First year flash cards
(52 cards)
name 3 symptoms of a pleural effusion
SOB pleuritic chest pain dry cough fever weigh loss malaise
exudative pleural effusions are most likely to be unilateral or bilateral?
unilateral as most of them are due to inflammation
which of the following drugs should not be used in pregnant women? A. verapamil B. nifedipine MR C. atenolol D. methyl dopa
verapamil should not be used in pregnant women. it is a rate limiting CCB that can cause bradycardia - diltiazem can have a similar effect
t wave inversion is present in STEMI’s - true or false?
false. correct answer is NONSTEMI
T wave inversion is characteristic of partial coronary occlusion and so in NSTEMI there will be no ST elevation and no pathological Q waves but there will be inverted t waves with subendocardial damage
tetralogy of fallot is caused by what cardiac defects?
- pulmonary stenosis
- RVH
- VSD
- dexposition of the aorta
What are CT-PET scans used for?
to check the metabolic activity of active tumours
What are the following results in a patient with life-threatening asthma? PEF? PaO2? PaCO2? SaO2?
PEF will be below 33%
PaO2 will be below 8kPa
PaCO2 WILL BE NORMAL SO REMEMBER THIS OBI
SaO2 will be below 92%
what is the process for real time sampling in lung cancer tissue investigation?
endobronchial ultrasound- transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA)
stable angina will usually last for under 20 minutes - true or false?
true
what structure forms the ligamentum venosum
ductus venosus
suggest 3 signs that may be biochemically and clinically seen in a patient with hyperlipidamia
clinically:
corneal arcus xanthomata xanthalasmata obese (BMI>30) Hypertension
biochemically:
- LDL
- HDL
- cholesterol
- TAG
the muscular part of the IV septum (interventricular) of the primordial heart will develop from the fusion of the bulbar ridges with the endocardial cushions - T/F?
false
it develops from the proliferation of the medial wall. the IV foramen is closed from fusion of the bulbar ridges with the endocardial cushion forming the membranous part of the IV septum
what are the investigations done for bronchiectasis? Name 5 most important ones
- HRCT of thorax gold standard
- serum immunoglobuins (including IgE)
- sputum culture for infection
- Aspergillus precipitations
- Cystic fibrosis genotyping
What are the main 3 surgery treatments for pulmonary hypertension?
- pulmonary septostomy which will create a shunt to increase the cardiac output
- pulmonary endarterectomy but is mainly done for hypertension from a proximal pulmonary embolism
- transplant
spacers used in inhalers will affect how much of the drug in the propellant will reach the lung - T/f?
true
slows down the speed of the propellant and so less deposition in the oropharynx and more to the target
what is the major complication of thrombolysis?
hemorrhage (generally bleeding)
what are two contraindications of giving thrombolysis]
be specific and name 3
- previous intracranial bleed
- recent stroke
- severe hypertension
- surgery/warfarin (be cautious)
Name the 3 main functions of the chorion in embryology
- forms the placenta
- allows for implantation
- responsible for secreting HCG
the foramen ovale will arise form the closure of the septum primum true or false?
false.
the septum secondum will turn into the foramen ovale
what are the risk factors for venous thrombosis?
- OCP/ HRT
- pregnancy
- age
- trauma
- smoking
- cancer
what is heritable thrombophilia?
the genetic predisposition to venous thrombosis
what is the most preventable thrombophilia?
Factor V leiden
How is DVT diagnosed?
D dimer test
then do a duplex scan
how is a pulmonary embolism diagnosed?
Computer tomography pulmonary angiography - CTPA gold standard
D dimer
V/Q scan
