First Midterm

Question 0

Types of anthropogenic pollution

Answer 0

Accidental or deliberate emission of chemicals
Secondary pollution
Emission of chemicals that degrade natural chemicals
Waste industrial heat

Question 1

What is secondary Pollution

Answer 1

When substances are released into the environment that react to create chemicals of greater toxicity (bad ozone)

Question 2

Environmental Stressors

Answer 2

Factors that constrain Productivity, Reproductive Success, and Ecological Development

Question 3

Natural Environmental Stressors

Answer 3

Competition, predation, disease and other interactions between organisms.
Constraints related to climate or to inadequate or excessive nutrients, moisture, or space,
Wildfire or windstorms

Question 4

Anthropogenic

Answer 4

The influence of humans beings on nature. Anthropocene first mentioned in 1800. the pronounces human influence on planetary processes

Question 5

4 different age class structures of human populations

Answer 5

expanding rapidly, expanding slowly, stable, declining

Question 6

Living planet index has decreased by how much since 1970?

Answer 6

30%

Question 7

Global tropical index decreased by how much since 1970?

Answer 7

down 61%

Question 8

Global Temperate index since 1970?

Answer 8

Increased 31% (but huge historical losses happened prior to 1970

Question 9

Global terrestrial index…

Answer 9

down 25%

Question 10

Global Marine Index…

Answer 10

Down 22%

Question 11

Global Freshwater index

Answer 11

down 37%

Question 12

Global tropical freshwater index

Answer 12

down 70%

Question 13

temperate terrestrial index versus tropical terrestrial index

Answer 13

temperate is up 5%

Tropical is down 44%

Question 14

temperate marine index versus tropical marine index

Answer 14

temperate is up 53% tropical is down 62% so overall its down 22%

Question 15

temperate freshwater index verus tropical freshwater index

Answer 15

temperate is up 36% tropical is down 70% together is it down 37%

Question 16

Ecological Footprint

Answer 16

Comparing humanity’s consumption against the Earth’s regenerative capacity, or biocapacity

Question 17

Biodiversity trends around the world

Answer 17

Nearctic- down 6%
Palearctic- up 6%
Neotropical (South America) - down 50%
Afrotropical - down 38%
Indo Pacific- down 64%

Question 18

Components of ecological footprint

Answer 18

Carbon, Cropland, Grazing lang, Forest, Built Up Land, Fishing Grounds.

Question 19

Bioproductive Area

Answer 19

The area available of cropland, grazing land, fishing grounds, and forests.

Question 20

ecological footprint of low income countries

Answer 20

Has increased by 323% Since 1961 due to rapid population growth.

Question 21

Living Planet index by income group

Answer 21

high - up 7%
middle - down 31%
low - Down 60%

Question 22

The water footprint

Answer 22

is concerned with direct and indirect use of freshwater. Measures the volume of freshwater in cubic metres per year, used to produce goods or services

Question 23

Differences between the green, grey, and blue water footprint

Answer 23

Green- rainwater that evaporates during the production of goods. for agricultureal products, this is the rainwater stored in the soil that evaporates from crop fields.
Grey- water required to dilute pollutants released in production processes to such an extent that the quality of the ambient water remains above agreed water quality standards.
Blue- freshwater withdrawn from surface or groundwater sources that is used by people and not returned; in agricultural products this is mainly accounted for by evaporation of irrigation from fields

Question 24

water footprint variables

Answer 24

Can be calculated for different locations, can be calculated for different times of the year

Question 25

Causal Factors for decreasing biodiversity

Answer 25

Population, consumpton, and resource effeciency

Question 26

Indirect drivers for decreasing biodiversity

Answer 26

Agriculture and forestry, fishing and boating, urban and industry, water use, and energy and transport

Question 27

direct pressure on biodiversity and ecosystems

Answer 27

habitat loss, alteration, and fragmentation, over exploitation, invasive species, pollution, climate change

Question 28

State of global biodiversity influenced by

Answer 28

terrestrial, freshwater, marine

Question 29

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

Answer 29

``` Provisioning services (food, medicine, timber, fibre, energy) Regulating services (water filtration, waste decomposition, climate regulation, crop pollination, regulation of some human disease) Supporting Services (Nutrient cycling, photosynthesis, soil formation) Cultural services (enriching, recreational, aesthetic, spiritual) ```

Question 30

Carbon cycle biogeochemistry anthrpogenic imbalance

Answer 30

flux is up 13%

Question 31

Nitrogen cycle biogeochemistry anthropogenic imbalance

Answer 31

flux is up 108%

Question 32

Why do humans primarily extract resources

Answer 32

Food Energy Lifestyle

Question 33

World total primary energy supply

Answer 33

``` Oil-34.8 Coal -23.5 Natural Gas -21.1 Renewables -13.8 Nuclear -6.8 ```

Question 34

Worlds renewable energy sources

Answer 34

``` Biomass -79.9 Hydro-16.7 Geothermal -3.2 Solar-.3 Tide -.3 Wind -.2 ```

Question 35

Global Electricity prouduction by source

Answer 35

``` Coal -39 Renewables -19 Natural Gas -17 Nuclear -17 Oil -8 ```

Question 36

Renewables contribution to global electricity production

Answer 36

Hydro-89.5 Biomass -5.25 Other -5.25

Question 37

Top producers of natural gas

Answer 37

``` Russia 22 USA 21.7 Canada 7.3 Great Britain 4.1 Algeria 3.2 Indonesia 2.8 Norway 2.6 Iran 2.6 Netherlands 2.4 Saudi Arabia 2.2 ```

Question 38

Top Consumers of Natural Gas

Answer 38

``` USA 26.3 Russia 15.3 Great Britain 3.7 Germany 3.3 Canada 3.2 Japan 3.1 Ukraine 2.8 Iran 2.7 Italy 2.5 Saudi Arabia 2.2 ```

Question 39

4 different types of deforestation

Answer 39

Clear Cutting Seed Tree Cutting Shelterwood Cutting Selective Cutting

Question 40

Where are wind speeds high?

Answer 40

Near coastal areas and in desert areas as well

Question 41

Where is wind power most generated?

Answer 41

``` Germany 36 USA 18 Spain 14 Denmark 10 India 6 Rest of the world 16 ```

Question 42

Why the hydrogen fuel cell is not as good of an idea as it sounds

Answer 42

``` Hydrogen is formed majoritally by natural gas combustion still natural gas 48% Heavy oils 30% Coal 18% Electrolysis 4% ```

Question 43

What is the value of the biosphere?

Answer 43

33 Trillion

Question 44

17 Ecosystem Services used for calculating economic value

Answer 44

Gas regulation, Climate regulation, Disturbance regulation, Water regulation, Water supply, Erosion control and sediment retention, Soil formation, nutrient cycling, waste treatment, pollination, biological control, refugia, food production, raw materials, genetic resources, recreation, cultural

Question 45

Ecosystem Functions

Answer 45

refer variously to the habitat, biological or system properties or processes of ecosystems

Question 46

Ecosystem Goods

Answer 46

represent the benefits human populations derive, directly or indirectly, from ecosystem functions

Question 47

Which ecosystem, marine or terrestrial, is worth more?

Answer 47

Marine, by 8 trillion.

Question 48

Nutrient cycling worth

Answer 48

17 075 000 000 000