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Principles of Biology Sem 1 > First Exam > Flashcards

First Exam Flashcards

1
Q

First Theme of Biology

A

Organization

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2
Q

Second Theme of Biology

A

Information

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3
Q

Third Theme of Biology

A

Energy and matter

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4
Q

Fourth Theme of Biology

A

Interactions

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5
Q

Fifth Theme of Biology

A

Evolution

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6
Q

Theme 1: Organization

A

New properties emerge at successive levels of biological organization. Life is organized into levels. Ex) organelles, cells, ecosystems.

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7
Q

Theme 1: Emergent properties

A

Novel properties not seen at lower levels of organization

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8
Q

Examples of Emergent Properties:

A

Water. It is only when combined that hydrogen and oxygen atoms create water.

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9
Q

Theme 1: Structure and Function

A

At each level of the biological hierarchy, we find a correlation between structure and function. Ex) Flexible branches-shed snow and prevent branches from snapping.

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10
Q

Theme 1: The Cell

A

Basic unit of structure and function. The cell is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life.

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11
Q

Theme 2: Life’s processes involve the expression and transmission of genetic information.

A

Within cells, chromosomes contains genetic material in the form of DNA

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12
Q

Theme 2: Information

A

Gene expression is the process of converting information from gene to cellular product

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13
Q

Theme 3: Life requires the transfer and transformation of energy and matter

A

energy flows through an ecosystem, usually entering as light and exiting as heat. The sun is the ultimate source of energy.

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14
Q

Theme 4: Interactions

A

Interactions between the components of the system ensure smooth integration of all the parts.

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15
Q

Theme 5: Evolution, the core theme of biology

A

evolution explains the unity and diversity of all life.
Modification with descent: concept that living organisms are modified descendant of common ancestors

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16
Q

Each element consists of just one type

A

of atom

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17
Q

An atom consists of

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

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18
Q

The Nucleus consists of

A

protons (+) and neutrons (0)

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19
Q

An element is defined by

A

Its proton number, or its atomic number

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20
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons and therefore different atomic mass

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21
Q

Isotopes may be

A

stable or unstable

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22
Q

Uses of radioactive isotopes (unstable)

A

used in research and as diagnostic tools in medicine

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23
Q

Why are electrons relevant to life?

A

electrons allow molecules to interact with each other to form bonds. Theme: Interactions

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24
Q

Typically, in an atom

A

The number of protons=the number of electrons

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25
Q

What are orbitals

A

Electron shells

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26
Q

1st electron shell

A

has up to two electrons

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27
Q

2nd electron shell

A

has up to eight electrons

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28
Q

3rd electron shell

A

has up to eight electrons

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29
Q

When are atoms most stable?

A

when their outer most shell is filled with electrons to the max capacity

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30
Q

Atoms whose outermost shells are not full tend to share, borrow or give away electrons. Why is this?

A

Sharing, borrowing or giving away electrons creates chemical bonds

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31
Q

Covalent bonds

A

formed when two atoms share electrons, very stable, both atoms hold onto the electrons

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32
Q

Nonpolar covalent bonds

A

electrons shared equally

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33
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

unequal sharing of electrons

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34
Q

Chemical bond

A

strong force of attraction that holds atoms together resulting from the sharing or transferring of electrons

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35
Q

Ionic bonds

A

transfer of electrons, positively and negatively charged atoms attract each other forming an ionic bond.

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36
Q

Bonds in order from weakest to strongest:

A

1) Van der Waals Interactions 2) Hydrogen Bonds 3) Ionic bonds 4) Nonpolar covalent 5) polar covalent

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37
Q

When atoms of different elements form bonds

A

These compounds have different properties than the atoms from which they are formed. Emergent properties theme.

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38
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

weak chemical bonds

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39
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

formed between a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom (bonds between water molecules)

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40
Q

Van der Waals interactions (weak bonds)

A

nonpolar, electrons are not evenly distributed. Molecule has a transient positive and negative region.

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41
Q

Nonpolar covalent

A

electrons shared equally, H-H

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42
Q

Polar covalent

A

H20

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43
Q

Ionic

A

transfer of positive and negative, NaCl

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44
Q

Hydrogen

A

weak chemical bonds between water molecules

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45
Q

Van der Waals Interactions

A

unequal sharing, nonpolar covalent

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46
Q

Chemical reactions

A

are the making and breaking of chemical bonds

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47
Q

Water’s unique properties come from

A

its hydrogen bonds

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48
Q

First property of water

A

cohesion of water molecules

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49
Q

2nd property of water

A

ability to moderate temperature

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50
Q

third property of water

A

expansion upon freezing

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51
Q

fourth property of water

A

versatility as a solvent

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52
Q

First property: Cohesion of water molecules

A

cohesion and adhesion help the transport of water against gravity in plants

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53
Q

Cohesion

A

hydrogen bonds cause water molecules to stick to eachother

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54
Q

adhesion

A

attraction between different substances, for example, between water and plant cell walls

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55
Q

Cohesion example:

A

surface tension, (measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid)

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56
Q

Second property of water, ability to moderate temperature

A

water absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air

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57
Q

2nd property water’s ability to moderate temperature

A

water can absorb or release a large amount of heat with only a slight change in its own temperature because water has a high specific heat

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58
Q

2nd property- water’s ability to moderate temperature

A

water has a high heat of vaporization, as a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools, a process called evaporative cooling

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59
Q

3rd property of water- expansion upon freezing

A

floating of ice on liquid water. ice floats in liquid water because hydrogen bonds are more ordered, making ice less dense then water. If ice sank, all bodies of water would eventually freeze solid, making life impossible on Earth.

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60
Q

Heat of vaporization 2nd water property

A

the heat a liquid must absorb to be converted into a gas

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61
Q

4th property of water:

A

water: the solvent of life

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62
Q

solution property four, the solvent of life

A

a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of substances

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63
Q

Solvent property four the solvent of life

A

the dissolving agent of a solution

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64
Q

solute property four the solvent of life

A

the substance that is dissolved

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65
Q

aqueous solution, property four the solvent of life

A

one in which water is the solvent

66
Q

hydration shell 4th property universal solvent

A

when an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules called a hydration shell

67
Q

Disassociation of water molecules

A

2H20= Hydronium H+ and Hydroxide ion OH-

68
Q

acid

A

any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution (hydronium)

69
Q

Base

A

any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution (hydronium)

70
Q

pH of a solution

A

how acidic or basic it is

71
Q

pH scale

A

1-14

72
Q

pH of 7

A

neutral

73
Q

pH less than seven

A

acidic, more H+ ions

74
Q

pH greater than seven

A

basic, less H+ ions

75
Q

examples of acidic solution

A

battery acid, gastric juice, lemon juice, vinegar

76
Q

examples of neutral solution

A

pure water, human blood

77
Q

examples of basic solutions

A

bleach, oven cleaner

78
Q

bufffers

A

substances that minimize changes in pH, can accept H+ from the solution or donate H+ to the solution.

79
Q

internal pH of most living cells must remain close to

A

pH 7

80
Q

Organic molecules

A

made of carbon, have C-H bonds, are made by living organisms.

81
Q

What makes carbon atoms so unique

A

can form four covalent bonds

82
Q

carbon chains form the blank of most organic molecules

A

skeletons

83
Q

three varieties of carbon chains

A

straight, branched, rings

84
Q

Isomers

A

compounds with the same number of atoms but have different structures, and therefore different properties. Theme of biology: structure and function are related

85
Q

isomers

A

also called structural isomers

86
Q

What makes up 96% of elements in organisms

A

C, H, O, N

87
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon

88
Q

What can hydrocarbons do

A

store energy and release large amounts of energy

89
Q

examples of hydrocarbons

A

fats, oils, plastic, gasoline

90
Q

Nitrogen and oxygen

A

electronegative

91
Q

Nitrogen and Oxygen

A

part of functional groups

92
Q

Hydroxyl properties

A

forms hydrogen bonds with water

93
Q

hydroxyl compound name

A

alchohol

94
Q

carbonyl property

A

part of sugars

95
Q

carbonyl compound name

A

ketone or aldehyde

96
Q

carboxyl property

A

acts as acids

97
Q

carboxyl compound name

A

carboxylic acid

98
Q

amino property

A

acts as a base

99
Q

amino compound name

A

amine

100
Q

sulfhydryl property

A

stabilize protein structure

101
Q

sulfhydryl compound name

A

thiols

102
Q

phosphate property

A

contributes to negative charge

103
Q

phosphate compound name

A

organic phosphates

104
Q

methyl property

A

affects gene expression

105
Q

methyl compound name

A

methylated compounds

106
Q

polymer

A

long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

107
Q

monomer

A

building blocks of polymers

108
Q

three of four organic molecules are polymers

A

carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

109
Q

Biological Macromolecules

A

1) carbs (sugars), 2) lipids 3)Proteins (amino acids), 4) Nucleic acids (nucleotides)

110
Q

Monomer of carbs

A

sugar

111
Q

monomer of lipid

A

not a polymer, therefore no monomer

112
Q

monomer of proteins

A

amino acids

113
Q

monomer of nucleotides

A

nucleic acids (DNA; RNA)

114
Q

Building Monomers into Macromolecules

A

Dehydration reaction, loss of water molecule, and covalent bond

115
Q

How macromolecules are broken down

A

hydrolysis, polymers broken down by adding a water molecule

116
Q

1) Carbohydrates

A

sugars are joined via dehydration reaction to form glycosidic linkages, covalent bonds in carbohydrates

117
Q

Monosaccarides

A

one sugar monomer

118
Q

disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides, major fuel for cells

119
Q

Polysaccharides

A

polyermers

120
Q

Polysaccharides based on two types

A

storage polysaccharides and structural polysaccharides

121
Q

Storage polysaccharides

A

store sugars as long polymers

122
Q

Storage polysaccharide in plants

A

starch

123
Q

storage polysaccharide in animal liver and muscle tissue

A

glycogen

124
Q

structural polysaccharides

A

used for structure

125
Q

structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls

A

cellulose

126
Q

structural polysaccharide in insect exoskeleton

A

chitin

127
Q

Lipids are not true

A

polymers

128
Q

lipids are

A

hydrophobic

129
Q

lipids include

A

fats, (saturated and unsaturated), phospholipids and steroids

130
Q

The function of fats

A

energy storage, insulation

131
Q

what do fats consist of

A

fatty acid chains linked to glycerol

132
Q

what is the name of the bond between glycerol and fatty acids

A

ester linkages

133
Q

Triglycerides

A

glycerol+3 fatty acid chains

134
Q

fatty acids can be

A

saturated or unsaturated

135
Q

saturated fat

A

solid at room temp, butter

136
Q

unsaturated fat

A

liquid at room temp, olive oil

137
Q

unsaturated fat has

A

cis double bond that causes bending

138
Q

phospholipid consists of

A

glycerol molecule attached to two fatty acids and a phosphate group

139
Q

phospholipid

A

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails

140
Q

what do phospholipids make up

A

phospholipid bilayer or the membrane bilayers

141
Q

Amphipathic molecules

A

both hydrophobic(nonpolar) and hydrophilic (polar)

142
Q

steroids are composed of what

A

four carbon rings, with side groups

143
Q

Three examples of steriods

A

1 cholesterol, important component of animal cell membranes, estradiol and testosterone

144
Q

3 proteins

A

diverse in structure and function

145
Q

monomers of proteins

A

amino acids

146
Q

Proteins are linked by

A

dehydration synthesis to form a polypeptide chain

147
Q

protein

A

one or more polypeptides

148
Q

how many amino acids are there

A

20 amino acids

149
Q

Function of proteins

A

defensive proteins, enzymatic proteins, storage proteins, transport proteins, hormonal proteins, receptor proteins, structural proteins.

150
Q

1) primary structure of protein

A

its unique sequence of amino acids

151
Q

2 secondary structure of proteins

A

consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain, hydrogen bonds, beta pleated sheets

152
Q

3 tertiary structure of proteins

A

determined by interactions among various side chains, (R groups)

153
Q

4 Quaternary structure of proteins

A

results when protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains

154
Q

name of bonds in a polypeptide chain

A

peptide bonds

155
Q

4 nucleic acids monomers are

A

nucleotides

156
Q

parts of a nucleotide

A

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen-containing base

157
Q

nucleotides linked by

A

dehydration reaction and phosphodiester bonds

158
Q

What nucleic acids do

A

transmit genetic information to the next generation (hereditary) and information for coding proteins

159
Q

Two types of nucleic acids

A

deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid

160
Q

DNA

A

has thymine, deoxyribose sugar, double-stranded

161
Q

RNA

A

has uracil, ribose sugar, usually single-stranded

Principles of Biology Sem 1 (2 decks)

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