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Psychometrics > First Half > Flashcards

First Half Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a latent construct?

A

Unobservable attribute

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2
Q

What is a psychological test

A

A systematic procedure for comparing behaviour of 2 or more people (cronbachs)

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3
Q

What are Cronbachs 3 components?

A

Test involves behavioural samples
Behavioural samples must be collected in systematic way
Purpose to compare differences

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4
Q

What is psychometrics?

A

Science of evaluating the theoretical attributes of tests

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5
Q

What is arbitrary zero?

A

The relative zero, hypothetical indicator to quantify an attribute.

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6
Q

What is a nominal scale?

A

No meaningfulnorder
Often frequencies or %
Assigned numerical label

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7
Q

What are Ordinal scales

A

Groups/categories in a meaningfulnorder
Ranks people but amount of attribute
Frequencies or percentages

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8
Q

Which scales use categorical data?

A

Nominal and ordinal

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9
Q

What are Interval scale?

A

No true zero
eg, celcius

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10
Q

What is a ratio scale?

A

Data with a true zero

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11
Q

Which scales use continuous data?

A

Interval and ratio

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12
Q

What are interindividual differences?

A

Between-person differences

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13
Q

What are intraindividual differences?

A

Within-person differences

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14
Q

What is explicit research?

A

Direct aim
Directly intend to explore source and meaning of differences

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15
Q

What is implicit research?

A

Attempt to learn more about individual

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16
Q

How to work out sd?

A

Squareroot of variance

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17
Q

Where is the mode in a positive skew of distribution?

A

Below mean and median

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18
Q

Where is mode in negative skew of distribution?

A

Above mean and median

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19
Q

What is covariance?

A

a measure of the relationship between two random variables

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20
Q

How does a scatterplot display stong association

A

Dots closer together

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21
Q

How to work out covariance

A

Identify deviation from mean multiplied by each persons deviation

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22
Q

What indicates direction and magnitude of association?

A

Correlation coefficient

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23
Q

What does >0 correlation signify?

A

Positive associations

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24
Q

What does <0 correlation signify?

A

Negative associations

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25
Tests for magnitude of correlation?
Pearsons for normal distributed data Spearmans for non normal distributed
26
What does a r value between .10 and .30 mean?
Small magnitude correlation (low consistency)
27
What does r value .30 to .50 mean?
Medium magnitude (some consistency)
28
What does r value between .50 to 1.0 mean?
Large magnitude (strong consistency)
29
What is a z score?
Standardised scores Mean converted to 0 sd to 1
30
What does a positive z score mean?
Enables to identify degree score is above the mean
31
What does a negative z score mean
The score is below the mean
32
What is reliability?
The consistency and replicability of a measure
33
What is classical test theory?
A measurement theorythat defines conceptual basis of reliability Outlines procedures for estimating reliability
34
What is a percentile rank?
Indicates number of people below a specific score Eg/ 90th percentile = higher than 90%
35
What is reliability coefficient (R)
It indicates degree of reliability
36
If the reliability coefficient (R) = 0 is there reliability?
No
37
If the reliability coefficient (R) = 1 is there reliability?
Yes, observed at true scores perfectly aligned
38
4 models of reliability?
Parralel model Tau equivalent model Essentially tau equivallent Cogeneric model
39
What is the cogeneric model?
Least restrictive model of reliability. Same construct different scales Different degrees of precision and amounts of error
40
What is the tau equivalent model?
Same construct and same units Different amounts of error.
41
What are the 2 parallel forms test?
Alternative forms reliability Test-retest reliability
42
What is intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)?
Used when multiple independent raters/observers Less than 0.5 poor reliability Between 0.5-0.7 mod reliability 0.7 + good reliability
43
What is Internal consistency?
Correlations between different items within a measure
44
What 2 main factors influence internal consistency?
1) consistency between items 2) length of test
45
What are the 3 methods of internal consistency
1) split half 2) raw alpha 3) standardised alpha
46
What is the split half approach?
Split items in half add all scores together compute correlation
47
What is the spearman brown split half formula
Reliability = 2(correlation value)/1 + correlation valve
48
What is the raw alpha approach
Evaluates the consistency across all scores Checks if all questions answered in similar manner Most important to report cronbachs alpha
49
What is an acceptable level of cronbachs alpha
0.7
50
What is the standardised alpha approach
Calculated after converting scores to z scores
51
What is item discrimination?
Degree to which item differentiates people who score high/low on a teat
52
What is the discrimination index? (D)
Proportion of high scores that get item correct High d= high/low scores differ
53
What are confidence intervals?
Indicates accuracy if point of estimate Large range = less confident
54
What is regression?
A way to explore relationship between 2 numerical scores
55
What is validity?
Degree to which test measures what its supposed to
56
What are the 5 facets of construct validity?
Test content Internal structure Response process Associations with other variables Consequences of use
57
What does test content validity involve?
Face validity and content validity
58
What is face validity?
Degree to which measure appears related to specific content Does the test make sense to participants
59
What is content validity?
Degree to which content reflects the construct.
60
What is internal structure?
For test to be valid actual structure should align with theoretical structure
61
What is dimensionality?
The number of dimensions included in a test
62
What does unidimensional mean?
All items relate to one dimension
63
What does multidimensional with correlated dimensions mean?
Different dimensions are correlated
64
What does multidimensional with uncorrelated dimensions mean?
Dimensions are separate so average score needs to be collected for each dimension
65
What is factor analysis?
set of statistical procedures designed to determine the number of distinct unobservable constructs needed to account for the pattern of correlations among a set of measures
66
What are the 2 main types of factor analysis?
Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis
67
What is exploratory factor analysis?
There is no assumptions about how many factors in data Data indicates how many factors present
68
What is confirmatory factor analaysis
We assume certain items relate to different factors then try to confirm it
69
What are factor loadings?
Indicates which item associated with which factor Ranges from -1 to 1 Higher than 0.4 is acceptable
70
What is associative validity?
Does a measures actual association match those it should have with others?
71
What is convergent validity?
Degree to which test scores correlate with measures of related constructs
72
What is discriminant validity?
Degree to which scores are uncorrelated with measures of unrelated constructs
73
What is criterion validity
Test scores being related to particularly important criterion variables
74
What are 2 types of criterion validity
Concurrent (cross sectional) Predictive (longitudinal)
75
What is discriminative and convergent evidence?
Assesses if measures shows correct pattern of association with other measures
76
What are focused associations?
A method to eval convergent/discrim validity
77
What is a multitrait-multimethod matrix? (Mtmmm)
A stats method to eval convergent and discrim validity Involved obtaining scores for several (connected) traits using multi methods Eg/ parent scales teacher scales etc
78
What is trait variance?
Whether traits are actually associated with one another
79
What is (Shared) method variance?
Do correlations between traits only exist when scored in same way?

Psychometrics (1 decks)

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