First night Flashcards by Chloe Georges

Hepatitis B antigens

HBsAg
HBsAc
HBeAg

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Chronic hepatitis B

HBsAg +
Anti HBc +
IgM anti HBc -

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Acute hepatitis B

HBsAg +
Anti HBC +
IgM anti HBC +

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Immune with vaccine to hep B

HBsAg -
Anti HBc +
Anti HBs -
IgM anti HBc -

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Immune with infection du hep B

HBsAG -
Anti HBs +
Anti HBc +
IgM anti HBC -

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Intoxication qui cause mydriase (SAW)

Sympathomimétique
Anticholinergique
Withdrawal

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Intoxication qui cause myose (COPS)

Cholinergique, clonidine, carbamate
Opioides, organophosphate
Phenothiazines (antipsychotique)
Sedative/hypnotique

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Toxidrome cholinergique (DUMBELLS)

Diarrhée/diaphorèse
Urinate
Myose
Bradycardie
Emesis
Léthargie
Lacrimation
Salivation

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Anticholinergic toxidrome

Can’t see (blurry vision)
Can’t pee (urinary retention)
Can’t shit (constipation)
Can’t spit (dry mouth)
Hot as a hare (flushed)

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Ostéoporose - le test diagnostic de choix

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the lumbar spine and hips is the gold standard for diagnosing osteoporosis.
Measures bone mineral density (BMD) at key fracture-prone sites.
Used to calculate T-score (osteoporosis = T-score ≤ -2.5).

Quantitative calcaneal ultrasonography → Screening tool only, not diagnostic.

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Test to screen osteoporosis

quantitative calcaneal ultrasonography

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monitoring test for osteoporosis

biochemical markers of bone turnover

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HIGH YIELD OSTEOPOROSIS - postmenopausal women >= 65 years OR younger women with risk factors should be screened with

central DXA (spine and hip)

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Évaluation pré-op: quand/combien de temps est-ce qu’il faut arrêter le metoprolol en pré-op?

JAMAIS L’ARRÊTER
- diminue le risque cardiaque en péri-op
- augmente le risque de complication comme crise hypertensive et tachycardie

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Medial and lateral epicondylitis mnemonic

TENnis elbow = lateral = exTENsor origin

goLFEr elbow = medial = FLExor origin

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Tennis elbow - high yield

lateral elbow
pain over lateral epicondyle
wrist extension

TENnis = exTENsion

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Golfer elbow - high yield

medial elbow
hurts t medial epicondyle
wirst flexion

goLF = FLexion

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The definitive test to differentiate septic from non-septic olecranon bursitis is _______________.

Aspiration with synovial fluid analysis (WBC count, Gram stain, culture)

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The most common infectious organism responsible for septic olecranon bursitis is _______________.

Staph aureus

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First-line treatment for non-septic olecranon bursitis includes conservative measures such as _______________, _______________, and _______________.

Rest, compression, NSAIDs

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In suspected septic olecranon bursitis, empiric antibiotic therapy should cover _______________.

Methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA & MRSA)

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A chronic or refractory case of olecranon bursitis that does not respond to medical treatment may require _______________.

Surgical bursectomy

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The classic clinical presentation of olecranon bursitis includes _______________ , _______________, and _______________.

posterior elbow swelling
mild or no pain
erythema/warmth/tenderness

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The most common symptom of Meckel’s diverticulum is _______________.

Painless rectal bleeding

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Meckel's diverticulum is caused by an incomplete obliteration of the _______________.

Vitelline duct

The most common complication of Meckel's diverticulum is _______________.

Intestinal obstruction

The imaging study of choice to diagnose Meckel's diverticulum in a symptomatic patient is _______________.

Technetium-99m pertechnetate scan (Meckel's scan)

Meckel's diverticulum can contain ectopic tissue, such as _______________, _______________, or _______________.

Gastric, pancreatic, or intestinal tissue

The most common cause of necrotizing pancreatitis is _______________.

Gallstones (cholelithiasis)

The hallmark laboratory finding in necrotizing pancreatitis is a serum amylase level greater than _______________.

1000 IU/L

The imaging modality of choice for diagnosing necrotizing pancreatitis is _______________.

CT of the abdomen with contrast

In patients with necrotizing pancreatitis, intravenous antibiotics are indicated if there is suspected _______________.

Infected pancreatic necrosis

The most important initial management in a patient with necrotizing pancreatitis includes _______________ and supportive care.

Fluid resuscitation

A common complication of necrotizing pancreatitis is the development of a _______________.

Pseudocyst

The main diagnostic test used to confirm heart failure and assess ejection fraction is _______________.

Echocardiogram

The most common cause of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is _______________.

Coronary artery disease

The most important first-line treatment for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is _______________.

ACE inhibitors or ARBs

In heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), .................. like metoprolol succinate are indicated to improve survival and prevent arrhythmias

beta-blockers

The hallmark physical exam finding in heart failure is _______________.

Peripheral edema

The Framingham criteria for heart failure diagnosis include symptoms such as _______________ and signs such as _______________.

Dyspnea, orthopnea, crackles on auscultation, elevated jugular venous pressure, cardiomegaly

In patients with heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction, the addition of _______________ has been shown to improve outcomes by blocking the effects of aldosterone.

spironolactone

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is characterized by an ejection fraction of _______________ and symptoms such as _______________.

≥50% dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, and fatigue

In acute heart failure exacerbation, the initial treatment includes _______________ and _______________ to relieve symptoms.

Diuretics, nitrates

The goal of treatment in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is to _______________ and _______________.

Reduce symptoms, improve survival

The condition with the strongest association with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is _______________.

Smoking

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is strongly associated with the presence of _______________ due to its effects on retinal vascular health.

Hypertension

The risk of developing age-related macular degeneration (AMD) increases in patients with a history of _______________ use.

Smoking

In patients with macular degeneration, the use of _______________ has been shown to potentially worsen the condition due to its impact on oxidative stress and inflammation.

alcohol

Type 2 diabetes mellitus increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) through its effect on _______________.

Microvascular changes and retinal ischemia

In hypothalamic amenorrhea, the cause of absent menses is often due to a suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, resulting in low levels of both FSH and LH, typically seen in cases of ________ or excessive ________.

stress, exercise

Ovarian insufficiency (premature ovarian failure) is characterized by high levels of FSH and LH, but low levels of ________. It typically leads to the cessation of ________ before age 40.

estrogen, menstruation

A pituitary microadenoma, especially if it is a prolactinoma, can result in elevated levels of ________, which can suppress the secretion of FSH and LH, leading to ________.

prolactin, amenorrhea

In polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the hormonal imbalance commonly presents with elevated levels of LH relative to FSH, causing ________ and irregular menstrual cycles. It is often associated with ________ and insulin resistance.

anovulation, hirsutism

Turner syndrome is a chromosomal disorder characterized by the absence of ________. It typically presents with high levels of FSH and LH due to ________ failure, and is often associated with ________ stature and ________ characteristics.

one X chromosome (45,X), ovarian, short stature, absent sexual

In a subdural hemorrhage, blood accumulates between the dura mater and the ___________.

arachnoid mater

A patient with a subarachnoid hemorrhage often presents with a sudden, severe headache described as the "worst headache of their life," and a common cause is the rupture of a ___________.

cerebral aneurysm

A subgaleal hemorrhage is typically seen in newborns after a ___________ delivery, where bleeding occurs between the scalp and the galea aponeurotica.

forceps-assisted

A convex lens-shaped hematoma on a CT scan is characteristic of an ___________ hemorrhage, which typically results from arterial bleeding, often due to trauma.

epidural

A meningioma is a benign tumor that arises from the ___________ layer of the meninges, often presenting as a well-defined, contrast-enhancing mass on imaging.

arachnoid

In epidural hemorrhage, the most common artery involved is the ___________ artery, which can be torn due to trauma.

middle meningeal

In epidural hemorrhage, a lucid interval often occurs after the initial trauma, where the patient temporarily improves before worsening due to ___________.

increased intracranial pressure

A subdural hemorrhage is typically associated with venous bleeding from the ___________ veins, which bridge the dura mater and the brain.

cortical

On a CT scan, a subdural hemorrhage appears as a ___________ collection of blood, typically located between the ___________ and the brain.

concave (crescent-shaped) dura mater

The most common clinical presentation of a subarachnoid hemorrhage is a sudden onset of a severe headache, commonly referred to as the "__________ headache."

worst

In subdural hemorrhages, the risk of development increases in elderly individuals and those who are on ___________ due to the increased likelihood of falls and brain atrophy.

anticoagulants and that consume alcohol

First night Flashcards

(66 cards)