first final Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
A reflex is
A) a complex motor skill acquired over time.
B) an inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation.
C) a learned response over time and practice.
D) none of the above.
A
B
2
Q
2) By the end of the first year, infants use the thumb and index finger in opposition in a well-coordinated \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) vise grip B) ulnar grasp C) pincer grasp D) none of the above
A
C
3
Q
3) Rubella is also known as A) toxoplasmosis B) German measles C) Red measles D) none of the above
A
B
4
Q
4) At birth, infants perceive objects at a distance of 20 feet about as clearly as adults do at \_\_\_\_\_ feet. A) 100 B) 200 C) 400 D) 600
A
D
5
Q
5) Taking a folic acid supplement around the time of conception reduces by more than 70 percent abnormalities of the A) lungs and liver B) neural tube C) arms and legs D) none of the above
A
B
6
Q
6) Anoxia is caused by A) a teratogen. B) an inadequate oxygen supply. C) a breech delivery. D) none of the above
A
B
7
Q
The first stage of labour is known as A) Dilation and effacement of the cervix B) Birth of the Placenta C) Delivery of the baby D) none of the above
A
A
8
Q
8) The system in Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological System Theory that includes the child’s parent’s work place is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) Macrosystem B) Exosystem C) Microsystem D) Mesosystem
A
B
9
Q
9) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_infants are below their expected weight considering length of the pregnancy. A) premature B) preterm C) small-for-date D) none of the above
A
C
10
Q
10) In dominant-recessive inheritance,
A) the influence of only one allele is apparent under heterozygous conditions.
B) harmful alleles are carried on the X chromosome.
C) a child with two dominant alleles is a carrier of the trait.
D) both alleles equally influence a child’s characteristics.
A
A
11
Q
T F
The period of the embryo lasts from implantation through the eighth week of pregnancy.
A
T
12
Q
T F
The period of the zygote is the longest period of pregnancy.
A
F
13
Q
T F
The placenta will permit food and oxygen to reach the organism and waste products to be carried away.
A
T
14
Q
T F
Down Syndrome is the most common chromosomal abnormality.
A
T
15
Q
T F
A gene is a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome.
A
T
16
Q
T F
The sperm and ovum are also called, gametes.
A
T
17
Q
T F
FASD refers to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorder.
A
F
18
Q
T F
Human beings have 46 chromosomes.
A
T
19
Q
T F
The term teratogen refers to any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.
A
T
20
Q
T F
In breech position, the baby is turned in such a way that the buttocks or feet would be delivered first.
A
T
21
Q
1) Kwashiorkor disease is caused by
A) Overfeeding an infant
B) A breastfeeding mother being malnourished
C) An unbalanced diet low in protein
D) Delivering vaccinations too early
E) Children having low levels of electrolytes
A
C
22
Q
2) An important function of \_\_\_\_\_ is to coat neural fibers with myelin to improve the efficiency of message transfers. A) glial cells B) neurons C) synapses D) synaptic pruning E) estrogens
A
A
23
Q
3) The dramatic increase in brain size evidenced in the early years is caused by production of A) neural fibers. B) neurons. C) synapses. D) hormones. E) glial cells
A
E
24
Q
4) Sexual maturation of boys
A) begins with spermarche.
B) begins with the enlargement of the testes.
C) is over when adult stature is reached.
D) is complete when the voice begins to deepen.
E) begins with the growth of underarm hair.
A
B
25
5) Parent-adolescent conflicts typically focus on
A) when the adolescent should leave the parents' home.
B) substance abuse.
C) early sexual activity.
D) long-term goals such as college or vocational training.
E) mundane, day-to-day matters such as driving or curfews.
E
26
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6) Intensive treatment that incorporates hospitalization, family therapy, and applied behaviour analysis results in a _____ recovery rate for anorexics.
A) Less than 25 percent
B) Less than 75 percent
C) Less than 50 percent
D) Less than 95 percent
E) Less than 10 percent
```
C
27
```
7) _____ is the ability of other parts of the brain to take over functions of damaged regions.
A) Brain lateralization
B) Stroke recovery
C) Brain plasticity
D) Brain specialization
E) Reverse lateralization
```
C
28
```
8) _____, often caused by unsafe water and contaminated foods, leads to several million childhood deaths each year.
A) Measles
B) Diarrhea
C) Chickenpox
D) Tuberculosis
E) Polio
```
B
29
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9) Among North American teenagers who are overweight, an estimated _____ percent of these children will remain overweight as adults.
A) 60
B) 25
C) 50
D) 40
E) 70
```
E
30
10) Growth faltering and psychosocial dwarfism both result from
A) malnutrition.
B) iron deficiency.
C) prolonged childhood diarrhea.
D) Over-stimulation and excessive parental control.
E) lack of affection and attention.
E
31
```
11) Cognition refers to the inner processes and products of the mind that lead to __________.
A) “language”
B) “remembering”
C) “knowing”
D) “creating”
E) “developing”
```
C
32
12) One of the effects of spending more time in sociodramatic play, as found by Connolly and Doyle, is that children
A) tend to become socially isolated from their peers.
B) are seen as more socially competent by their teachers.
C) become more imaginative and creative but show deficits in a variety of mental abilities, such as logical reasoning, language and literacy.
D) lose the ability to reflect on one's own thinking and take another's perspective.
E) often develop a maladaptive tendency toward creating imaginary companions that continues into adolescence.
B
33
13) Baby Joey's mother used to store his toys underneath his bed, but now she puts them away in his new toy box. Joey, however, continues to look for his toys underneath his bed. According to Piaget, Joey
A) is demonstrating an inability to adapt to this change in his environment.
B) cannot yet engage in goal-directed behaviour.
C) does not yet appreciate physical causality.
D) is making an A-not-B search error.
E) has not yet attained even rudimentary object permanence.
D
34
```
14) Which of the following is MOST likely to be among a child's first categories?
A) goldfish
B) dogs
C) poodles
D) animals
E) pets
```
D
35
15) Preschoolers who create imaginary companions often _____ compared to their age mates who do not have imaginary companions.
A) score higher on IQ tests later in life
B) display less complex pretend play
C) are more friendly with peers
D) are more egocentric
E) have poor social problem-solving skills
C
36
```
16) A _____ approach to cognitive development assumes that children discover virtually all knowledge through their own activity.
A) constructivist
B) core knowledge
C) cooperative learning
D) social learning
E) reciprocal teaching
```
A
37
```
18) Baby Anthony accidentally kicks his rattle with his foot. Later, he tries to repeat this behaviour again and again. In Piaget's theory, this is an example of a _____ circular reaction.
A) reflexive
B) primary
C) tertiary
D) coordinated
E) secondary
```
E
38
18) In a violation-of-expectation task, researchers
A) habituate babies to an impossible physical event and then determine whether they recover a possible event.
B) habituate babies to a possible event and then determine whether they recover an impossible event.
C) determine whether babies recover an impossible physical event and then habituate them to a possible event.
D) habituate babies to a physical event and then determine whether they recover a possible event or an impossible event.
E) determine whether babies recover a possible event and then habituate them to an impossible event
D
39
19) Research conducted on schooled and non-schooled children in the Jimi Valley of Papua New Guinea indicate that
A) non-representational scribbles are a universal beginning stage in drawing.
B) schooled children were just as likely to draw simple "stick" or "contour" images as were non-schooled children.
C) the tadpole form that children use to draw their first picture of a person is universal.
D) the first drawings of the human figure produced by non-schooled Jimi children emphasize the head and face over the hands and feet.
E) schooling does not influence children's first representational shapes and forms.
A
40
20) In Piaget's theory, the process of _____ is made up of two complementary activities: ________ and ___________.
A) adaptation; assimilation; accommodation
B) equilibration; assimilation; accommodation
C) organization; adaptation; equilibration
D) adaptation; equilibration; organization
E) equilibration; adaptation; organization
A
41
Why is the field of child development considered interdisciplinary?
a) scientific curiosity is the prevailing factor that led to the study of children.
b) The beginning of the public education led to a demand for knowledge about what to teach children.
c) Contributions from researchers and professionals in different fields help solve everyday problems concerning children.
d) Research was stimulated by social pressure to better children's lives
C
42
Marcus was abused by his parents during his preschool years. Now in elementary school and living with a foster family. Marcus's school counselor believes those early negative events can be overcome by his now positive life circumstances. The counselor is emphasizing the role of _______ in development.
a) nurture
b) nature
c) heredity
d) stability
A
43
Of the following, which factor fosters resilience?
a) high self-esteem
b) having more than two siblings
c) social support outside the immediate family
d) an emotionally reactive personality
C
44
Children experiment with the kind of person they can become during Erikson's ________ stage.
a) initiative versus guilt
b) industry versus inferiority
c) autonomy versus shame and doubt
d) identity versus isolation
A
45
Of the following, which is a major criticism of Freud's theory?
a) it overemphasizes sexual feelings in development.
b) it does not acknowledge the individual's unique life history as worthy of study and understanding
c) it ignores the value of clinical, or case study, method.
d) it mostly ignores milestones of infant and toddler development.
A
46
The Sex of a new organism is determined by
a) genes of the X chromosome
b) whether the ovum is carrying and X chromosome or a Y chromosome
c) whether the sperm fertilizes an X-bearing or Y-bearing ovum.
d) whether an X-bearing or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum
D
47
Fraternal twins result when
a) two ova fertilized by two sperm cells
b) a fertilized ovum splits in half and develops into two organisms
c) two ova are fertilized by the same sperm cell
d) one ovum is fertilized by two sperm cells.
A
48
In dominant-recessive inheritance,
a) the influence of only one allele is apparent under heterozygous conditions
b) harmful alleles are carried on the X chromosome
c) a child with two dominant alleles is a carrier of the trait.
d) both alleles equally influence a child's characteristics
A
49
Where does fertilization usually take place?
a) fallopian tube
b) cervix
c) ovaries
d) blastocyst
A
50
_________occurs seven to nine days after_________
a) The period of fetus; implantation
b) fertilization; implantation
c) The period of the embryo; conception
d) implantation; fertilization
D
51
The period of the embryo lasts from
a) fertilization to implantation
b) weeks two through twelve of pregnancy
c) implantation through the eighth week of pregnancy
d) the eighth week of pregnancy through birth
C
52
At the beginning of the period the embryo, the _______ system develops fastest.
a) circulatory
b) endocrine
c) skeletal
d) nervous
D
53
Folic acid taken around conception can lower the incidence of __________, and taken during the last 10 weeks of pregnancy cuts in half the risk of ________
a) maternal high blood pressure; premature birth
b) cleft lip; cleft palate
c) neural tube defects; premature delivery
d) anemia; low birth weight
C
54
In most cases; Rh incompatibility can be prevented through ___________ to prevent the buildup of antibodies
a) in vitro fertilization
b) a vaccine
c) antibiotics
d) gene therapy
B
55
A reflex is
a) a state of arousal
b) a fine motor skill
c) an inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation
d) none of the above
C
56
The Apgar Scale is an assessment for infants with _____ criteria for testing
a) 4
b) 5
c) 6
d) 8
B
57
Cephalocaudal Trend is growth from the
a) head downward
b) center of the body outward
c) adolescent stage
d) none of the above
A
58
Pediatricians usually test newborn reflexes carefully because weak, absent, overly rigid, or exaggerated reflexes that persist may indicate
a) poor gross motor skills
b) poor muscle tone
c) brain damage
d) skeletal trauma
C
59
Why do young infants spend so much time in REM sleep?
a) REM sleep is necessary to promote fine muscle development
b) REM sleep allows the body to conserve energy to build strength and grow rapidly
c) REM dreams help young infants visualize their fine motor movements
d) The stimulation of REM sleep is vital for growth of the central nervous system
D
60
Gametes are also known as
a) sex cells
b) ovum
c) sperm
d) all of the above
D
61
At 4 months, Sophia uses her whole hand to grasp objects with little finger control. By 6 months, Sophia reaches for a cube with her fingers extended and transfers it from hand to hand. This demonstrates
a) the cephalocaudal tend
b) he proximal treand
c) gross motor skills
d) prereaching
B
62
According to dynamic systems theory of motor development, each new skill is a joint product of central nervous system development, the body's movement capacities, the child's goals and
a) environmental supports
b) the child's cognitive development
c) nutrition
d) the child's age
A
63
An infant who listens carefully to speech for frequently occurring sounds and screens out sounds not used in her or his own language is.
a) analyzing the speech for patterns.
b) not a good candidate for learning a second language later in life.
c) a prime candidate for becoming bilingual early in life.
d) demonstrating avanced linguistic ability
A
64
By the age 2, the brain is ______ percent of its adult weight
a) 20
b) 35
c) 50
d) 70
D
65
By age 1, an infant's typical diet should include
a) only breast milk
b) breast milk and some protein
c) all of the basic food groups.
d) formula and several servings of cereal
C
66
Cognition is defined as:
a) inner processes and products of the mind
b) categorizing, planning and fantasizing
c) remembering, attending and problem solving
d) all of the above
A
67
Fraternal twins are known as
a) monozygotic
b) dizygotic
c) zygotes
d) none of the above
B
68
Extreme emotional deprivation can interfere with the production of ______ and lead to ___________.
a) growth hormone; adrogen deficiency
b) antibodies; psychosocial dwarfism
c) growth hormone; psychosocial dwarfism
d) antibodies; nonorganic failure to thrive
C
69
An X-linked hereditary trait, pernatal exposure to very high levels of androgens or estrogens, and a later birth order may all be factors
a) contributing to obesity during adolescence
b) that influence sexual activity
c) related to mental stability during adolescence
d) linked to development of homosexuality
D
70
In piaget's theory, infants lead purely sensorimotor lives, unable to mentally represent experience until about ______ months of age
a) 3
b) 9
c) 12
d) 18
D
71
In Piaget's theory, the most obvious change as children move from the sensorimotor stage to the preoperational stage is an extraordinary increase in
a) abstract thought
b) representational or symbolic activity
c) logical understanding
d) hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
B
72
In a Piagetian Classroom,
a) Children are presented with engaging and age-appropriate lecture from teachers
b) Children with varying abilities work together in groups toward common goals
c) Children are encouraged to discover for themselves through spontaneous interaction with the environment
d) teachers and two to four students from cooperative groups take turns leading dialogues.
C
73
Today virtually all experts agree that
a) Piaget largely neglected children's independent efforts in constructing their own knowledge
b) Children's cognition is not as broadly stage-like as Piaget believed
c) younger children appear less competent and older children more competent than Piaget believed
d) cognitive development begins with far more than just sensorimotor reflexes
B
74
According to Vygotsky, the force that drives a child's cognitive development is
a) participation in social dialogues with more knowledgeable individuals.
b) interaction with the physical environment
c) the biological unfolding of genetic structures
d) early training in the use of egocentric speech
A
75
Critics of Vygotsky argue that his theory ____________ in advanced cognative development.
a) overemphasizes the role of verbal dialougue
b) overemphasizes the importance of children's independent efforts
c) expects a set of experiences common to all cultures
d) underemphasizes the significance of teaching
A
76
To learn the words "cake" and "hat" 12 year old Halley imagines herself wearing a hat and blowing out candles on a birthday cake. Which of the following memory strategies is Hailey using?
a) rehearsal
b) organization
c) elaboration
d) utilization
C
77
Recall is more difficult for children than recognition because it
a) involves noticing that a stimulus is identical or similar to one previously experienced
b) is a fairly automatic process
c) involved remembering a stimulus that is absent
d) does not involve a deliberate search of a long-term memory
C
78
Improvement in recall over the preschool years is strongly associated with
a) mastery of conservation
b) understanding of false-belief
c) language development
d) advanced perspective-taking skills
C
79
Emergent literacy refers to
a) the automatic retrieval of word meanings in long-term memory duing reading and writing tasks
b) childrens active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences
c) a method of reading instruction that parallls children's natural language learning
d) an approach to beginning reading instruction that emphasizes phonics
B
80
The Bayley scales of infant development
a) are largely used to help identify for further observation and intervention, infants who are at risk of future academic problems.
b) are largely used to help identify for futher observation and intervention infants who are at risk of future developmental problems.
c) are accurate predictors of intelligence during the childhood years.
d) can be used to identify infants who are likely to be intellectually gifted as children
B
81
Of the following, which measure of infant performance best predicts later intelligences?
a) infant perceptual and motor responses
b) infant memory
c) habituation/recovery to visual stimuli
d) infant problem solving
C
82
Studies of heritability and SES variations in IQ show that
a) factors associated with low income and peverty prevent children from attaining their genetic potential
b) heritability estimates provide strong evidence that ethnic differences in IQ have a genetic basis
c) the heritability of IQ is higher under low-SES than high-SES rearing conditions
d) heritability estimates can be used to account for between-group differences.
A
83
During middle childhood, children
a) become less consious of ethnic sterotypes
b) becomes increasingly conscious of ethnic sterotypes
c) who perform poorly on an IQ test are immediately assigned to remidial classes
d) are indifferent to ethnic stereotypes.
B
84
Examples of nonshared environmental influences that make siblings different from one another include
a) the availability of video games in the home
b) having a family pet
c) unique treatment by parents
d) parental modeling of cognitively challenging activities
C
85
Evidence on HOME confirms that
a) stimulation provided by parents is moderately linked to mental development
b) the black0white disparity in preschoolers' IQ decreses with age
c) the extent to which parents talk to infants and toddlers contributes reasoning skills
d) little can be done to increase the mental development of poverty stricken children.
A
86
Of the following which task measures divergent thinking?
a) taking a true/false quiz
b) mentally rotating abstract figures
c) repeating strings of letters and numbers
d) naming uses for common objects, such as newpaper
D
87
Gifted children and adolescents
a) report more social isolation than their age-mates
b) learn best in classes that stress knowledge acquisition above all else
c) are more likely than their average-achieving peers to drop out of school and engage in antisocial behaviour
d) flourish in classrooms where analytical skills are emphasized over generating new ideas
A
88
Cephalocaudal trend is growth from the centre of the body outward
FALSE
89
Adrenal adrogens are released from the adrenal glands
TRUE
90
Proximal trend is the growth from the head downward
FALSE
91
GH is the only hormone produced continuously throughout life
TRUE
92
In breech position, the baby is turned in such a way that the buttocks or feet would be delivered first
TRUE
93
The term teratogen refers to any enviromental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period
TRUE
94
The period of the zygote is the longest period of pregnancy
FALSE
95
Neurons are also known as glial cells
FALSE
96
A gene is a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome
TRUE
97
Four sperm are formed through a cell division process called melosis
TRUE
98
The most common chromosomal abnormality, occuring in 1 out of every 800 live births, is known as Klinefelter Syndrome
FALSE
99
A reflex is an inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation
TRUE
100
The placenta will permit food and oxygen to reach the organism and waste products to be carried away
TRUE
101
The period of the fetus, lasting until the end of pregnancy, is the shortest prenatal period
FALSE
102
There are four states of arousal
FALSE
103
SIDS i the leading cause of infant mortaility between 1 week and 12 months of age
TRUE
104
The most important hormones for human growth are released by the thyroid
FALSE
105
The cerebral cortex surrounds the brain, looking much like a half-shelled walnut
TRUE
106
Menarche, from the greek word arche, meaning the beginning is the schientific name for first mentraution
TRUE
107
In anorexia nervose, young people engage in binge eating, often followed by delberates vomiting and purging with laxatives
FALSE
