FIRST AID/CPR/AED

Question 1

BASIC LI FE SUPPORT CORE. 1 0 7 0 . 1 0 1
The cadet will complete the following objectives as listed in the standardized First-
Aid, Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR), Automated External Defibrillator
(AED) National Safety Council Course:

Answer 1

♦ Identify when basic life support (BLS) is needed
♦ Identify the links in the cardiac chain of survival
♦ Identify CAB (Circulation, Airway and Breathing) as it relates to adults,
children, and Infants
♦ Identify when and how chest compressions are given
♦ Identify opening the airway and breathing as the second and third phase of
CAB
♦ Identify the importance of using a barrier device for rescue breaths
♦ State when cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is needed
♦ Identify the correct hand position for chest compressions in an adult, child,
and infant
♦ Identify the correct rate and depth of chest compressions
♦ Identify the correct ratio of chest compressions to breaths
♦ Identify situations in which CPR can stop
♦ Identify how to give choking care to an unresponsive adult
♦ Identify when and how to use an automated external defibrillator (AED)
Demonstrate how to perform CPR to an adult
♦ Demonstrate how to properly use an AED on an adult

Question 2

♦ Identify when basic life support (BLS) is needed

Answer 2

• First aid given if the victim’s breathing or heart stops. Needed for victims
of: Cardiac arrest, drowning, choking or injuries/conditions that affect
breathing or the heart.

Question 3

♦ Identify the links in the cardiac chain of survival

Answer 3

• Early access – Early CPR – Early defibrillation – Early advanced care

Question 4

♦ Identify when and how chest compressions are given

Answer 4

• Chest compressions should be given immediately if the victim is not
breathing normally (demonstrated during practical)
• If rescuer is not willing to give mouth to mouth, they should continue with
chest compressions only

Question 5

♦ Identify opening the airway and breathing as the second and third phase of CAB

Answer 5

• Place hand on forehead, lift with other hand under chin (demonstrate)

Question 6

♦ Identify the importance of using a barrier device for rescue breaths

Answer 6

• Barrier device always recommended for protection of care giver and
victim

Question 7

♦ State when cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is needed

Answer 7

• CPR is needed when a victims breathing or heart stops

Question 8

♦ Identify the correct hand position for chest compressions in an adult, child,
and infant

Answer 8

• For an adult, the heel of hand with other hand locked on top on lower half
of the breastbone, midway between nipples
• For a child, the rescuer uses the heel of one hand on lower half of the
breastbone, midway between nipples
• For an infant, the rescuer uses two fingers just below the nipple line on the
lower half of the breastbone

Question 9

♦ Identify the correct rate and depth of chest compressions

Answer 9

• The correct rate of chest compressions is universal for all ages: 30
compressions at the rate of at least 100/minute. Depth of chest
compressions for infants (0 to 1 year old) compress with 2 fingers ½ the
thickness of their body. For children (1 to 8 years old) compress with
palm of hand ½ to ⅓ the thickness of their body. For adults, compress
with both hands at least 2 inches.

Question 10

♦ Identify the correct ratio of chest compressions to breaths

Answer 10

• 30 compression then 2 breaths

Question 11

♦ Identify situations in which CPR can stop

Answer 11

• Someone with equal or greater training can take over. Scene becomes unsafe. Too tired to continue. Victim starts to breathe on their own. An AED is brought to scene to hook up to victim.

Question 12

♦ Identify how to give choking care to an unresponsive adult

Answer 12

• When a choking victim becomes unresponsive start CPR.

Question 13

♦ Identify when and how to use an automated external defibrillator (AED)

Answer 13

• An AED should be used with an adult, child or infant victim who is not
breathing (demonstrate)

Question 14

CHECK THE VICTIM CORE. 1 0 7 0 . 1 0 3
The cadet will complete the following objectives as listed in the standardized First-
Aid, CPR, AED National Safety Council Course:

Answer 14

♦ Describe how to do the initial assessment of a victim
♦ List the parts of the victim’s history that should be obtained and how to obtain it
♦ Describe how to perform a physical examination
♦ Demonstrate how to check the victim for life-threatening problems

Question 15

♦ Describe how to do the initial assessment of a victim

Answer 15

• After checking the scene for safety and calling 911, check the victim’s
responsiveness and breathing. Get the victim’s history (what happened?).
• Physically examine the victim and monitor the victim for any changes

Question 16

♦ List the parts of the victim’s history that should be obtained and how to obtain it

Answer 16

• Talk to a responsive victim, or ask bystanders to find out more about what
happened and the victim’s history
• Use the SAMPLE history format:
S – Signs and symptoms
A – Allergies
M – Medications
P – Previous problems
L – Last food or drink
E – Events

Question 17

♦ Describe how to perform a physical examination

Answer 17

• Examine the victim head-to-toe looking for anything out of the ordinary:
pain when an area is touched, bleeding or other wounds, an area that is
swollen or deformed from usual appearance, skin color (flushed or pale),
temperature (hot or cold), condition (dry, sweating, clammy), abnormal
sensation or movement of the area.

Question 18

RECOVERY POSITION CORE. 1 0 7 0 . 1 0 4
The cadet will complete the following objectives as listed in the standardized First-
Aid, CPR, AED National Safety Council Course:

Answer 18

♦ Identify the purpose of the recovery position
♦ Demonstrate how to place an unresponsive breathing adult in the recovery
position

Question 19

♦ Identify the purpose of the recovery position

Answer 19

• If a person is breathing, but is unresponsive, they need to be put in the
recovery position. The recovery position keeps the airway open, allows
fluids to drain from the mouth, and prevents inhalation of stomach
contents in case of vomiting. This is done by laying the person on their
left side with their head supported and their legs bent slightly. Note: do
not move a victim if a neck or back injury is suspected unless a life
threatening situation exists.

Question 20

♦ Demonstrate how to place an unresponsive breathing adult in the recovery
position

Answer 20

Self explanatory

Question 21

CHOKING RESPONSIVE VICTIM CORE. 1 0 7 0 . 1 0 5
The cadet will complete the following objectives as listed in the standardized First-
Aid, CPR, AED National Safety Council Course:

Answer 21

♦ Identify correct choking care for a partially obstructed responsive adult who
can cough
♦ Identify how to give abdominal thrusts to a responsive choking adult
♦ Demonstrate how to provide choking care for a responsive adult

Question 22

♦ Identify correct choking care for a partially obstructed responsive adult who
can cough

Answer 22

• Leave them alone, but encourage them to keep coughing to expel the
object

Question 23

♦ Identify how to give abdominal thrusts to a responsive choking adult

Answer 23

• Make a fist and place just above the navel with other hand behind fist, pull
inward and upward with sharp jerking movements to cause residual air in
stomach to back flush the object and push it out of the airway

Question 24

HEART ATTACK AND CHEST PAIN CORE. 1 0 7 0 . 1 0 6
The cadet will complete the following objectives as listed in the standardized First-
Aid, CPR, AED National Safety Council Course:

Answer 24

♦ Describe the signs and symptoms of a heart attack
♦ List the general steps of first aid for a heart attack
♦ Differentiate between heart attack and angina

Question 25

♦ Describe the signs and symptoms of a heart attack

Answer 25

• The signs and symptoms of a heart attack vary considerably, from complaints of persistent pressure, tightness, ache, or pain in the chest. Complaints of pain spreading to neck, shoulders or arms, shortness of breath, complaints of dizziness, lightheadedness, feeling of impending doom, pale, moist skin or heavy sweating and nausea.

Question 26

♦ List the general steps of first aid for a heart attack

Answer 26

• Call 911 immediately, even if the victim says it is not serious. Help victim to rest in a comfortable position (often sitting). Loosen tight clothing and keep the victim from moving. If the victim is taking heart medication, help them obtain and take it. Allow the victim one aspirin (unless allergic).

Question 27

♦ Differentiate between heart attack and angina

Answer 27

• Angina is a situation where there is an oxygen demand-supply imbalance and the heart muscle is not getting enough oxygen, which causes a decrease in properly oxygenated blood. The heart muscle is “crying out for help” and sometimes it is presented as chest pain or jaw pain. Usually rest causes the pain to ease up. Angina pain is only present when stress is placed on the heart. When the heart muscle continues to be deprived of oxygen and fresh blood, the muscle ends up dying (called a heart attack).

Question 28

PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION CORE. 1 0 7 0 . 1 0 7 The cadet will complete the following objectives as listed in the standardized First- Aid, CPR, AED National Safety Council Course:

Answer 28

♦ List standard precautions to prevent transmission of disease ♦ Identify personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect yourself from infection

Question 29

♦ List standard precautions to prevent transmission of disease

Answer 29

• Use personal protective equipment (PPE). Wash your hands with soap and water before and after giving first aid. Cover any cuts/scrapes. Do not touch your mouth, nose, or eyes when giving first aid. Do not touch soiled objects. Avoid sharps (needles). Clean up spills appropriately. Follow Exposure Control Plan.

Question 30

♦ Identify personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect yourself from infection

Answer 30

• Anything used to protect you from contact with blood or other bodily fluids. Keep medical exam gloves in your first aid kit. Use a pocket-face mask or face shield when giving rescue breaths during CPR. Eye protection, masks, and gowns or aprons (rarely needed for first aid).

Question 31

♦ Demonstrate how to take off medical exam gloves

Answer 31

Done it

Question 32

BLEEDING AND WOUND CARE CORE. 1 0 7 0 . 1 0 8 The cadet will complete the following objectives as listed in the standardized First- Aid, CPR, AED National Safety Council Course:

Answer 32

♦ Identify how to control bleeding with direct pressure ♦ Demonstrate how to control bleeding ♦ Describe how to clean and dress a minor wound ♦ List signs and symptoms of wound infection ♦ Identify when to seek medical attention for a wound ♦ Determine the need for a tetanus booster

Question 33

♦ Identify how to control bleeding with direct pressure

Answer 33

• Apply pressure directly to the wound with gloved hand. Do not remove a bloody dressing just place a new dressing on top.

Question 34

♦ Demonstrate how to control bleeding

Answer 34

Done it

Question 35

♦ Describe how to clean and dress a minor wound

Answer 35

• Gently wash a shallow wound with soap and water. Irrigate a deeper wound under running water for at least 5 minutes. Use a gauze pad or tweezers to remove any large particles. Pat the area dry. Apply an antibiotic ointment only on abrasions. Cover the wound with a sterile dressing and bandage.

Question 36

♦ List signs and symptoms of wound infection

Answer 36

• Pain, pus, and fever are signs and symptoms of infection. Indicators of an infected wound are: red, swollen, warm, or red streaks or trails on the skin near the wound.

Question 37

♦ Identify when to seek medical attention for a wound

Answer 37

• Seek medical attention if: Bleeding is not easily controlled. The wound is deep or large. It is a significant wound on the face. There are signs and symptoms that the wound may be infected. The wound is a bite from an animal or human. • Also seek medical attention if: A foreign object or material is embedded in the wound. Victim is unsure about tetanus vaccination. The victim may need stitches for cuts on the face or hands when the edges do not close together, gaping wounds or cuts longer than one inch.

Question 38

♦ Determine the need for a tetanus booster

Answer 38

• If the wound is deep, or a puncture wound, and it has been 10 years or longer since a tetanus shot was given

Question 39

♦ Identify the care needed for:

Answer 39

- • Puncture wounds & impaled objects - • Amputations - • Injuries of the genitals - • Injuries of the head and face - • Injuries of the skull - • Injuries of the eye - • Injuries of the ear - • Injuries of the nose - • Injuries of the mouth

Question 40

• Puncture wounds & impaled objects

Answer 40

 Seek medical attention for both. Remove any small objects or dirt, but not larger impaled objects (removing an object could cause more injury and bleeding). Leave large or impaled objects in place and dress the wound around it.

Question 41

• Amputations

Answer 41

 Control bleeding and care for the wound first, then recover the severed part in dry sterile dressing or clean cloth – Do not wash it. Place the part in plastic bag and seal it. Place the sealed bag in another bag or container with ice and transport with victim to emergency room.

Question 42

• Injuries of the genitals

Answer 42

 Provide privacy and use direct pressure to control external bleeding  Provide support with a towel between legs

Question 43

• Injuries of the head and face

Answer 43

 With any significant injury to the head, consider a possible neck or spinal injury. Do not move the victim’s head while giving first aid for head and face wounds.

Question 44

• Injuries of the skull

Answer 44

 If there is a deformed area of the skull, a depressed area in the bone felt during the physical examination, blood or fluid from the ears or nose, or an impaled object in the skull, you should presume there may be skull injury and do the following:o Check for responsiveness and normal breathing. Do not clean the wound or remove an impaled object. Cover wound with sterile dressing. With significant bleeding, apply pressure only around edges of wound (if skull fracture is suspected). Do not move victim unless necessary.

Question 45

• Injuries of the eye

Answer 45

 If the eye is bleeding or leaking fluid, call 911 or get victim to emergency room immediately. Place a cold pack over eye for 15 minutes to ease pain and reduce swelling, but do not apply direct pressure on the eye.  If there is a large object in the eye, do not remove the object; stabilize it in place with dressings or bulky cloth. Cover both eyes and transport victim to emergency room.  If chemical or substance is splashed in the eye, rinse with running water for at least 20 minutes

Question 46

• Injuries of the ear

Answer 46

 Control bleeding from external ear with direct pressure and dress the wound  For bleeding from within the ear: If blood looks watery, this could mean a skull fracture – call 911. Help victim to sit up, tilting affected ear down to let blood drain (if no fracture is suspected). Cover ear with loose sterile dressing. Seek medical help immediately. Do not plug the ear to try and stop bleeding!

Question 47

• Injuries of the nose

Answer 47

 If the nose is bleeding: Have victim sit and tilt head slightly forward with mouth open. Have victim pinch nostrils together just below the bridge of nose for 10 minutes. Victim should breathe through mouth and not speak, swallow, cough or sniff. The victim can also place cold compress on bridge of nose.

Question 48

• Injuries of the mouth

Answer 48

 Have victim sit with head tilted forward to let blood drain. Place gauze dressing in mouth and over wound to stop bleeding.  Do not rinse mouth with water, this may prevent clotting  Seek medical attention if bleeding is severe or does not stop

Question 49

♦ Describe the uses of different types of bandages

Answer 49

• Roller bandages are used to create circular pressure around limb that is generally bleeding. Elastic roller bandages are used to support a joint that is strained or sprained and to prevent swelling.

Question 50

♦ Demonstrate how to apply a pressure bandage

Answer 50

done

Question 51

♦ Demonstrate how to apply a roller bandage

Answer 51

done

Question 52

♦ Describe the care for internal bleeding

Answer 52

* Check for signs and symptoms of fracture or sprain * Lie victim down with feet raised about twelve inches (treat for shock) * Be alert for vomiting * Call 911 – Do not allow victim to drink anything!

Question 53

SHOCK CORE. 1 0 7 0 . 1 0 9 The cadet will complete the following objectives as listed in the standardized First- Aid, CPR, AED National Safety Council Course:

Answer 53

??

Question 54

♦ List the causes of shock

Answer 54

♦ List the causes of shock • Severe bleeding, heart problems, nervous system injuries, dehydration, serious infections, severe burns, allergic reactions

Question 55

♦ Identify the signs and symptoms of shock

Answer 55

♦ Identify the signs and symptoms of shock • Anxiety/confusion, dizziness pale/bluish skin, cold/clammy skin, rapid, shallow breathing nausea/vomiting, thirst, changing levels of responsiveness

Question 56

♦ Identify the first aid for shock

Answer 56

♦ Identify the first aid for shock • Call 911. Monitor the victim’s breathing and be ready to give CPR. Treat victim for shock. Do not allow victim to eat, drink, or smoke.

Question 57

♦ Demonstrate how to place a victim in the shock position

Answer 57

♦ Demonstrate how to place a victim in the shock position • This is done by having the victim lie down and raising the victim’s legs above the height of the heart with support behind the knees

Question 58

♦ List the causes of allergic reaction shock

Answer 58

♦ List the causes of allergic reaction shock • Drugs (i.e., penicillin, sulfa), foods (i.e., peanuts, shellfish, eggs, etc.), insect stings and bites (i.e., bees, wasps)

Question 59

♦ Identify the first aid for allergic reaction shock

Answer 59

♦ Identify the first aid for allergic reaction shock • Call 911. Monitor the victim’s breathing and be prepared to give CPR. Help victim use epinephrine kit. Help victim sit up in position of easiest breathing.

Question 60

BURNS CORE. 1 0 7 0 . 1 1 0 The cadet will complete the following objectives as listed in the standardized First- Aid, CPR, AED National Safety Council Course:

Answer 60

?

Question 61

♦ Describe how to put out a fire on a victim

Answer 61

♦ Describe how to put out a fire on a victim • Victim should stop, drop, and roll. You can put water on a victim that is on fire or cover with a blanket or jacket to smother the fire.

Question 62

♦ Differentiate among first, second, and third-degree burns

Answer 62

♦ Differentiate among first, second, and third-degree burns • First-degree burn: Skin is red, dry, painful with minimal swelling, and skin is not broken • Second-degree burn: Skin is swollen, red, may blister while weeping clear fluid, and is painful • Third-degree burn: Skin appears white, leathery, and relatively painless

Question 63

♦ Determine first aid for first-degree heat burns

Answer 63

♦ Determine first aid for first-degree heat burns • Stop the burning by removing the heat source, cool burned area with cold water by immersing in cold water or cover with wet cloth for ten minutes or more. Remove clothing, jewelry or constricting items and protect the burned area from friction or pressure.

Question 64

♦ Identify first aid for second and third-degree heat burns

Answer 64

♦ Identify first aid for second and third-degree heat burns • First aid for second-degree burns: Remove the heat source, cool burned area with cold water or cover with wet cloth for ten minutes or more. Remove clothing and jewelry for the area. Place non-stick dressing over burn to protect area, but keep it loose and do not tape it to the skin. • First aid for third-degree burns: Stop the burning by removing heat source. Cool surrounding area first and second-degree burn area with cold water. Remove clothing and jewelry. • Call 911. Treat for shock. Carefully cover the burn with non-stick dressing.

Question 65

♦ Identify first aid for chemical burns

Answer 65

♦ Identify first aid for chemical burns • Brush off any dry chemical from skin. If chemical is liquid, giving off fumes, move victim or ventilate area. Flush the area as quickly as possible with running water for at least thirty minutes. Remove clothing and jewelry from burn area. Call 911. Place non-stick dressing over burn.

Question 66

♦ Identify first aid for electrical burns and shocks

Answer 66

♦ Identify first aid for electrical burns and shocks • Do not touch victim until you know area is safe. If victim is unresponsive, give BLS in Recovery Position and monitor breathing. Be ready to give CPR. Call 911. Care for the burn (stop burning, cool area, remove clothing, jewelry, and cover burn). Treat for shock.

Question 67

SERIOUS INJURI ES CORE. 1 0 7 0 . 1 1 1

Answer 67

The cadet will complete the following objectives as listed in the standardized First- Aid, CPR, AED National Safety Council Course:

Question 68

♦ Identify situations when a spinal injury is possible

Answer 68

♦ Identify situations when a spinal injury is possible • Any injury to the head may also injure the spine. • When you find a serious head injury, suspect a neck or back injury

Question 69

♦ Demonstrate in-line stabilization for spinal injuries

Answer 69

?

Question 70

♦ Identify first aid for the following

Answer 70

?

Question 71

• Broken ribs

Answer 71

 Have victim sit in a position of easiest breathing. Support ribs with a pillow or soft padding, loosely bandage over area, and under arm for support. Call 911.

Question 72

• Objects impaled in the chest

Answer 72

• Objects impaled in the chest  Leave object in chest and bandage around immobilizing object. Keep victim still and call 911.

Question 73

• Sucking chest wounds

Answer 73

• Sucking chest wounds  Place a thin sterile dressing over wound. Make airtight seal with plastic bag/wrap-Tape it on three sides as victim exhales. Position victim lying inclined toward injured side. Call 911.

Question 74

• Open abdominal injuries

Answer 74

• Open abdominal injuries  Lay victim on back. Loosen any tight clothing. If organs are protruding through the wound opening, do not push them back in. Cover area with sterile dressing. Call 911. Treat for shock.

Question 75

• Closed abdominal injuries

Answer 75

• Closed abdominal injuries  Position victim on back and loosen clothing. Call 911. Treat for shock and monitor breathing.

Question 76

• Pelvic injuries

Answer 76

• Pelvic injuries  Help victim lie on back. Immobilize victim’s legs by padding between thighs and ankles. Bandage legs together. Call 911. Treat for shock and monitor victim’s breathing.

Question 77

BONE, JOINT, AND MUSCLE INJURIES CORE. 1 0 7 0 . 1 1 2

Answer 77

The cadet will complete the following objectives as listed in the standardized First- Aid, CPR, AED National Safety Council Course:

Question 78

• Fractures

Answer 78

• Fractures  Immobilize area. With extremity, immobilize joints above and below. Call 911 for large bone fracture. With open fracture, cover wound with dressing and apply gentle pressure around the site if needed to control bleeding. Place ice or cold pack on area. If help may be delayed or if victim is to be transported, immobilize with a splint.

Question 79

• Dislocations

Answer 79

• Dislocations  Immobilize area in position found. Call 911. Place ice or cold pack on area. Use a splint to immobilize the area.

Question 80

• Sprains

Answer 80

• Sprains  Immobilize area in position found. Place ice or cold pack on area. Wrap joint with compression bandage. Use soft splint to immobilize and support joint. Elevate sprained hand or ankle above level of heart. Seek medical attention.

Question 81

• Bruises

Answer 81

• Bruises  Rest the muscle. Place ice or cold pack on area: twenty minutes on and at least thirty minutes off. With extremity, wrap a compression bandage around muscle. Elevate limb.

Question 82

• Cramps

Answer 82

• Cramps  Gently stretch out the muscle if possible. Message after cramping stops. Drink plenty of fluids.

Question 83

♦ Identify how to use rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) for an injury

Answer 83

• R: any movement of a musculoskeletal injury can cause further injury, pain, and swelling. Have victim rest until medical help arrives. Rest is important for healing. • I: Ice reduces swelling, lessens pain, and minimizes bruising. Place ice in a plastic bag or use commercial cold pack. Place cloth between skin and cold source. Apply twenty minutes on and thirty minutes off for first few hours. • C: Compression helps minimize internal bleeding and swelling. Use elastic roller bandage for compression of injured extremity. Wrap bandage over injured area or around the ice or cold pack. Check fingers or toes to make sure circulation is not cut off. • E. Elevation minimizes swelling and controls internal or external bleeding. Splint a fracture first and elevate it only if moving limb does not cause pain.

Question 84

♦ Describe different types of splints and how to place a splint

Answer 84

• Rigid splints are made from a board, a piece of plastic, rolled newspaper or thick cardboard or magazine • Soft splints are made from a pillow, folded blanket, towel or triangular bandage • Guidelines for Splinting:  Place dressing on any open wound before splinting area  Splint only if it does not cause more pain for victim  Splint to immobilize entire area  Place padding between splint and skin  Place splints on both sides of fractured bone if possible  Apply cold pack to injury around splint  With splinted extremity, check the fingers or toes frequently to make sure circulation is not cut off  Swelling, tingling or numbness, and cold skin are signs and symptoms of reduced circulation

Question 85

SUDDEN ILLNESS CORE. 1 0 7 0 . 1 1 3

Answer 85

The cadet will complete the following objectives as listed in the standardized First- Aid, CPR, AED National Safety Council Course:

Question 86

♦ Describe the general signs and symptoms of sudden illness

Answer 86

♦ Describe the general signs and symptoms of sudden illness • Skin color changes (flushed or pale), sweating, nausea, and vomiting. Person feels ill, dizzy, confused, or weak

Question 87

♦ List the general steps of first aid for sudden illness

Answer 87

♦ List the general steps of first aid for sudden illness • Call 911 for unexplained sudden illness. Help victim rest and avoid chilling or overheating. Reassure victim. Do not give victim anything to eat or drink. Watch for change and be prepared to give basic life support.

Question 88

♦ Identify the first aid steps for: | • Stroke

Answer 88

• Stroke  Call 911. Monitor the victim’s breathing and be prepared to give CPR. Have victim lie down with head and shoulders slightly raised. Loosen constrictive clothing. If necessary, turn victim’s head to side to allow drool or vomit to drain.

Question 89

♦ Identify the first aid steps for: | • Respiratory distress

Answer 89

• Respiratory distress  For sudden unexplained breathing problems call 911. Calm and reassure victim. Place patient in position of easiest breathing. Ask about any prescribed medicine and help with medication if needed. Stay with victim and be prepared to give CPR.

Question 90

♦ Identify the first aid steps for: | • Asthma

Answer 90

• Asthma  If victim does not know they have asthma (first attack) call 911. Help victim use their medication (usually an inhaler). Help victim rest and sit in position for easiest breathing. Victim may use inhaler again if needed.

Question 91

♦ Identify the first aid steps for: | • Fainting

Answer 91

• Fainting  Call 911 if victim does not regain responsiveness soon or faints repeatedly. Place unresponsive victim in recovery position to let mouth drain in case of vomiting.

Question 92

♦ Identify the first aid steps for: | • Seizures

Answer 92

 Prevent injury by putting something flat and soft under victim’s head. Loosen clothing around neck to ease breathing. Turn victim onto one side to help keep airway clear if vomiting occurs. Be reassuring as victim regains responsiveness.

Question 93

♦ Identify the first aid steps for: | • Severe abdominal pain

Answer 93

• Severe abdominal pain  Seek medical attention if pain begins in central abdomen and later moves to right. Is accompanied by fever, sweating, black or bloody stool, or blood in urine. Is associated with pregnancy. Involves difficulty breathing. Involves vomiting blood or greenish-brown fluid. Occurs suddenly and returns without warning. Is associated with swollen abdomen that feels hard. Involves a hard lump in lower abdomen or groin area.

Question 94

♦ Identify the first aid steps for: | • Diabetic emergencies

Answer 94

• Diabetic emergencies  Talk to victim and confirm diabetes. Give sugar, 3 glucose tablets, ½ cup of fruit juice, one or two packets of sugar or five to six pieces of hard candy.

Question 95

♦ Identify the first aid steps for: | • Problems in pregnancy

Answer 95

• Problems in pregnancy |  Call 911. Monitor breathing and be prepared to give CPR.

Question 96

POISONING CORE. 1 0 7 0 . 1 1 4

Answer 96

The cadet will complete the following objectives as listed in the standardized First- Aid, CPR, AED National Safety Council Course:

Question 97

♦ Identify when to call the Poison Control Center or 911 in cases of poisoning

Answer 97

♦ Identify when to call the Poison Control Center or 911 in cases of poisoning • Determine what was swallowed, when and, how much. If victim is responsive call Poison Control Center. If unresponsive, call 911 and be ready to give CPR if needed.

Question 98

♦ Identify first aid steps for victims of swallowed poison

Answer 98

♦ Identify first aid steps for victims of swallowed poison • Follow directions of Poison Control Center or call 911 if unresponsive. Treat for shock and be prepared to give CPR.

Question 99

♦ Identify first aid steps for victims of inhaled poison

Answer 99

♦ Identify first aid steps for victims of inhaled poison • Immediately move victim to fresh air. Call 911 even if victim starts to recover. Monitor victim and give BLS as needed. • In industrial settings, know the location and effects of chemicals, the location of material safety data sheets (MSDS) and other chemical emergency information, and the location of antidote supplies

Question 100

♦ List steps to take for a victim of apparent alcohol or drug overdose or abuse

Answer 100

♦ List steps to take for a victim of apparent alcohol or drug overdose or abuse • For unresponsive intoxicated person: Position person in recovery position; be prepared for vomiting. Monitor the victim’s breathing and give CPR if needed. Call 911 if breathing is irregular, if seizures occur, or if person cannot be roused.

Question 101

♦ Determine the first aid for a victim of poison ivy, oak, or sumac

Answer 101

♦ Determine the first aid for a victim of poison ivy, oak, or sumac • Wash area thoroughly with soap and water. For severe reactions or swelling of face, victim needs medical attention. Treat itching with colloid oatmeal baths, calamine lotion, topical hydrocortisone cream, and oral antihistamine. Wash clothing, shoes and pets that have been exposed.

Question 102

♦ Identify the steps of first aid for a victim with:

Answer 102

♦ Identify the steps of first aid for a victim with: • Animal bite  Clean wound with soap and water. Run water over wound for five minutes. Control bleeding. Cover wound with sterile dressing and bandage. Victim should see healthcare provider or go to emergency room immediately.

Question 103

• Human bite

Answer 103

• Human bite  Clean wound with soap and water. Run water over wound for five minutes. Control bleeding. Cover wound with sterile dressing and bandage. Victim should see healthcare provider or go to emergency room immediately.

Question 104

• Snake bite

Answer 104

• Snake bite  Have victim lie down and stay calm. Keep bite area immobile and below level of heart. Wash bite with soap and water. For coral snakes only, wrap extremity with snug bandage. Remove jewelry or tight clothing before swelling. Do not try to catch snake, but note appearance.

Question 105

• Spider bite

Answer 105

• Spider bite  If victim has difficulty breathing, call 911 and be prepared to give CPR if needed. Keep bite area below level of heart. Wash area with soap and water. Place ice or cold pack on bite area. Try to identify the type of spider for healthcare provider.

Question 106

• Tick bite

Answer 106

• Tick bite  Wash area with soap and water. Apply antiseptic such as rubbing alcohol and antibiotic cream. Seek medical attention if rash appears around site or victim later experiences fever, chills, joint pain, or other flu-like symptoms.

Question 107

• Bee or wasp sting

Answer 107

• Bee or wasp sting  Remove stinger from skin by scraping it away gently with a piece of thin plastic. Call 911 for known allergy to stings. Wash area with soap and water.

Question 108

• Scorpion sting

Answer 108

• Scorpion sting  Monitor breathing and be prepared to give CPR if needed. Carefully wash sting area. Place an ice or cold pack on area. Seek urgent medical attention.

Question 109

COLD AND HEAT EMERGENCIES CORE. 1 0 7 0 . 1 1 5

Answer 109

The cadet will complete the following objectives as listed in the standardized First- Aid, CPR, AED National Safety Council Course:

Question 110

♦ List the signs of a cold emergency

Answer 110

♦ List the signs of a cold emergency • Frostbite: Skin looks waxy and white, gray, yellow or bluish. Area feels numb, tingly or aching • Severe Frostbite: Area feels hard. May become painless. After warming, area becomes swollen and may blister.

Question 111

♦ Determine the first aid for frostbite

Answer 111

♦ Determine the first aid for frostbite • Move victim to warm environment. Remove any tight clothing or jewelry around area. Place dry gauze or fluffy cloth between frostbitten fingers or toes. Seek medical attention. • For severe frostbite: Warm area in lukewarm water only if medical care will be delayed and if there is no danger of the skin refreezing. Protect area from being touched. Elevate area if possible to reduce swelling.

Question 112

♦ Describe the first aid for hypothermia

Answer 112

♦ Describe the first aid for hypothermia • Monitor the victim’s breathing and be ready to give CPR. Call 911. Quickly get victim out of cold and remove wet clothing. Have victim lie down, and cover with blankets. Except in mild cases, victims need immediate medical care.

Question 113

♦ List the signs of a heat emergency

Answer 113

♦ List the signs of a heat emergency • Activity in a hot environment may cause painful cramps in lower legs or stomach muscles. May occur with heat exhaustion or heatstroke. Signs include muscle pain, cramping, spasms, and heavy sweating.

Question 114

♦ Determine the first aid for heat cramps

Answer 114

♦ Determine the first aid for heat cramps • Have person stop activity and sit quietly in cool place. Give sports drink or water to drink.

Question 115

♦ Determine the first aid for heat exhaustion

Answer 115

♦ Determine the first aid for heat exhaustion • Move victim from heat to rest in cool place (loosen or remove unnecessary clothing), raise legs eight to twelve inches • Cool victim: Place wet clothes on forehead and body. Spray skin with water. Seek medical care if victim’s condition worsens or does not improve within thirty minutes.

Question 116

♦ Identify the first aid for heatstroke

Answer 116

♦ Identify the first aid for heatstroke • Call 911. Move victim to cool place. Remove outer clothing. Cool victim quickly. Wrap victim in wet sheet and sponge with cool water. Spray skin with water. Place ice bags or cold packs beside neck, armpits, and groin.

Question 117

RESCUING AND MOVING VICTIMS CORE. 1 0 7 0 . 1 1 6

Answer 117

The cadet will complete the following objectives as listed in the standardized First- Aid, CPR, AED National Safety Council Course:

Question 118

♦ Describe what to do when a victim needs to be rescued from a dangerous situation

Answer 118

♦ Describe what to do when a victim needs to be rescued from a dangerous situation • Never place yourself at risk to rescue a victim. If hazards are present, leave rescue to the professionals and perform only rescue techniques you have been trained to do. • Fire – If trapped inside: Crawl along floor where there is breathable air. Do not open a door that feels hot. Do not use elevators. • If stuck inside: Turn off ventilation system. Stuff towels or rags (wet if possible) in door cracks and vents. Use telephone to report your location. • Vehicle crashes: Stop a safe distance prior to accident and turn on your overhead lights. Call 911 if EMS has not been notified and there are injuries. Use flares to warn other motorists if no spilled chemicals are in the area.

Question 119

♦ Describe what to do when there are multiple victims needing first aid

Answer 119

♦ Describe what to do when there are multiple victims needing first aid • Ensure scene is safe before approaching accident or fire scene. Stay away if there are risks from passing traffic, downed electrical wires, fire, or vehicle instability. • You must decide who needs care most and who can wait until help arrives or others can help, this process of setting priorities is called triage  1st priority (immediate care needed): victims with life-threatening injuries who cannot wait for help  2nd priority (urgent care needed): Victims with injuries that need care very soon, but may be able to wait for help  3rd priority (delayed care): those with minor injuries, who can walk  4th priority (no care needed): those who cannot be saved • Call 911, if not already called, and notify of multiple victims • Start checking for normal breathing and look for life threatening injuries • Spend one minute or less with each victim and do not start giving care until you have checked all victims. Give care to 1st priority victims first then 2nd and 3rd. When help arrives, quickly tell EMS about victims.

Question 120

♦ Identify situations in which it is acceptable to move a victim

Answer 120

♦ Identify situations in which it is acceptable to move a victim • Move victim only if: Fire or explosion is likely. Poisonous fumes are present. Structure is about to collapse. Victim needs to be moved into a position for life-saving care such as CPR.

Question 121

♦ Describe how to move a victim when necessary

Answer 121

♦ Describe how to move a victim when necessary • Move victim only if you are physically capable and can do it safely. Get help from others. • With unresponsive victim or victim with spinal injury, support head and neck in-line with body during move • Use good body mechanics: Bend knees and hips (not your back), lift with your legs and take short steps