievirus A (Hand-foot-mouth ds) HHV-6 (Roseola) Measles virus (Rubeola) Parvovirus B19 (Erythema infectiosum) Rubella virus (Rubella) Streptococcus pyogenes (Scarlet fever) VZV (Chickenpox) ```
221
6 genital lesions sexually transmitted
Chancroid - Haemophilus ducreyi (painful ulcer w/ exudate + inguinal adenopathy) Condylomata acuminata - HPV-6/11 (genital warts) Genital herpes (painful vesicles/ulcers) Lymphogranuloma venerum - Chlamydia trachomatis L1-L3 (painless genital ulcers + painful lymphadenopathy) 1* syphilis (painless chancre) 2* syphilis (condylomata lata)
222
Causes + signs/symptoms + complications of PID
``` Chlamydia trachomatis (subacute) Neisseria gonorrhoeae (acute) ``` Cervical tenderness, purulent discharge Salpingitis, endometritis, hydrosalpinx, tubo-ovarian abscess Salpingitis (ectopic pregnancy, infertility, chronic pelvic pain, adhesions) Fitz-Hugh-Curtis sd

Dr. Mel - Microbiology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions