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Exercise Physiology > First Test > Flashcards

First Test Flashcards

0
Q

Which methods of producing ATP are anaerobic?

A

PhosphoCreatine Breakdown and Glycolysis

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1
Q

How is ATP produced?

A
  1. Phosphocreatine (PC Breakdown)
  2. Degradation of Glucose and Glycogen (Glycolysis)
  3. Oxidative Formation of ATP (Oxidative Phosphorylation)
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2
Q

Which methods of ATP production are Aerobic?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation (It requires Oxygen.)

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3
Q

If it is an anaerobic pathway, where does it occur?

A

In the Cytoplasm!

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4
Q

If it is an aerobic pathway where does it occur?

A

In the Mitochondria.

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5
Q

Combustion of 1g of Carbohydrates produces how many kcal?

A

4 kcal

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6
Q

Combustion of 1g of Fat produces how many kcal?

A

9 kcal

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7
Q

Combustion of 1g of Protein produces how many kcal?

A

4.1 kcal

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8
Q

What is the highest energy producing reaction?

A

The breakdown of ATP by ATPase which liberates 7.6 kcal/mol of ATP

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9
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the Phosphocreatine Breakdown and How does it work?

A

Creatine Kinase. The Creatine Phosphate and ADP enter the creatine kinase. The phosphate is transferred to the ADP to make ATP. Once that occurs the Creatine and ATP are released along with Heat.

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10
Q

Where is ATPase floating around?

A

Cytosol/Cytoplasm

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11
Q

When does the PC Breakdown occur?

A

During Short-term, high intensity activity

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12
Q

How many carbons are in a glucose molecule?

A

6 carbons

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13
Q

How many carbons are in a pyruvate molecule

A

3 carbons

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14
Q

What is another name for Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

Slow Glycolysis

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15
Q

Where is Lactate Dehydrogenase floating around?

A

Cytoplasm

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16
Q

What is Substrate Level Phosphorylation?

A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation is when inorganic phosphate is transferred directly from a phosphorylated intermediate to ADP without oxidation occurring.

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17
Q

What is the net result of fast glycolysis?

A

2 ATP (substrate level phosphorylation) and 2 lactate. 2 ATP are consumed in the process.

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18
Q

What is a biproduct of the conversion of Pyruvate (3C) to Acetyl CoA (2C)?

A

CO2

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19
Q

What is the net result of Slow Glycolysis?

A

36 ATP.

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20
Q

For one turn of the Krebs Cycle you can produce?

A

3 ATP from 1 NADH
2 ATP from 1 FADH
1 ATP from Substrate Level Phosphorylation (Fast Glycolysis)
THERES MORE TO THIS

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21
Q

What does the Mitochondrial Shuttle consist of?

A

The movement of pyruvate from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria. WHAT ELSE?

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22
Q

What are the four uses that the body has for Lactate?

A

It can be used by the Heart
It can be used by the Liver in Gluconeogenesis
It can be used by the skeletal muscle (slow oxidative fibers)
It can be reoxidized to Pyruvate

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23
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of Pyruvate into Acetyl CoA?

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

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24
Q

What is the name of the rate limiting enzyme involved in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Cytochrome Oxidase

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25
Q

What is the name of the rate limiting enzyme involved in Glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase

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26
Q

What is the name of the rate limiting enzyme involved in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

27
Q

During what type of activity are carbohydrates used?

A

More high intensity, low endurance activities

28
Q

During what type of activity are fats used?

A

Fats are more low intensity, high endurance.

29
Q

If you have an 18 carbon fatty acid how many cycles of the krebs cycle will it go through?

A

(18/2)-1=8 cycles

30
Q

What is the Fick Equation?

A

(Heart Rate * Stroke Volume) * (Arteriole-Venous O2 difference)
Ex: (65 bpm * 70mL/beat) * (.2 mL O2/mL Blood - .15 mL O2/mL Blood)

31
Q

What is oxygen deficit?

A

A “lack” of oxygen BEFORE or AS you start exercising

32
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

A “lack of oxygen” AFTER you have finished exercising

33
Q

How can you remove Lactate at a faster rate after heavy exercise?

A

By performing light exercise.

34
Q

At rest how much Oxygen is consumed on average?

A

0.35L/min of O2 is consumed at rest.

35
Q

At rest, what is 75% of the oxygen consumed used for?

A

To resynthesize the ATP hydrolyzed by the Na+/K+ pumps.

36
Q

How many kCal of energy is expended for every liter of oxygen consumed?

A

5 kcal

37
Q

What would stimulate Creatine Kinase activity?

A

Low amounts of ATP and high amounts of ADP

38
Q

What does Lactate dehydrogenase do?

A

Pyruvate and NADH enter the enzyme. NADH passes an electron to Pyruvate which converts pyruvate into lactate. Lactate, NAD+, and heat all exit the enzyme.

39
Q

When does Fast Glycolysis predominate?

A

High intensity, Low endurance…therefore Carbohydrates (GLUCOSE) is the predominating energy molecule.

40
Q

How many molecules of NADH are formed per molecule of Glucose in FAST Glycolysis?

A

2 molecules of NADH

41
Q

What is the net result of Fast Glycolysis?

A

4 ATP are formed, 2 ATP are consumed. NET of 2 ATP.

42
Q

What is the function of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase?

A

The pyruvate and an NAD+ enter the PDH. Pyruvate transfers an electron to NAD+ thus forming NADH and converting pyruvate to Acetyl CoA. Heat is also released.

43
Q

How many ATP are produced due to the Mitochondrial Shuttle System?

A

4 ATP are produced because of the production of 2 FADH2 because of the 2 pyruvate that need to enter the mitochondria. Each FADH2 produces 2 ATP.

44
Q

How many ATP are produced as a result of the conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA?

A

1 molecule of NADH is formed every time that pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA. There are two pyruvates per glucose molecule. Therefore there are two molecules of NADH formed, 3 ATP form for every molecule of NADH. TOTAL IS 6.

45
Q

How many ATP are formed due to the Krebs Cycle?

A

1 molecule of glucose will give us two turns on the krebs cycle because of the two pyruvates. Each turn of the Krebs cycle results in 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP. (33)+(12)+1=12 ATP. 2 turns equals 24 ATP.

46
Q

How many ATP are formed from Aerobic Oxidation of Glucose?

A

36 ATP in total. All of these ATP are formed through oxidative phosphorylation using NADH and FADH2 in the ETC.

47
Q

How are Free Fatty Acids transported in the blood since they are not water soluble?

A

Albumin

48
Q

How many ATP are produced per Acetyl CoA?

A

12 ATP

49
Q

What is Glycogenesis?

A

It is the synthesis of Glycogen from Glucose in the Skeletal Muscle and in the Liver. Takes place when the demand for Glucose is low (such as when one is at rest.)

50
Q

What is Glyogenolysis?

A

The breakdown of Glycogen to Glucose in the liver and in the skeletal muscle.

51
Q

What is gluconeogenesis and where does it occur?

A

It occurs in the liver as glucose is made from Pyruvate, amino acids, lactate, glycerol.

52
Q

What type of activity do Fast Glycolytic muscle fibers participate in? What color are they?

A

High intensity, low endurance activities. They are white.

53
Q

What type of activity do Slow Oxidative Muscle Fibers participate in? What color are they?

A

They participate in low intensity, high endurance (stead state) exercise. They are red in color.

54
Q

What occurs in the fast portion of EPOC?

A

resynthesis of stored PC, replacing muscle and blood O2 stores.

55
Q

What does the slow portion of EPOC consist of?

A

elevated heart rate, body temperature, breathing, elevated epinephrine and norepinephrine, increased metabolic rate, conversion of lactic acid to glucose (gluconeogenesis.)

56
Q

What is the normal concentration of lactate in the blood?

A

0.5 mMol

57
Q

What is the Lactate Threshold?

A

It is the point at which lactate accumulation outweighs lactate removal in the blood.

58
Q

What is the Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) equation? What does it mean?

A

VCO2 produced/VO2 consumed. It tells us the percentage amount of Carbohydrates or Fats are that being used as fuel.

59
Q

What is the RER if you are using 100% Fat?

A

0.7

60
Q

What is the RER if you are using 100% carbohydrates?

A

1.00

61
Q

What is the RER if you are using 50% Fats and 50% Carbohydrates?

A

0.85

62
Q

Does carbohydrate utilization increase with increased exercise intensity?

A

YES!

63
Q

Does Fat utilization increase with increased exercise intensity?

A

NO!

64
Q

Does Fat utilization increase with prolonged low intensity exercise (endurance exercise)?

A

YES!

65
Q

Where is Glycogen stored?

A

In the Liver and in Skeletal Muscle

66
Q

Where are triglycerides stored?

A

In adipocytes and muscle cells.

Exercise Physiology (1 decks)

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