First Lecture Flashcards
What are the 6 levels of organization?
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organs, Organ System, and Organism
What elements are found at the chemical level?
C, O, H, N, P, S
What is the difference between living and nonliving things?
Energy expended to arrange their molecules in a certain way.
What are the 4 basic components or structures in a cell?
Plasma membrane, cytosol, DNA, and ribsomomes.
Also, cells essentially interact with the environment and maintain a level of organization of the chemicals.
What makes an organ?
-Two or more tissues organized together
What is an organ system?
Two or more organs working together
What makes an organism?
-An entire being.
What makes a living thing?
-Living things are composed of a single cell or a group of cells, at least physical and chemical machines, respond to short-term changes in their environment, grow and reproduce, adapt to long-term changes in their environment via natural selection
What is the boundary organ concept?
Some organ systems are on the boundary (fluid side, internal environment, the fluid that surrounds your cells) and the external environment (that faces the external environment). Boundary organs are on the interface. They are the gatekeepers. The function of boundary organs is very important for homeostasis. Wastes and excesses and water balance are affected if they do not perform well, and if they are impaired so is homeostasis.
Nutrients control: salt and water. One of the most important things that your integumentary system does is to keep water in. How about waste? Not a HUGE function, but you do lose toxins and salts through sweat! Urea is a nitrogen-containing waste. Before dialysis, they would put you in a tub full of salts to sweat out toxins.
-All boundary organs are involved in energy exchange and essentially makes sure everything is in balance for with the cardiovascular, skeletal, muscle, and nervous system.
-Kidneys as a boundary organ: filter wastes and nutrients from the blood. Rely on circulation to perform their function but also to provide for the nonboundary organ cell.
The Boundary Organ Tissue that is responsible for making the changes to the blood, then the blood mixes up those changes. Boundary Organ is one that DIRECTLY exchanges with outside environment.
Does the boundary organ system help maintain tolerable conditions inside or outside the cell?
Outside of Cells!
What does the capillary epithelium do?
- Capillaries are permeable. This is helpful because we can’t have a capillary to every cell.
- They are charged with regulating the amount of tissue between blood and interstitial fluid.
- Small.
ECF?
- Sodium: same size bubble, equal concentrations.
- Pores allow sodium to move freely, and as it moves you reach equilibrium. Potassium as well. Not as much potassium as sodium
- Antibodies, clotting factors, hormones, once in blood stays in blood unless moved.
ICF?
ICF calcium is sequestered in membranous organelles. Stores things. SER. Golgi apparatus: UPS packages and labels. Smooth ER stores lots of calcium. Maintains concentration gradient for calcium to be favored to move in when needed.
Cells spend most of their life spending their DNA to make proteins. Cell membrane does NOT allow it to diffuse out. Only way out is by active transport.
Why are proteins soluble in cytosol?
They have a charge. Similarly phosphates, phosphorus and oxygen compounds. They contribute to a negative charge inside of cells.
Is there a high or low concentration of Na+ outside of the cell?
High
How many sodium are pumped out? –> 3
