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Embryology > First Week of Human Development > Flashcards

First Week of Human Development Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What is Prophase I?

A

The chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down. Crossing Over occurs.

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2
Q

What is Metaphase?

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equator.

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3
Q

What is Anaphase?

A

Homologous chromosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell membrane.

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4
Q

What is Telophase?

A

The chromosomes gather at the poles of the cells, the cytoplasm divides.

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5
Q

A zygote has how many sets of chromosomes?

A

Two sets

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6
Q

Homologous mean?

A

Same trait with different information

One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism’s mother; the other is inherited from the organism’s father.

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7
Q

What is spermatogonium?

A

A cell produced at an early stage in the formation of spermatozoa, formed in the wall of a seminiferous tubule and giving rise by mitosis to spermatocytes.

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8
Q

When do spermatogonia become active?

A

They become active during puberty

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9
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The process of formation of Spermatids from the Spermatogonia is called spermatogenesis

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10
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

The maturation of the spermatid to a mature sperm

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11
Q

Primary spermatocyte turns into two secondary spermatocytes by what type of division?

A

Meiosis I

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12
Q

Secondary spermatocytes turn into Spermatids by the process called?

A

Meiosis II

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13
Q

How long does it take to complete spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis?

A

Two months

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14
Q

Where do the mature sperms go from the seminiferous tubules?

A

The lumina of the seminiferous tubules

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15
Q

What are Sertoli cells?

A

They nurture the germ cells.

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16
Q

Where do the mature sperms go to become functionally mature?

A

Epididymis

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17
Q

What is an acrosome?

A

It is a cap for sperms having enzymes that facilitate the dispersion of follicular cells of the corona radiata and the sperm can then penetrate zona pellucida.

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18
Q

Where are the mitochondria of the sperms?

A

In the middle part of the tail

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19
Q

The arrangement of arteries of the uterus

A

Uterine Artery- Arcuate Artery- Radial Branch- Straight Branch- Spiral Artery

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20
Q

Where are ovaries located?

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A

They are located in the lateral pelvic wall region.

21
Q

What does FSH do?

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A

Stimulates the ovarian follicle development

It also increases estradiol production from the follicular cells.

22
Q

What does LH do?

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A

LH triggers ovulation and the development of corpus luteum.

23
Q

What does Corpus luteum do?

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A

It produces progesterone

24
Q

What is the Ovarian Cycle?

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A

Development of the follicle
Ovulation
Corpus Luteum Formation

25
What is Theca folliculi?
The follicular cells are surrounded by connective tissue capsule which has two layers 1. Theca Interna 2. Theca Externa
26
What is the function of Thecal cells?
Thecal cells produce angiogenesis factor with promotes growth of blood vessels in the Theca Interna to provide nourishment to the follicle.
27
What structures produce estrogen?
Theca Interna Follicular cells (converting the androgen secreted by TI to estrogen) Interstitial glands of the ovary (Stromal glands) Placenta
28
The antrum is filled with follicular fluid (FF) when the oocyte moves to the eccentric position. What does the FF do?
Follicular fluid (FF) provides nourishment for oocyte development. Proteins in FF regulate the external as well as internal environment of oocytes.
29
What is the function of estrogen?
Regulates the development and function of the reproductive organs. They promote the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breasts, and are also involved in the thickening of the endometrium and other aspects of regulating the menstrual cycle.
30
What surrounds the primary oocyte when it is pushed to one side of the follicle?
Cumulus oophorus (mound of follicular cells)
31
What happens before ovulation?
Stigma formation | Cumulus oophorus and secondary oocyte are detached
32
What triggers ovulation?
LH surge and high estrogen level.
33
When does ovulation occur?
At day 14 of the menstrual cycle
34
At ovulation, the nucleus of the secondary oocyte begins the second meiotic division. At what stage of the meiosis does the division stop?
Metaphase
35
Primary oocyte begins the first meiotic division before birth but completion of prophase does not occur unit adolescence. Why is that?
Follicular cells produce Oocyte Maturation Inhibitor which stops the growth.
36
What does corpus luteum do?
Production of progesterone and some estrogen to prepare the endometrium for pregnancy.
37
If the fertilization occurs, the CL turns into?
CL of pregnancy that remains functionally active throughout the first 20 weeks of pregnancy
38
Degeneration of the corpus luteum of pregnancy is prevented by a hormone. Name that hormone.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin produced by syncytiotrophoblast.
39
When does the CL degenerate if the fertilization didn't occur?
10- 12 days AFTER OVULATION | OR Day 24 or 26 of the menstrual cycle
40
Corpus Luteum turns into a white scar tissue if the fertilization doesn't occur. What is the name of the white scar tissue?
Corpus Albicans
41
Menopause occurs due to?
Ovarian Failure
42
What is Climacteric?
The endocrine, somatic and physiological changes at the termination of the reproductive period are called Climacteric.
43
What is the menstrual cycle?
``` The endometrial changes due to estrogen and progesterone. It consists of three phases Menstrual phase Proliferative phase Luteal phase ```
44
Define menstrual phase.
Lasts for 4-5 days | Sloughing and bleeding from the endometrial layer (the compact and spongy layer)
45
What is the proliferative phase?
``` Lasts for 9 days Controlled by estrogen Thickness of the endometrium is incresed Repair of the endometrium Glands increase in number Spiral arteries elongate ```
46
What is the Luteal phase?
Lasts for 13 days Endometrium gets thicker due to the progesterone and estrogen produced by corpus luteum Glands become wide and tortuous Spiral arteries grow into the compact layer and become coiled Arteries Large lacunae (venous spaces) develop Direct Arteriovenous anastomoses (I know it's too much)
47
What happens to the endometrium if fertilization doesn't occur?
Spiral arteries constrict due to the low levels of hormones Venous stasis Ischemic death of tissues 20-80 ml of blood with endometrial lining.
48
What is the usual site of fertilisation?
Ampulla of the uterine tube

Embryology (1 decks)

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