First Aid: Behavioral Science Flashcards Preview

USMLE Step 1 Prep > First Aid: Behavioral Science > Flashcards

Flashcards in First Aid: Behavioral Science Deck (16)
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1
Q

What is the difference between a case-control and cohort study?

A

Case-control is only retrospective (What happened)

Cohort can be retro or prospective (Who will develop disease or Who developed disease comparing exposed vs. nonexposed)

2
Q

What does sensitivity tell you? Specificity?

A

Sensitivity = Rate of TRUE POSITIVES
SNNOUT - When a test is highly sensitive it has a high likelihood of ruling OUT disease in those who are negative.

Specificity = Rate of TRUE NEGATIVES
SPPIN - When a test is highly specific, it has a high likelihood of ruing IN disease in those who are positive

3
Q

What does sensitivity tell you? Specificity?

A

Sensitivity = Rate of TRUE POSITIVES
SNNOUT - When a test is highly sensitive it has a high likelihood of ruling OUT disease in those who are negative.

Specificity = Rate of TRUE NEGATIVES
SPPIN - When a test is highly specific, it has a high likelihood of ruing IN disease in those who are positive

4
Q

What is the difference between standard deviation and standard error of the mean?

A

SD = variability from the mean

SEM = sample mean vs. population mean variability

5
Q

What do bimodal distributions suggest?

A

Two different populations (e.g. suicide rate by age)

6
Q

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type II error (alpha vs. beta)? How can either be avoided?

A

Alpha = false positive; you saw an association when one really wasn’t there
-avoid by using p value 5% chance of error

Beta = false negative; you missed an association that is there
-avoid by increasing the power of your study (increase sample size); increasing precision of measurement; increasing expected effect size

7
Q

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type II error (alpha vs. beta)? How can either be avoided?

A

Alpha = false positive; you saw an association when one really wasn’t there
-avoid by using p value 5% chance of error

Beta = false negative; you missed an association that is there
-avoid by increasing the power of your study (increase sample size); increasing precision of measurement; increasing expected effect size

8
Q

What is the purpose of the Confidence Interval? How do you calculate?

A

to determine if significant difference exists between two groups. If CI between 2 groups overlap, there is no significant difference.

CI = [mean - Z(SEM)] to [mean + Z(SEM)]
Z = 1.96 for 95%, Z=2.58 for 99%
9
Q

What is the purpose of the Confidence Interval? How do you calculate?

A

to determine if significant difference exists between two groups. If CI between 2 groups overlap, there is no significant difference.

CI = [mean - Z(SEM)] to [mean + Z(SEM)]
Z = 1.96 for 95%, Z=2.58 for 99%
10
Q

What does the t-test check for? ANOVA? Chi-square?

A

t-test - check difference between means of 2 groups

ANOVA - check difference between means of 3 or more groups

Chi-square - Chi-tegorical - checks difference between 2 or more percentages or proportions of categorical outcomes (not mean values)

11
Q

What does the Pearson coefficient (r) measure?

A

Measures the level of correlation between 2 variables. the closer the absolute value of r is to one, the greater the correlation.

r can range from -1 (negative correlation) to +1 (positive correlation)

12
Q

What does the Pearson coefficient (r) measure?

A

Measures the level of correlation between 2 variables. the closer the absolute value of r is to one, the greater the correlation.

r can range from -1 (negative correlation) to +1 (positive correlation)

13
Q

What is a key difference between a living will and medical power of attorney?

A

Medical power of attorney is more flexible and can be revoked at anytime the patient wishes (regardless of competence).

14
Q

What is the priority of surrogates?

A

Spouse > adult children > parents > adult siblings > other relatives

15
Q

What is the priority of surrogates?

A

Spouse > adult children > parents > adult siblings > other relatives

16
Q

What does the apgar score measure?

A

Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity and Respiration

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