first quiz (L1-2) Flashcards by Jan Denise Glodoviza

what is philosophy

-love of wisdom

-finding answers to questions about ourselves and about the world we live in

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who are the three ancient greek philosophers

socrates
plato
aristotle

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philosophy of socrates about self

-know thyself

-an unexamined life is not worth living

-everyman is dualistic

-composed of body and soul

-body is imperfect and impermanent

-the soul is perfect and permanent

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believed that there are two dichotomous realms

-socrates

-physical realm and ideal realm

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what is the physical realm

-changeable, transient, and imperfect

-the body belongs to this realm

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what is the ideal realm

-unchanging, eternal and immortal

-the soul belongs to this realm

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who was the first thinker to focus on the full power of reason on the human self: who we are, who we should be, and who we will become

Socrates

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who believed that the soul strives for wisdom and perfection, and that reason is the soul’s tool to achieve an exalted state of life

Socrates

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who believed that our preoccupation with bodily needs such as food, drink, sex, pleasure, material possessions, and wealth keep us from attaining wisdom

Socrates

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who believed that a person can have a meaningful and happy life only if he becomes virtuous and knows the value of himself that can be achieved through constant soul-searching

Socrates

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philosophy of Plato about self

-the soul is immortal

-he is a student of Socrates

-the philosophy of the self can be explained as a process of self-knowledge and purification of the soul

-believed in the existence of the mind and soul

-mind and soul are given in perfection with God

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who split the human soul into three parts

Plato

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what are the three parts of the human soul according to Plato

the rational (reason)
the spirited (honor)
the appetite (desire)

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who believed that genuine happiness can only be achieved by people who consistently make sure that their rational is in control of their spirits and appetites

Plato

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Aristotle’s philosophy about self

-the soul is the essence of the self

-he was a student of Plato

-the body and soul are not two separate elements but are one thing

-the soul is simply the form of the body and is not capable of existing without the body

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who believed that the soul makes a person a person and that the soul is the essence of the self

Aristotle

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who suggested that the rational nature of the self is to lead a good, flourishing, and fulfilling life

Aristotle

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who believed that without the body, the soul could not exist and that the soul dies along with the body

Aristotle

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“Soul and body, I suggest react sympathetically upon each other. A change in the body’s shape and conversely, a change in the body’s shape produces a change in the state of the soul.”

Aristotle

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who believed that the three kinds of soul are vegetative, sentient, and rational

Aristotle

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what are the three kinds of soul

vegetative
sentient
rational

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what is vegetative according to Aristotle

it includes the physical body that can grow

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what is sentient according to Aristotle

it includes the sensual desires, feelings, and emotions

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what is rational according to Aristotle

-it is what makes man human

-it includes the intellect that makes man know and understand things

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philosophy of St. Augustine about self

-integrated the ideas of Plato and Christianity -his view of the human person reflects the entire spirit of the medieval world -the soul is united with the body so that man may be entire and complete -he believed that humankind is created in the image and likeness of God

who believed that the human person being a creation of God is always geared towards the good

St. Augustine

who believed that the self is known only through knowing God

St. Augustine

who believed that self-knowledge is a consequence of knowledge of God

St. Augustine

"knowledge can only come by seeing the truth that dwells within us"

St. Augustine

philosophy of Rene Descartes

-I think, therefore, I am -the act of thinking about self-of being-self-conscious- is in itself proof that there is self

who created the two distinct entities

Rene Descartes

what are the two distinct identities

cogito and extenza

what is cogito according to Rene Descartes

the thing that thinks mind

what is extenza according to Rene Descartes

the extension body

philosophy of John Locke

-the self is consciousness -the human mind at birth is tabula rasa or blank state -he felt that the self is constructed primarily from sense experiences

who theorized that when they are born, all babies know absolutely nothing

John Locke

who argued that the inside of a baby's brain was empty-ready to learn everything through experiences

John Locke

who believed that consciousness is necessary to have a coherent personal identity or knowledge of the self as a person

John Locke

who believed that what makes possible our belief, is that we are the same identity in different situations

John Locke

philosophy of David Hume

-there is no self -self is simply a bundle or collection of different perceptions, which succeed each other with an inconceivable rapid and are in perpetual flex and movement -the idea of personal identity is a result of imagination

who believed that the self is consciousness

John Locke

who believed that there is no self

David Hume

who believed that self is simply a bundle or collection of different perceptions

David Hume

who believed that the idea of personal identity is a result of imagination

David Hume

philosophy of Immanuel Kant

-we construct the self self is not just what gives one his personality but also the seat of knowledge acquisition for all human persons -the self constructs its reality creating a world that is familiar and predictable -through our rationality, the self transcends sense experience

who believed that we construct the self

Immanuel Kant

who believed that self is the seat of knowledge acquisition for all human persons

Immanuel Kant

who believed that the self constructs its reality creating a world that is familiar and predictable

Immanuel Kant

who believed that through rationality, the self transcends sense experience

Immanuel Kant

philosophy of Gilbert Ryle

-the self is the way people behave -self is not an entity one can locate and analyze but simply the convenient name that is used to refer to all the behaviors that people make

who believed that the self is the way people behave

Gilbert Ryle

who believed that the self is the convenient name that people use to refer to all the behaviors that people make

Gilbert Ryle

philosophy of Paul Churchland

-the self is the brain -the self is inseparable from the brain and the physiology of the body -all we have is the brain and so, if the brain is gone, there is no self -the physical brain and not the imaginary mind, gives us our sense of self

who believed that the mind does not exist

Paul Churchland

who believed that it is the brain and not the imaginary mind that gives us our sense of self

Paul Churchland

philosophy of Merleau-Ponty about self

-the self is embodied subjectivity -the mind-body bifurcation that has been going on for a long time is a futile endeavor and an invalid problem -all knowledge of ourselves and our world is based on subjective experience

who believed that the self can never be truly objectified or known in a completely objective sort or way

Merleau-Ponty

what are the two ways of how the self is constructed according to the cultural psychologists

independent construct and interdependent construct

what is the meaning of independent construct according to the cultural psychologists

individualistic culture

what is the meaning of interdependent construct according to the cultural psychologists

collectivist culture

what is anthropology

-it is the inclusive study of the human race, its culture and society, and its physical development -cultural anthropologists have argued that the self is culturally shaped and infinitely variable

what is sociology

-it is a social science that studies human societies, their interaction, and the processes that preserve and change them -sociologists are concerned with questions about the person in the community. "how does society influence you?"

it is very much dynamic

culture

it was centered on survival

pre-modern society

-where it is free to choose where to live, what to do, and who to be with

modern society

what kind of culture are these: beliefs, symbols, norms, values

non-material culture

who invented the concept of the "looking glass-self"

Charles Cooley

it is a concept where a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others

looking glass-self

which of his work did Cooley first use the term "looking glass-self"

Human Nature and the Social Order in 1902

what are the steps in looking glass self

(1) you imagine how you appear to the other person (2) you imagine the judgment of the other person (3) you feel some sense of pride, happiness, guilt, or shame

his theory of self is completely social

George Herbert Mead

who theorized that the self has two parts

George Herbert Mead

what are the two parts of the self according to Mead

self-awareness self-image

his theory of social self includes the concepts of "I" and "me"

George Herbert Mead

what are the three stages of self-development

preparatory stage play stage game stage

define each self-development stage according to Mead

preparatory stage - language develops self by allowing individuals to respond to each other through symbols, gestures, words, and sounds play stage - allows individuals to take on different roles, pretend, and express expectations of others. It develops one's self-consciousness through role-playing. game stage - allows individuals to understand and adhere to the rules of the activity. Self is developed by understanding that to win or be successful, one must abide by the rules.

who believed that we use "impression management" to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived

Erving Goffman

who believed that each situation is a new scene and we perform different roles depending on who is present

Erving Goffman

who argued that people live their lives much like actors performing on a stage (dramaturgical analysis)

Erving Goffman

what are the five agents of socialization

family school peers media religion

define each of the five agents of socialization

family - they introduce children to the expectations of society school - teachers and other students are the source of expectations that encourage children to think and behave in particular ways peers - children learn concepts of self, gain social skills, and from values and attitudes media - the average young person (ages 8-19) spends almost 7 hours per day immersed in media in various forms, often using multiple media forms simultaneously religion - those who reject religion often return to their original faith later, particularly if they have strong family connections or start their own families.