First set of flash cards Flashcards by Harley Schemenauer

Tumors associated with von hippel-lindau syndrome include:

renal cell carcinoma
hemangioma
Pheochromocytoma
Pancreatic cystandenocarcinoma
Adenoma
Islet cell tumor
Cyst associated with variety of organs

what tumors commonly imaged with US are associated with von hippel-lindau syndrome

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Acute cholecysitits is usually precipitated by a stone obstructing the cystic duct. This situation results in an obstruction of venous drainage, and inflammation of the GB wall with variable degrees of necrosis and infection

Accompanying symptoms of acute cholecystitis are RUQ tenderness, guarding, fever, chills and leukocytosis.

5 sonographic criteria that define acute cholecystitis are

Gall stones
sonographic Murphy’s sign
Diffuse wall thickening
GB dilatation
Sludge

Describing acute cholecystitis

what symptoms acompany acute cholecystitis

Name 5 sonographic criteria that define acute cholecystitis

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Mycetoma (fungal ball) appear as hyperechoic, non shadowing masses. Angiomyolipomas, blood clots, pyogenic debris, sloughed papilla, and non shadowing renal stones have a similar sonographic appearance

what is the sonographic appearance of a renal mycetoma

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Findings associated with renal vein thrombosis

dilated thrombus- filled renal vein
Absent intrarenal venous flow
Enlarged hypoechoic kidney
High-resistance renal artery waveform (increased RI)

what are sonographic findings associated with renal vein thrombosis

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what malignant tumor is associated with urinary collecting system (renal pelvis, ureter and bladder)?

Transitional cell carcinoma, although typically occurring in the bladder, can arise in the ureter and renal pelvis

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Pyonephrosis is the presence of pus in a dilated renal collecting system, secondary to infected hydronephrosis

Sono findings 3

Dependent echoes within dilated pelvocaliceal system
Shifting urine-debris level
Gas shadowing from infection

what is pyonephrosis?

what are three sonographic features of pyenophrosis

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Renal enlargement

2. Hypeoechoic parenchyma, and absence of sinus echoes

Us findings associated w significant acute pyelonephritis?

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what is the most common childhood renal tumor?

Wilm’s tumor (nephroblastoma) is the most common renal tumor in children. The mean age at diagnosis is 3.5 years

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What mass should be suspected when a filling defect is noted in the bladder?

Transitional cell carcinomas arise in the bladder.

Other bladder masses, such as. blood clots or fungal balls have a similar sonographic appearance

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All fat-containing tumors have the ability to create a propagation speed artifact. This common sono finding is created because sound travels slower in fat than in soft tissue. Thus a sound pulse in a fat containing tumor is delayed and objects that are behind the tumor are atrifactually placed further from the transducer

common sonographic artifact is demonstrated with renal angiomyolipoma, hepatic lipoma, and adrenal myelolipoma

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Renal cell carcinoma sonographically appears as an encapsulated, solid mass that is hyperechoic relative to normal, adjacent renal parenchyma. What additional areas should be evaluated whenever a solid renal mass is detected?

Whenever solid renal mass is detected, additional areas of evaluation should include the:

Ipsilateral renal vein and IVC for tumor invasion
Contralateral kidney and renal vein
Retroperitoneum for lymphadenopathy
Liver for metastases

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Renal cell carcionmas are also called hypernephromas adenocarcinomas or a von growitz tumor

High incidence of renal cell carcinoma is found in association with:

Adult polycystic kidney disease
Acquired cystic disease
Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
Tuberous sclerosis

what other names for a renal cell carcinoma?

renal cell carcinoma is associated with what four diseases?

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What would a sonographer look for in a PT with history tuberous sclerosis

Tuberous Sclerosis is a multisystemic disorder associated with renal cyst formation and multiple renal angiomyolipomas

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Acquired cystic disease is seen with PT’s on chornic hemodialysis. On occasion, these cyst may hemorrhage resulting in flank pain, hematuria and intracystic echogenic collections. Acquired cystic disease is associated w a slightly higher incidence of renal cell carcinoma

What is the term which refers to PT’s on chronic hemodialysis that develop bilateral renal cyst

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Name 3 anatomic anomalies that appear as pseudotumors of the kidney

1, Column of Bertin

Dromedary hump
Fetal lobation

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4 multicystic dysplastic kidney disease include:

cysts of varying shape and size
absence of communication between cysts
absence of renal sinus
Absence renal parenchyma

Contralateral renal abnormalities associated with unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney disease include

Uretopelvic junction obstruction
Renal agenesis or hypoplasia
Pelvocalectasis

List four sonographic features of multicysitc displastic kidney disease

What contralateral renal abnormalities are found when multicystic dysplastic kidney disease in unilateral?

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what is the most common cause of an abdominal mass in newborn?

Multicysic dysplastic kidney disease in the most common cause of an abdominal mass in the newborn

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Medullary sponge kidney is dysplastic cystic dilatation of the collecting tubules of the medullary pyramids

Due to the dysplastic collecting tubules of the medullary pyramids, calcium tends to deposit within them. Thus sono, medullary sponge kidney appears as equally spaced hyperechoic medullary pyramids

What is the medullary sponge kidney

sono appearance of medullary sponge kidney

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sonographic findings IPKD appears bilaterally enlarged echogenic kidneys with loss the corticle medullary boundary.

Anomalies associated with IPKD

Lung hypoplasia
Periportal hepatic fibrosis, and oligo

Sono appearance of autosomal recessive polycystic infantile kidney disease

Other anomalies associated w infantile polycystic kidney disease

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Bilateral enlargement of the adult kidney caused by numerous cysts of varying size is seen with which disease?

Automsomal dominant (adult) PKD presents as bilateral renal enlargement caused by numerous cysts of varying sizes. Associated cysts may also be seen in the liver, pancreas and spleen. ADPKD is also associated with aneurysm development, especially cerebral (berry) aneurysms of the circle of willis

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Round or ovoid shape
thin wall thickness
anechoic
Acoustic enhancement

possible malignant

Multiple thick septations
Irregular walls
large solid components

Sono findings with simple cyst

Sono criteria for an atypical and possible malignant cyst

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Hypertrophy of renal cortical parenchyma located between two medullary pyramids. This may five the appearance of a mass effect although the echogenicity is equal to the peripheral cortical tissue.

Column of Bertin

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Common anomaly which occur when the renal pelvis protrudes outside the renal hilum sonographically this is seen as a cystic collection medial to the renal hilum

Extrarenal pelvis

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Common variant of cortical thickening of the lateral aspect of the left kidney

Dromedary hump

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Defect is a triangular echogenic area in the anterior aspect of the RT upper pole of the kidney

Junctional Parenchymal

The most common cause of urinary obstruction in the male neonate. This obstruction results from a flap of mucosa with a slit-like opening in the area of the prostatic urethra Findings: Dilated urinary bladder, hydroutreter, hydronephrosis and, possibly, and urinoma

Posterior urethral valves most common cause in male neonates

A duplex kidney is discovered with dilation of the upper pole collecting system. In this situation, is there a partial or complete ureter duplication

W complete duplication of ureters, the ureter draining the upper portion always inserts in an ectopic location in the bladder. A frequent complication of ectopic ureter is a ureterocle, which is prolapse of the distal ureter into the bladder with cystic dilatation. This may extend into the kidney causing dilatation of the upper collecting system. Dilatation of the only the upper pole does not exists with partial ureter duplication

occur when the lower poles fuse and the kidneys ascend in the retroperitoneum. The lower poles are closer to the midline in a U-shaped configuration, opposed to the normal inverted V-shaped. The isthmus is the anterior to the distal abd aorta, and sonographically can mimic lymphadenopathy on a longitudinal image

Horse shoe kidney

Occurs when a kidney ascends to the contralateral side. Both ureters insert into their proper corners of the trigone of the bladder. Thus, the ureter of the kidney that ascended to the contralertal side crosses the midline, Sonographically this appears as two kidneys on one side of the ABD

Crossed renal ectopia

Occurs when the developing kidneys fuse in the pelvis. One kidney ascends to its normal postion and carries the other one W it across the midline. Sonogrpahically, this appears as two kidneys fused at the upper and lower poles on one side of the ABD

Crossed fused renal ectopia

associated with uterine duplication (bicornuate uterus) in females, and seminal vesicle agenesis in males

Unilater renal agenesis

associated with oligo and pulmonary hypoplasia is incompatible with life?

Bilateral renal agenesis

What fascia which encloses the kidneys, adrenal glands and perinephric fat

Gerota's fascia or the perirenal space

Collecting tubules which appear as hypoechoic triangles in newborns and infants. In adults, they are not commonly imaged, but this depends on PT body habitus

Medullary pyramids

Tracing the renal arteries

The main renal artery branches from the aorta. Upon entering the hilum of the kidney it divides into five segmental arteries, which in turn divide into interlobar Arteries

Tracing the renal arteries

Interlobar arteries are seen between the medullary pyramids. Ast the base of the medullary pyramids, the arcuate arteries branch perpendicular from the interlobar arteries. The arcuate arteries are seen running parallel to the renal capsule

Tracing the renal arteries

Interlobular arteries branch of the arcuate arteries and run perpendicular to the renal capsule

Diaphragm Quadratus lumborum muscle Psoas muscle

Posterior to the kidneys

The vein exits anteriorly The artery enters between the vein and ureter The ureter exits posteriorly

Structures that enter and exit the renal hilum

1. Echogenic thrombus within vessel lumen 2. An increase in portal vein diameter 3. Portosystemic collateral circulation 4. Cavernous transformation

sonographic indications of portal vein thrombosis

Chara by viscous secretions leading to pancreatic insufficiency. When severely affected, what is the sonoraphic appearance of the pancreas in a PT with cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis

Increased echogenicty of the pancreatic parenchyma

the chronic appearance of the pancreas in a PT with cystic fibrosis

True pancreatic cysts are uncommon. Multiple pancreatic cysts are associated with what two syndromes?

Multiple pancreatic cysts are associated with ``` Autosomal dominant (adult) polycysitc kidney disease and Von hippel-lindau syndrome ```

What type of hematoma is the result of splenic trauma in which of the splenic capsule remains intact

Intraparenchymal or sub capsular hematoma

What type of hematoma is the result of splenic trauma in which the splenic capsule ruptures

Perisplenic or intraperitoneal hematoma

Peripheral wege-shaped hypoechoic lesion

appearance of splenic infarct

1. Cystic degeneration of infarcts or hematomas 2. cysts associated with adult polycystic kidney disease 3. Parasitic cysts of the spleen (echinococcal cysts) 4. Pancreatic pseudocysts

Structures that appear as cystic splenic masses

The stomach is ______ to the splenic hilum

Anterior, medial

Tail of the pancreas is _____ to the stomach

Posterior

The left kidney is _____ to the spleen

Inferior and medial

The tail of the pancreas is _______ to the upper pole of the LT kidney

1. Breakdown of hemoglobin 2. Formation of bile pigment 3. Formation of antibodies 4. A reservoir of blood

The 4 functions of the spleen

Collections of pancreatic fluid encapsulated by fibrous tissue

Pancreatic Pseudocysts

1. Acute pancreatits 2. chronic pancreatitis 3. Trauma, and 4. Pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic pseudocysts are cuased by?

Commonly located within the anterior pararenal space of the retorperitoneum and the lesser sac of the peritoneum

most common location of a pancreatic pseudocysts

1. Pituitary adenoma 2. Parathyroid adenoma 3. Medullary thyroid carcinoma 4. Pancreatic islet cell tumors 5. Pheochromocytoma 6. Ganglioneuromatosis

Six tumors that are associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome

small, well circumscribed masses, usuallly found within the pancreatic body and tail Most common benign tumors of the pancreas, but they can also be malignant

Islet cell tumors

Two most common types of Islet cell tumors

Insulinoma and gastrinoma

Chara by hyperinsulinsim and hypoglycemia

Insulinoma

Associated with gastric hypersecretions and peptic ulcer disease (zollinger-Ellsion syndrome)

Gastrinomas

What does the celiac axis divide into?

LT gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries

Branches of common hepatic artery

hepatic proper and the gastroduodenal arteris

what two veins join to form the main portal vein

Superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein

The pancreas is a nonencapsulated, rerperitoneal structure located between the second portion of the duodenum and the splenic hilum. What space in the retroperitoneum is the pancreas located?

Anterior pararenal space of the retroperitoneum

5 different parts of the pancreas

Head, Neck, Body, Tail and uncinate process

Endocrine function of the pancreas

Islet cells of Langerhans which secretes insulin

Commonly seen in the hilum of the liver, as this is the direction of bile flow

Pneumobilia

Chara by variable length echogenic foci in the distribution of the biliary tree, resulting in acoustic shadowing and reverberation ( Comet tail) artifacts

Sonogrpahically, Pneumobilia

1. Two cyst-like structures in the RUQ These are the gallbladder and the dilated common bile duct 2. Dilated intrahepatic biliary tree

Choledochal cysts

Usually occur in Asian women | Symptoms of pain, jaundice and an abdominal mass may be present.

Choledochal cysts

chara sonographically by saccular, communicating intrahepatic bile duct dilatation

Caroli's disease

Associated with 1. IPKD 2. Congenital hepatic fibrosis 3. Choldeochal cysts

Caroli's disease

Is enlarged, non diseased GB, associated with an extrinsic obstruction (i.e. pancreatic carcinoma) of the distal common bile duct

Courvoisier GB

Presents as a fluid-fluid level that produces acoustic shadowing

Milk of calcium bile

Uncommon cancer, ulcerative colitis, sclerosing cholangitis, caroli's disease, choledochal cyst, and parasitic infestations

Bile duct carcinoma | cholangiocarcinoma

Commonly located in the CHD and CBD. A klatskin tumor is specific type. Located at the hepatic hilum. With Klatskin tumor intrahepatic bile duct dilatation should be seen without extrahepatic

Cholangiocarcinoma

The head of the pancreas is _____ to the IVC

The head of the pancreas is ______ to the second portion of the duodenum

Medial

The common bile duct is ____ to the head of the pancreas

Posterior lateral

The Gastroduodenal artery is ____ The head of the pancreas

Anterior lateral

The superior mesenteric artery and vein are ______ to the neck of the pancreas

posterior

The uncinate process is ______ to the Superior mesenteric artery and vein

Posterior

The arota _____ to the body of the pancreas

Posterior

The celicac axis arises from the arota ___ to the pancreas

superior

The gastroduodenal artery and common bile duct run _____ To the first portion of the duodenum

posterior

The splenic vein is ___ to the pancreas

posterior

The superior mesenteric artery arises from the arota ____ to the pancreas

inferior

The superior mesenteric artery and vein are ______ to the uncinate process of the pancreas

the superior mesenteric artery and vein are _____ to the third portion of the doudenum

The superior mesenteric vein is to the ______ of the superior mesentreic artery

right

The portal vein is the result of the combination of the _____ and the ______

superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein

What are two most common causes of pancreatitis?

alcohol abuse and biliary calculi

diagnosed with clinical and laboratory findings. On sonography may demonstrate a normal pancreas. With increasing severity, decreased echogenicity and increased gland size and noted

sonographic findings with acute pancreatitis?

Progressive, irreversible destruction of the pancreas. 1. small echogenic gland 2. calcification's 3. pancreatic duct dilation 4. pseudocyst formation

Sonographic signs of chronic pancreatitis?

Sonogrpahically seen as a solid focal hypoechoic mass typically (70%) in the head of the pancreas.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

what sign is associated with an adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head resulting in extrinsic compression of the common bile duct and an enlarged gallbladder

Courvoisier's sign

1. Dilated biliary system 2. dilated pancreatic duct 3. Liver metastases 4. ascites 5. lymphadenopathy 6. pseudocyst formation

Additional findings with adenocarcinoma pancreatic

1, common hepatic duct 2. cystic duct 3. common bile duct

Three extrahepatic biliary ducts

Klatskin tumor causes intrahepatic biliary dilatation without extrahepatic biliary dilatation.

The pathology that causes intrahepatic biliary dilatation w/o extrahepatic biliary dilatation

Is an extrahepatic bile duct obstruction due to a stone within the cystic duct. The stone causes extrinsic mechanical compression of the common hepatic duct

Mirizzi's syndrome

Sono findings include intrahepatic bile duct dilatation, a normal-sized CBD, and a large stone in the cystic duct of the gallbladder

Sono findings with Mirizzi's syndrome

What are two signs that indicate intrahepatic bile duct dilatation

Shot gun sign and parallel channel sign both describe the appearance of a dilated bile duct adjacent to a portal vein. Other is Stellate or star-shape

Two most common causes of biliary tract obstruction?

1. gallstones (choledocholithiasis) | 2. Carcinoma of the pancreas

1. alkaline phosphatase (elevated) 2. conjugated (direct) bilirubin (elevated) 3. gamma glutyml transpeptidase (elevated)

Lab values elevated due to biliary tract obstruction

Uncommon, present as an intraluminal mass, asymmetric wall thickening or a mass-filled gallbladder

sono finding with gallbladder carcinoma?

1. Liver metastases 2. lymphadenoapthy 3. bile duct dilation

Other sono findings for gallbladder carcinoma

What is Rokitansky-Ascholff sinuses (RAS)?

diverticula within the wall of the gallbladder

what pathology is associated with Rokitansky-Ascholff sinuses (RAS)?

Adenomyomatosis . Sludge and stones accumulate within the sinuses, and present as a focal wall thickening Causes characteristic comet tail reverberation artifact

Distended, non inflamed gallbladder due to total obstruction of the cystic duct. The trapped bile is reabsorbed and the gallbladder is filled with a clear muscinous secretion derived from the mucosa.

The mechanism of hydrops of the gallbladder

About gallbladder hydrops

asymptomatic and may present as a palpable, RUQ mass. The diagnosis should be suspected on US when obstructing stone is noted in an enlarged, but non-tender, gallbladder

what is emphysematous cholecysistis

an infection associated with gas-forming bacteria within the wall of the gallbladder

Sono findings of emphysematous cholecysistis

gas shadowing from the wall for the gallbladder

Three lobes of the liver

1. Rt lobe 2. Lt lobe 3. caudate lobe

1. Caudate 2. Lt lateral superior segment 3. Lt later inferior segment 4. Lt medical superior segment 5. Lt medical inferior segment 6. Rt anterior superior segment 7. Rt anterior inferior segment 8. Rt posterior superior segment 9. Rt posterior inferior segment

The segments of the liver

Universal system of liver segmentation used for hepatic lesion localization. It is based on the functional distribution of portal veins. Each segment has its own hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct

Couniaud's Anatomy

Which portion of the liver receives both Rt and Lt portal branches

Caudate lobe Also drains into the inferior vena cava via the emissary veins

The liver's covering is called_____ what is another term for the covering

Glisson's capsule and is also visceral peritoneum

The lining of the abd cavity

Parietal peritoneum

Hepatopetal

portal vein flow toward the liver is termed hepatopetal

Hepatofugal

Portal vein flow away from the liver is termed hepatofugal

Hyperechoic-

echogencicity that is greater than reference structure

Hypoechoic-

Echogenicity that is less than reference structure

Anechoic (sonolucent)

absence of echoes

Isoechoic-

Echogenicity that is equal to the reference structure

Abdominal structures from hyperechoic to hypoechoic is:

Renal sinus Pancreas Liver/spleen Renal cortex

Which vessels are considered to be intersegmental within the liver?

Thin walled hepatic veins

Which vessels are considered to be intrasegmental within the liver

The portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct course together into the center of each hepatic segment. These three vessels form the portal triad.

incomplete boundary which can be located by an imaginary line from the gallbladder fossa to the IVC. This boundary separates the Rt and Lt Lobes of the liver and the middle hepatic vein is a landmark of this fissure

Main lobar fissure

which two segments of liver does the main lobar fissure separate

Rt anterior segment of the Rt lobe from the Lt medical segment of the Lt lobe

Is a coronal division of the Rt lobe of the liver. It divides the Rt lobe into the anterior and posterior sections. The Rt hepatic vein is a landmark of the right intersegmental fissure

Rt intersegmental fissure

sagittal division of the Lt lobe of the liver. It divides the Lt Lobe into medial and lateral sections. The hepatic vein, ligamentum teres, falciform ligament and the ascending segment of the Lt portal vein are landmarks of the intersegmental fissure

Lt intersegmental fissure

Remenant of the ductus venosus, which prenatally conucts blood from the Lt portal vein to the IVC. The ligamentum venosum and the prox portion of the LT portal vein separate the medial segment of the Lt lobe of the liver from the caudate lobe

Ligamentum Venosum

Posteriorly by the IVC Anteroinferiorly by the prox LT portal vein Anterolaterally by the ligamentum venosum Inferiorly by the main portal vein

The caudate lobe boundaries

Posterior, crescent-shaped portion of the liver which is not covered by the pertioneum

Bare area

Reflection of the parietal peritoneum onto the liver surface, becoming the visceral peritoneum

Coronary ligament

Reflections, or coronary ligaments, at each corners of the bare area are termed the

Rt and Lt triangular ligaments

Liver anomaly that is more common in women then men. Seen as the Rt love of the liver extending beyond the lower pole of the Rt kidney, Increases the superior/inferior dimension

Reidel's lobe

Enlarged Lt lobe measures greater than 15.5 cm

Hepatomegaly

Usually solitary, and occur in the Rt lobe of the liver. They are caused by bacteria which reach the liver via the bile ducts, portal veins, hepatic arteries or lymphatic channels

Pyogenic Abscesses

Appears as Hypoechoic, rounded, fluid-filled masses with variable degrees of internal echoes or debris. As with any abscess, echogenic foci may be seen as a result of gas-producing organisms

Sono findings for pyogenic abscesses

sono is (starry night sign) Hypoechoic liver paranchyma Liver enlargement Hyperechoic portal vein walls

Acute hepatitis

Sono is Hyperehcoic liver parenchyma Small liver Decreased echogenicity of portal vein walls

Chronic hepatitis

Due to protozoan parasites, entamoeba hystolytica, which enter the intestinal tract and reside in the colon. The amoebae may extend into the liver via the portal vein. Most amoebic abscesses occur in the Rt love of the liver the indirect hem agglutination test is used for diagnosis

Amoebic abscesses

Round oval-shaped hypoechoic mass Absence of prominent wall Fine low-level internal echoes Distal enhancement contiguous with diaphragm

Amoebic abscess sono appearance with in the liver

Prevalent in sheep and cattle raising countries. Humans occasionally the hosts when the eggs are ingested. The embryos travel from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver, viz the portal vein.

Hydatid disease

large (pericyst) cyst, containing one or more smaller daughter cysts (endocysts). Fine internal echoes (hydatid sand) are also found within these cysts.

Sono appearance of the echinococcal cyst

Most common parastic infections worldwide (Africa and South America). What is the most significant vascular event associated with this?

Schistosomiasis Intrahepatic portal vein occlusion by the larvae, leading to portal hypertension

appears as distended, echogenic debris-filled intrahepatic portal veins

sono findings with Schistosomiasis

what is the most common organism causing infections in AIDS and other immuncompromized patients

Pneumocystis carinii

Involvement of the liver is seen as non shadowing echogenic foci

sono pneumocystis carinii

Regions of increased echogenicity present within a background of normal liver parenchyma.

sono of fatty infiltration

Islands of normal liver parenchyma, which appear as hypoechoic masses within a dense fatty infiltrated liver. Focal fatty sparing commonly seen adjacent to the gallbladder.

Focal Fatty sparing

Results in large quantities of glycogen being deposited in the hepatocytes of the liver and convoluted tubules the kidney.

Glycogen storage

What liver mass is associated with glycogen storage disease

Hepatic Adenomas

Linked to usage of oral contraceptive agents. Due to the increase incidence of tumor hemorrhage and risk of malignant transformation, surgical resection is usually recommended. It is difficult to distinguish from focal nodular hyperplasia

Hepatic adenomas

Hepatocelluar death, fibrosis and regeneration are the three pathological mechanisms of cirrhosis

three pathological mechanisms of cirrhosis

Classic clinic presentation of cirrhosis

hepatomegaly, jaundice and ascites

Clinical signs of portal hypertension are

ascites, splenomegaly and varices

has been associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, metastatic liver disease, pancreatic carcinoma, and pancreatitis

Portal vein thrombosis

intraluminal thrombus increased vein diameter Cavernous transformations

Sono findings of portal vein thrombosis

Budd-Chiari Syndrome

characterized by occlusion of the hepatic veins

hepatic vein thrombosis ascites hepatomegaly- acute phase caudate lobe enlargement-chronic phase portal hypertension

sono findings of Budd-Chiari

Most common benign tumors of the liver

Cavernous hemangiomas

appears as a small well-defined, hyperechoic mass with possible posterior acoustic enhancement

Cavernous Hemangioma sono finding

is a common benign liver mass

Focal Nodular hyperplasia

Solitary mass, usually less than 5 cm in diameter, that may have a central fibrous scar.

Focal Nodular hyperplasia

Hemangioimas, hepatic lipomas, echogenic metastasis and focal fatty infiltration

well defined hyperechoic liver masses

First set of flash cards

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