Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CVR > First Breath > Flashcards

First Breath Flashcards

(56 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Stages of lung development

A

Embryonic
Pseudoglandular
Cannalicular
Alveolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Time period of lung development: embryonic

A

0-5 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Time period of lung development: pseudoglandular

A

5-17 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Time period of lung development: cannalicular

A

16-25 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Time period of lung development: alveolar

A

25 weeks - term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Embryonic lung development

A

Foregut derivative - anterior outpouching
An oesophageal appendix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lung buds

A

By the 5th week the lung buds enlarge to form right and left main bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pseudoglandular lung development

A

Exocrine gland only
Major structural units formed
Angiogenesis
Mucous Glands
Cartilage
Smooth Muscle
Cilia
Lung fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cannalicular lung development

A

Distal Architecture
Vascularisation; i.e. formation of capillary bed
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Terminal sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Alveolar lung development

A

Alveolar sacs
Type 1 and Type 2 cells
Alveoli simple with thick interstitium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Birth to 3-5 years lung development

A

Thinning of alveolar membrane and interstitium
↑ complexity of alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

5-17 weeks; what happens

A

Major airways defined
Nests of angiogenesis
Smaller airways down to respiratory bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

16-25 weeks; what happens

A

Terminal bronchioles
Capillary beds
Alveolar ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

25-40 weeks; what happens

A

Alveolar budding, thinning and complexification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can go wrong during lung development: embryonic

A

Laryngeal, tracheal and oesophageal atresia, tracheal and bronchial stenosis, pulmonary agenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can go wrong during lung development: Pseudoglandular

A

Bronchopulmonary sequestration, cystic adenomatoid malformations, alveolar-capillary dysplasia,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can go wrong during lung development: alveolar

A

Acinar dysplasia, alveolar capillary dysplasia, pulmonary hypoplasia, respiratory disease of the newborn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vasoconstrictor of systemic vessels

A

Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vasodilators of systemic vessels

A

Hypoxia
Acidosis
CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Systemic vessels purpose

A

Deliver oxygen to hypoxic tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Vasodilator of pulmonary vessels

A

Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Vasoconstrictor of pulmonary vessels

A

Hypoxia
Acidosis
CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fetal circulation

Study These Flashcards
A

PaO2= 3.2KPa
Shunting of blood from right to left
High pulmonary vascular resistance (hypoxia)
Tissue resistance (fluid filled)
Low systemic resistance (placenta)

24
Q

Fetal airways

Study These Flashcards
A

Distended with fluid
Fluid aids in lung development
Actively secreted by lungs

25
Ductus arteriosus
Pulmonary trunk linked to the distal arch of the aorta by the ductus arteriosus, permitting blood to bypass pulmonary circulation Muscular wall contracts to closed after birth
26
What is closure of ductus arteriosus mediated by
Bradykinin
27
Ductus venosus
Oxygenated blood entering the fetus also needs to bypass the primitive liver- achieved by passage through the ductus venosus
28
What percentage of blood does the ductus venosus shunt from umbilical cord directly to inferior vena cava
30%
29
Foramen ovale
Passage between 2 atria - responsible for bypassing the majority of the circulation
30
Pathway of oxygenated blood from maternal supply
Umbilical vein —> bypasses primitive liver (ductus venosus) —> enters inferior vena cava —> right atrium —> (via Foramen ovale) left atrium —> left ventricle —> aorta If blood enters pulmonary trunk, ductus arteriosus shunts blood to aorta
31
Immediately after birth: ductus arteriosus
Constricts, allowing all blood leaving the right ventricle to travel to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries Becomes Ligamentum arteriosum
32
Immediately after birth: Foramen ovale
Closes, leaving a small depression called the fossa ovalis This isolates deoxygenated and oxygenated blood within the heart
33
Immediately after birth: ductus venosus
Degenerates and becomes the Ligamentum venosum
34
First birth
Fluid squeezed out of lungs by birth process Adrenaline stress leads to increased surfactant release. Gas inhaled Oxygen vasodilates pulmonary arteries Pulmonary vascular resistance falls Right atrial pressure falls, closing foramen ovale Umbilical arteries constrict Ductus arteriosus constricts
35
What leads to increased surfactant release at birth
Adrenaline stress
36
Surfactant - first breath
Surface active phospholipid and surfactant proteins A, B, C, D Produced by Type II pneumocytes from 34 weeks gestation Dramatic increase in 2 weeks prior to birth
37
Laplace’s law
Pulmonary pressure needed to prevent collapse = (2 x surface tension) / radius If smaller radius- thicker layer of surfactant required
38
What produces surfactant
Type II pneumocytes
39
Function of surfactant
Virtual abolition of surface tension- prevents alveolar collapse and maintains FRC Allows homogeneous aeration Allows maintenance of functional residual capacity Oxygenises bacteria—> phagocytosis
40
Surfactant deficiency
Prematurity + Asphyxia + Cold + Stress + Twins Respiratory Distress Syndrome Loss of lung volume Non-compliant lungs Uneven aeration
41
Surfactant increased by
Distension of alveoli Steroids Adrenaline
42
Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE)
Lung cysts Ruptured alveoli
43
Management of pulmonary interstitial emphysema
Warmth Surfactant replacement (if intubated) Oxygen and fluids Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (maintain lung volumes, reduce work of breathing) Positive pressure ventilation if needed
44
Adaptive changes at birth
Drops R sided pressure and moves to 4 chamber system
45
First breath initiates adaptation
Oxygen causes pulmonary vasodilation Tissue resistance reduces Vasoconstriction of ductus arteriosus and umbilical arteries
46
Respiratory diverticulum
Outbranch of the foregut Forms the trachea and lung buds in week 4
47
Atresia
Failure of trachea and oesophagus to separate
48
At what age do alveoli stop developing
5
49
Why are developing lungs full of fluid
Type 2 pneumocytes contain NKCC2: Cl- active transport to fill developing lungs with fluid
50
Persistent hypoxia
Ductus arteriosus remains open
51
How is amniotic fluid removed from lungs when born
Expelled (cough) or absorbed into circulation
52
Why does Foramen ovale close
LA pressure > RA pressure
53
Why does ductus arteriosus close
Systemic BP (aorta) > pulmonary BP (pulmonary artery)
54
Eisenmenger’s syndrome
Ventricular septum defect forms shunt between left and right ventricle Hypoxaemia as pulmonary circulation bypassed Leads to cyanosis, clubbing and polycythaemia
55
Which week of gestation is type 2 pneumocytes produced
34
56
Prior to birth the lungs contain no air; at birth air is drawn into the lungs. Which statement regarding pulmonary physiology after birth is correct?
Persistent hypoxia will cause the ductus arteriosus to remain open

CVR (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions