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First Test Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

How much does the brain weigh?

A

3 pounds

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2
Q

What is the consistency of the brain?

A

jelly/cold butter

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3
Q

What did the ancient Egyptians do the brain?

A

scoop it out because they didn’t see it as important

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4
Q

How many neurons are in your brain?

A

100 billion

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5
Q

The 20th century was the turning point for brain discovery. What happened before and after?

A

before: naturalistic observations after brain injury/death
after: microscopes, we understand electricity (electroencephalography (EEG) observed and measured and brain imaging machines)

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6
Q

What are some types of brain imaging machines?

A 
positron emission tomography (PET)
functional magnetic resonance imagine (fMRI)
magnetic encephalography (MEG)
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7
Q

What do fMRI’s and EEG’s show?

A

electrical activity which are linked to different sections of your brain

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8
Q

What does the magnetic resonance imaging machine do?

A

shows damaged tissue

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9
Q

What do electrodes do?

A

measure neural activity by picking up electrical activity and turning it into a digital record

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10
Q

Explain phrenology.

A

created by Franz Joseph Gall
your personality can be discovered by feeling the contours of your skull
strong personality=larger contours
popular in the 19th century

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11
Q

What happened to Phineas Gage?

A

railroad foreman, destroyed part of his brain in an accident and showed that judgement facilities were localized in frontal lobes

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12
Q

Who discovered the language areas and when?

A

Broca in 1861; patient could only say ‘tan’; had damage to the left frontal cortex
Wernicke in 1876; found a language problem in a different part of the brain
FIRST CLEARLY DEFINED FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN

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13
Q

Brain Implant

A

by Jose Delgado

controlled by remote by radio wave; the behavior is controlled by a button

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14
Q

Mapping the brain

A

by Wilder Penfield
FIRST detailed map of the brain; while a patient was in surgery for epilepsy they probed the cortex with electrodes and observed response
temporal love: recall

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15
Q

Lobotomy

A

first one in 1890s
popular in the 1930’s; Egas Moniz discovered that cutting the nerves from the frontal cortex to the thalamus relieve psychotic symptoms
Walter Freeman created ‘ice pick lobotomy’ and became too overly used (only 41% of them worked)

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16
Q

Memories

A

Henry G. Molaison; age 27 (1953), went through surgery to fix epilepsy; couldn’t make new memories
showed importance of the hippocampus in memories

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17
Q

Conscious Decisions

A

Benjamin Libet; early 1980’s, what we think are conscious ‘decision’, we recognize what unconscious brain is doing; we don’t have a choice of what we do
no free will

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18
Q

Split-Brain Experiments

A

Roger Sperry
hemispheres separated; we have separate thoughts
do we really have one self?

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19
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Giacomo Rizzolatti; discovered in 1991, allows for mimicking; same area as when you perform by yourself
basis of theory of mind, mimicry, and empathy

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20
Q

What are the two brain imaging techniques?

A
  1. anatomical: structure of the brain

2. functional: how the brain works

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21
Q

How does the brain work?

Study These Flashcards
A

by generating tiny electrical charges

functional=areas of most activity

22
Q 
What do the following measure?
EEG
MEG
PET
fMRI
Study These Flashcards
A

EEG: electrical activity
MEG: magnetic fields created by electrical activity
PET: metabolic side effects (ex glucose)
fMRI: blood flow

23
Q

Function of the brain

Study These Flashcards
A

composed of modules for specific tasks

how functions work together; insight into human psychology

24
Q

What do brain waves reflect?

Study These Flashcards
A

the speed of firing in different states of mind

25
How do PET scans work?
you inject a volunteer with radioactive marker that attaches to glucose in the brain high activity is red
26
How is the anatomy found?
``` computed tomography (CT) uses computer and fine x-rays to make thin slices only structural ```
27
Describe MRI's
better contrast between tissue types | makes hydrogen atoms realign (more neural activity affects blood flow/amount of oxygen
28
What do fMRI's show?
different levels of electrical activity with anatomical details
29
How are nerve pathways shown in the brain?
MRI picks up water along nerve fibers
30
How is movement recorded?
fMRI localize brain activity | YOUR BODY IS CONTROLLED BY THE OPP. SIDE OF YOUR BRAIN
31
What shows the inner structures of the brain?
MRI shows the intricate folds of brain tissues
32
What shows fiber detail?
Diffusion tensor shows nerve fibers
33
How many imaging techniques can be used together?
better to use more than one because they each have their own strengths
34
Language
left: main language right: hearing, tone and rythm
35
What is the brain's function?
to maintain the body in an optimal state to maximize the chances of survival
36
What does the brain do?
recieve constant stream of information as electrical impulses from neurons if it's needed then it amplifies the signal and responds to it, creating a conscious experience
37
How does the brain do it?
created incoming information to experiences; depends where it goes on which sense detects it
38
What are the key features of the brain?
``` processing information sending signals modules and connections individuality plasticity ```
39
Actions the brain takes
brainstem controls automatic internal actions | primary motor cortex does conscious activities(sends messages to limbs)
40
Memories
change brain cells so that the neural activity can be replicated later (brings recall/memories)
41
Language
both producing speech and analyzing what others say | enables you to reflect your own ideas
42
Emotion
'feelings' occur when signals from the limbic system are sent on to "association areas" in the prefrontal cortext amygdala is used before prefrontal cortex is developed (around 20s)
43
Thoughts
uses sensations, perceptions, and emotions to make a plan | internalized sometimes
44
Sensations
delivered to the primary sensory areas (in cerebral cortex) | make dreams, hallucinations, and imaginations
45
Percepions
items of "bound" information become conscious they form multisensory perception
46
Parts of the Brain/Body
1. system (the CNS); brain and spinal cord 2. organ (the brain); central organ, collection of tissues that controls the body 3. tissues (nuclei); perform specialized tasks 4. networks; thousands of neurons and synapses 5. cells (neurons); basic unit of CNS, transmit electrical signals, process data and communicate with each other via synapses 6. molecules; smallest recognized unit, 2 or more atoms
47
Evolution of the Invertebrate Brain
cells (sensory) that are sensitive to certain stimuli are connected to cells that move/respond to stimuli CNS distributed through creature's body; some have small masses of nerves (ganglia)
48
Evolution of the Vertebrate Brain
well-developed, highly interconnected organ CNS-PNS (fibers to/from sensory organs) sometimes known as 'repitilian brain' cluster of nuclei above the brainstem (produce arousal, sensation, and reaction to stimuli)
49
Mammal Brains
more evolved than the basic vertebrate limbic system (encode experiences as memories, can be recalled) (produce emotions) and cortex (wrinkled covering) produce actions that aren't always predictable
50
What is a hominid?
modern humans and ancestors
51
Hominid Brain
size and density of cortex is higher (frontal lobe) | size of brain doesn't equal dominance, how it's wired does

Brain and Behavior (2 decks)

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