first_aid_rapid_review_20150112171016 Flashcards
(448 cards)
1
Q
Actinic (solar) keratosis. Association?
A
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
2
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury. Association?
A
Cushing ulcer (inc intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric secretion)
3
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns. Association?
A
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
4
Q
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon. Association?
A
Skip lesions (Crohn disease)
5
Q
Aneurysm, dissecting. Association?
A
Hypertension
6
Q
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta. Association?
A
Atherosclerosis
7
Q
Aortic aneurysm, arch. Association?
A
3° syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
8
Q
Aortic aneurysm, ascending. Association?
A
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
9
Q
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies. Association?
A
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
10
Q
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage). Association?
A
Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)
11
Q
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer. Association?
A
H. pylori
12
Q
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly). Association?
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae
13
Q
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids). Association?
A
Group B streptococcus/E.coli (newborns), S. pneumoniae/ Neisseria meningitidis (kids)
14
Q
Benign melanocytic nevus. Association?
A
Spitz nevus (most common in 1st two decades)
15
Q
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency. Association?
A
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)
16
Q
Brain tumor (adults). Association?
A
Supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma
17
Q
Brain tumor (kids). Association?
A
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
18
Q
Breast cancer. Association?
A
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma
19
Q
Breast mass. Association?
A
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
20
Q
Breast tumor (benign). Association?
A
Fibroadenoma
21
Q
Cardiac 1° tumor (kids). Association?
A
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
22
Q
Cardiac manifestation of lupus. Association?
A
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)
23
Q
Cardiac tumor (adults). Association?
A
Metastasis, 1° myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; “ball and valve”)
24
Q
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation. Association?
A
Chiari II malformation
25
Chronic arrhythmia. Association?
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
26
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune). Association?
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
27
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina. Association?
DES exposure in utero
28
Compression fracture. Association?
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
29
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension. Association?
21-hydroxylase deficiency
30
Congenital cardiac anomaly. Association?
VSD
31
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver). Association?
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
32
Constrictive pericarditis. Association?
TB (developing world); SLE (developed world)
33
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis. Association?
LAD > RCA > LCA
34
Cretinism. Association?
Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism
35
Cushing syndrome. Association?
* Iatrogenic Cushing (from corticosteroid therapy)
36
Cyanosis (early; less common). Association?
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
37
Cyanosis (late; more common). Association?
VSD, ASD, PDA
38
Death in CML. Association?
Blast crisis
39
Death in SLE. Association?
Lupus nephropathy
40
Dementia. Association?
Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts
41
Demyelinating disease in young women. Association?
Multiple sclerosis
42
DIC. Association?
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery
43
Dietary deficit. Association?
Iron
44
Diverticulum in pharynx. Association?
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
45
Ejection click. Association?
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
46
Esophageal cancer. Association?
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
47
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated). Association?
S. aureus, B. cereus
48
Glomerulonephritis (adults). Association?
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
49
Gynecologic malignancy. Association?
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
50
Heart murmur, congenital. Association?
Mitral valve prolapse
51
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis. Association?
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
52
Helminth infection (U.S.). Association?
Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides
53
Hematoma—epidural. Association?
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
54
Hematoma—subdural. Association?
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
55
Hemochromatosis. Association?
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, "bronze diabetes," and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
56
Hepatocellular carcinoma. Association?
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)
57
Hereditary bleeding disorder. Association?
von Willebrand disease
58
Hereditary harmless jaundice. Association?
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
59
HLA-B27. Association?
Ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriatic arthritis
60
HLA-DR3 or -DR4. Association?
Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
61
Holosystolic murmur. Association?
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
62
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis. Association?
Virchow triad (results in venous thrombosis)
63
Hypertension, 2°. Association?
Renal disease
64
Hypoparathyroidism. Association?
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
65
Hypopituitarism. Association?
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
66
Infection 2° to blood transfusion. Association?
Hepatitis C
67
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease. Association?
Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase+)
68
Intellectual disability. Association?
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
69
Kidney stones. Association?
Calcium = radiopaque
70
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left). Association?
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
71
Liver disease. Association?
Alcoholic cirrhosis
72
Lysosomal storage disease. Association?
Gaucher disease
73
Male cancer. Association?
Prostatic carcinoma
74
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever. Association?
Hodgkin lymphoma
75
Malignancy (kids). Association?
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
76
Metastases to bone. Association?
Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid
77
Metastases to brain. Association?
Lung > breast > genitourinary > melanoma > GI
78
Metastases to liver. Association?
Colon >> stomach, pancreas
79
Mitochondrial inheritance. Association?
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
80
Mitral valve stenosis. Association?
Rheumatic heart disease
81
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease. Association?
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
82
Myocarditis. Association?
Coxsackie B
83
Nephrotic syndrome (adults). Association?
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
84
Nephrotic syndrome (kids). Association?
Minimal change disease
85
Neuron migration failure. Association?
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
86
Nosocomial pneumonia. Association?
Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
87
Obstruction of male urinary tract. Association?
BPH
88
Opening snap. Association?
Mitral stenosis
89
Opportunistic infection in AIDS. Association?
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
90
Osteomyelitis. Association?
S. aureus
91
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease. Association?
Salmonella
92
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use. Association?
Pseudomonas, S. aureus
93
Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer. Association?
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)
94
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral). Association?
Serous cystadenoma
95
Ovarian tumor (malignant). Association?
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
96
Pancreatitis (acute). Association?
Gallstones, alcohol
97
Pancreatitis (chronic). Association?
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
98
Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML (ages). Association?
ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML: adult ~65, CML: adult 30-60
99
Pelvic inflammatory disease. Association?
Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
100
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl). Association?
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
101
Pituitary tumor. Association?
Prolactinoma, somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma
102
1° amenorrhea. Association?
Turner syndrome (45,XO)
103
1° bone tumor (adults). Association?
Multiple myeloma
104
1° hyperaldosteronism. Association?
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
105
1° hyperparathyroidism. Association?
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
106
1° liver cancer. Association?
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, α1-antitrypsin deficiency)
107
Pulmonary hypertension. Association?
COPD
108
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels. Association?
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco) in extremities
109
Renal tumor. Association?
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
110
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause. Association?
Cor pulmonale
111
S3 (protodiastolic gallop). Association?
inc ventricular filling (left-to-right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])
112
S4 (presystolic gallop). Association?
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
113
2° hyperparathyroidism. Association?
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
114
Sexually transmitted disease. Association?
Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)
115
SIADH. Association?
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
116
Site of diverticula. Association?
Sigmoid colon
117
Sites of atherosclerosis. Association?
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
118
Stomach cancer. Association?
Adenocarcinoma
119
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels. Association?
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
120
t(14;18). Association?
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
121
t(8;14). Association?
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc activation)
122
t(9;22). Association?
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)
123
Temporal arteritis. Association?
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
124
Testicular tumor. Association?
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)
125
Thyroid cancer. Association?
Papillary carcinoma
126
Tumor in women. Association?
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
127
Tumor of infancy. Association?
Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
128
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults). Association?
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
129
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids). Association?
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
130
Type of Hodgkin. Association?
Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
131
Type of non-Hodgkin. Association?
Diffuse large cell
132
UTI. Association?
E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
133
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe. Association?
HSV-1
134
Vitamin deficiency (U.S.). Association?
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
135
Labs: Anticentromere antibodies. Disease/Dx?
Scleroderma (CREST)
136
Labs: Antidesmoglein (epithelial) antibodies. Disease/Dx?
Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)
137
Labs: Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies. Disease/Dx?
Goodpasture syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)
138
Labs: Antihistone antibodies. Disease/Dx?
Drug-induced SLE (hydralazine, INH, phenytoin, procainamide)
139
Labs: Anti-IgG antibodies. Disease/Dx?
Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonnière deformity)
140
Labs: Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs). Disease/Dx?
1° biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)
141
Labs: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs). Disease/Dx?
Microscopic polyangiitis and Churg-Strauss syndrome (MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA); granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener; PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA)
142
Labs: Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA). Disease/Dx?
SLE (type III hypersensitivity)
143
Labs: Antiplatelet antibodies. Disease/Dx?
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
144
Labs: Anti-topoisomerase antibodies. Disease/Dx?
Diffuse systemic scleroderma
145
Labs: Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies. Disease/Dx?
Celiac disease (diarrhea, distention, weight loss)
146
Labs: "Apple core" lesion on abdominal x-ray. Disease/Dx?
Colorectal cancer (usually left-sided)
147
Labs: Azurophilic peroxidase, + granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeloblasts. Disease/Dx?
Auer rods (AML, especially the promyelocytic [M3] type)
148
Labs: Bacitracin response. Disease/Dx?
Sensitive: Streptococcus pyogenes (group A); resistant: Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)
149
Labs: "Bamboo spine" on x-ray. Disease/Dx?
Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)
150
Labs: Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs. Disease/Dx?
Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)
151
Labs: Basophilic stippling of RBCs. Disease/Dx?
Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia
152
Labs: Bloody tap on LP. Disease/Dx?
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
153
Labs: "Boot-shaped" heart on x-ray. Disease/Dx?
Tetralogy of Fallot, RVH
154
Labs: Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules. Disease/Dx?
Actinomyces israelii
155
Labs: Bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging. Disease/Dx?
Pancoast tumor (can compress sympathetic ganglion and cause Horner syndrome)
156
Labs: "Brown" tumor of bone. Disease/Dx?
Hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica (deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives brown color)
157
Labs: Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy. Disease/Dx?
Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)
158
Labs: Cellular crescents in Bowman capsule. Disease/Dx?
Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis
159
Labs: "Chocolate cyst" of ovary. Disease/Dx?
Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)
160
Labs: Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale. Disease/Dx?
Homer-Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, neurofibrils retinoblastoma)
161
Labs: Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs. Disease/Dx?
Cystic fibrosis (autosomal recessive mutation in CFTR gene --> fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)
162
Labs: Decreased AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum. Disease/Dx?
Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormality
163
Labs: Degeneration of dorsal column nerves. Disease/Dx?
Tabes dorsalis (3° syphilis), subacute combined degeneration (dorsal columns and lateral corticospinal tracts affected)
164
Labs: Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra. Disease/Dx?
Parkinson disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)
165
Labs: Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum. Disease/Dx?
Curschmann spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)
166
Labs: Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid. Disease/Dx?
Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary)
167
Labs: Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement. Disease/Dx?
Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer) and hyperchromasia
168
Labs: Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies. Disease/Dx?
Owl eye appearance of CMV
169
Labs: Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei. Disease/Dx?
Orphan Annie eyes nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)
170
Labs: Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell. Disease/Dx?
Mallory body (alcoholic liver disease)
171
Labs: Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell. Disease/Dx?
Lewy body (Parkinson disease)
172
Labs: Eosinophilic globule in liver. Disease/Dx?
Councilman body (toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever)
173
Labs: Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal and cerebellar nerve cells. Disease/Dx?
Negri bodies of rabies
174
Labs: Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain. Disease/Dx?
Senile plaques (Alzheimer disease)
175
Labs: Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions ("owl's eye"). Disease/Dx?
Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin lymphoma)
176
Labs: Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells. Disease/Dx?
Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)
177
Labs: "Hair on end" (crew-cut) appearance on x-ray. Disease/Dx?
β-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (marrow expansion)
178
Labs: hCG elevated. Disease/Dx?
Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo, and multiple pregnancy)
179
Labs: Heart nodules (granulomatous). Disease/Dx?
Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)
180
Labs: Heterophile antibodies. Disease/Dx?
Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
181
Labs: Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions. Disease/Dx?
Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)
182
Labs: High level of D-dimers. Disease/Dx?
DVT, PE, DIC
183
Labs: Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify). Disease/Dx?
Ghon complex (1° TB: Mycobacterium bacilli)
184
Labs: "Honeycomb lung" on x-ray or CT. Disease/Dx?
Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis
185
Labs: Hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis). Disease/Dx?
Trousseau syndrome (adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung)
186
Labs: Hypersegmented neutrophils. Disease/Dx?
Megaloblastic anemia (B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms; folate deficiency: no neurologic symptoms)
187
Labs: Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis. Disease/Dx?
Conn syndrome
188
Labs: Hypochromic, microcytic anemia. Disease/Dx?
Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (fetal hemoglobin sometimes present)
189
Labs: Increased AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum. Disease/Dx?
Dating error, anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)
190
Labs: Increased uric acid levels. Disease/Dx?
Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics
191
Labs: Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies. Disease/Dx?
Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or CMV)
192
Labs: Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum. Disease/Dx?
Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: inc chance of mesothelioma)
193
Labs: Keratin pearls on a skin biopsy. Disease/Dx?
Squamous cell carcinoma
194
Labs: Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immunodeficiency. Disease/Dx?
Chédiak-Higashi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)
195
Labs: "Lead pipe" appearance of colon on barium enema x-ray. Disease/Dx?
Ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)
196
Labs: Linear appearance of IgG deposition on glomerular basement. Disease/Dx?
Goodpasture syndrome membrane
197
Labs: Low serum ceruloplasmin. Disease/Dx?
Wilson disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)
198
Labs: "Lumpy bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence. Disease/Dx?
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (immune complex deposition of IgG and C3b)
199
Labs: Lytic ("hole punched") bone lesions on x-ray. Disease/Dx?
Multiple myeloma
200
Labs: Mammary gland ("blue domed") cyst. Disease/Dx?
Fibrocystic change of the breast
201
Labs: Monoclonal antibody spike. Disease/Dx?
* Multiple myeloma (usually IgG or IgA)
202
Labs: Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus. Disease/Dx?
Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)
203
Labs: Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium x-ray. Disease/Dx?
String sign (Crohn disease)
204
Labs: Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis. Disease/Dx?
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener; PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA) and Goodpasture syndrome (anti-basement membrane antibodies)
205
Labs: Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals. Disease/Dx?
Gout (monosodium urate crystals)
206
Labs: Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli. Disease/Dx?
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)
207
Labs: Novobiocin response. Disease/Dx?
Sensitive: Staphylococcus epidermidis; resistant: Staphylococcus saprophyticus
208
Labs: "Nutmeg" appearance of liver. Disease/Dx?
Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure
209
Labs: "Onion skin" periosteal reaction. Disease/Dx?
Ewing sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)
210
Labs: Optochin response. Disease/Dx?
Sensitive: Streptococcus pneumoniae; resistant: viridans streptococci
211
Labs: Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area. Disease/Dx?
Codman triangle on x-ray (osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis)
212
Labs: Podocyte fusion or "effacement" on electron microscopy. Disease/Dx?
Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)
213
Labs: Polished, "ivory-like" appearance of bone at cartilage erosion. Disease/Dx?
Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)
214
Labs: Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. Disease/Dx?
Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer disease) and Pick bodies (Pick disease)
215
Labs: Psammoma bodies. Disease/Dx?
Meningiomas, papillary thyroid carcinoma, mesothelioma, papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium and ovary
216
Labs: Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy. Disease/Dx?
Glioblastoma multiforme
217
Labs: RBC casts in urine. Disease/Dx?
Acute glomerulonephritis
218
Labs: Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells. Disease/Dx?
Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)
219
Labs: Renal epithelial casts in urine. Disease/Dx?
Acute toxic/viral renal injury
220
Labs: Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent. Disease/Dx?
Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals)
221
Labs: Rib notching. Disease/Dx?
Coarctation of the aorta
222
Labs: Ring-enhancing brain lesion in AIDS. Disease/Dx?
Toxoplasma gondii, CNS lymphoma
223
Labs: Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tingible body-laden macrophages ("starry sky" histology). Disease/Dx?
Burkitt lymphoma (t[8:14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV; "black sky" made up of malignant cells)
224
Labs: Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons. Disease/Dx?
Pick bodies (Pick disease: progressive dementia, changes in personality)
225
Labs: "Soap bubble" in femur or tibia on x-ray. Disease/Dx?
Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)
226
Labs: "Spikes" on basement membrane, "dome-like" subepithelial deposits. Disease/Dx?
Membranous glomerulonephritis (may progress to nephrotic syndrome)
227
Labs: Stacks of RBCs. Disease/Dx?
Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)
228
Labs: Stippled vaginal epithelial cells. Disease/Dx?
Clue cells (Gardnerella vaginalis)
229
Labs: "Tennis racket"-shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells. Disease/Dx?
Birbeck granules (Langerhans cell histiocytosis or histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma)
230
Labs: Thrombi made of white/red layers. Disease/Dx?
Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)
231
Labs: "Thumb sign" on lateral x-ray. Disease/Dx?
Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)
232
Labs: Thyroid-like appearance of kidney. Disease/Dx?
Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis
233
Labs: "Tram-track" appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy. Disease/Dx?
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
234
Labs: Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles. Disease/Dx?
Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)
235
Labs: "Waxy" casts with very low urine flow. Disease/Dx?
Chronic end-stage renal disease
236
Labs: WBC casts in urine. Disease/Dx?
Acute pyelonephritis
237
Labs: WBCs that look "smudged". Disease/Dx?
CLL (almost always B cell)
238
Labs: "Wire loop" glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy. Disease/Dx?
Lupus nephropathy
239
Labs: Yellowish CSF. Disease/Dx?
Xanthochromia (e.g., due to subarachnoid hemorrhage)
240
Abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly. Disease/Dx?
Budd-Chiari syndrome (posthepatic venous thrombosis)
241
Achilles tendon xanthoma. Disease/Dx?
Familial hypercholesterolemia (dec LDL receptor signaling)
242
Adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, DIC. Disease/Dx?
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (meningococcemia)
243
Anterior "drawer sign" (+). Disease/Dx?
Anterior cruciate ligament injury
244
Arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, hyperflexible joints. Disease/Dx?
Marfan syndrome (fibrillin defect)
245
Athlete with polycythemia. Disease/Dx?
2° to erythropoietin injection
246
Back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss. Disease/Dx?
Pott disease (vertebral TB)
247
Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis. Disease/Dx?
Sarcoidosis (noncaseating granulomas)
248
Blue sclera. Disease/Dx?
Osteogenesis imperfecta (type I collagen defect)
249
Bluish line on gingiva. Disease/Dx?
Burton line (lead poisoning)
250
Bone pain, bone enlargement, arthritis. Disease/Dx?
Paget disease of bone (inc osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity)
251
Bounding pulses, diastolic heart murmur, head bobbing. Disease/Dx?
Aortic regurgitation
252
Butterfly facial rash and Raynaud phenomenon in a young female. Disease/Dx?
Systemic lupus erythematosus
253
Café-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules (iris hamartoma). Disease/Dx?
Neurofibromatosis type I (+ pheochromocytoma, optic gliomas)
254
Café-au-lait spots, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, multiple endocrine abnormalities. Disease/Dx?
McCune-Albright syndrome (mosaic G-protein signaling mutation)
255
Calf pseudohypertrophy. Disease/Dx?
Muscular dystrophy (most commonly Duchenne): X-linked recessive deletion of dystrophin gene
256
Cherry-red spots on macula. Disease/Dx?
Tay-Sachs (ganglioside accumulation) or Niemann-Pick (sphingomyelin accumulation), central retinal artery occlusion
257
Chest pain on exertion. Disease/Dx?
Angina (stable: with moderate exertion; unstable: with minimal exertion)
258
Chest pain, pericardial effusion/friction rub, persistent fever following MI. Disease/Dx?
Dressler syndrome (autoimmune-mediated post-MI fibrinous pericarditis, 1-12 weeks after acute episode)
259
Child uses arms to stand up from squat. Disease/Dx?
Gowers sign (Duchenne muscular dystrophy)
260
Child with fever later develops red rash on face that spreads to body. Disease/Dx?
Slapped cheeks (erythema infectiosum/fifth disease: parvovirus B19)
261
Chorea, dementia, caudate degeneration. Disease/Dx?
Huntington disease (autosomal dominant CAG repeat expansion)
262
Chronic exercise intolerance with myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps, myoglobinuria. Disease/Dx?
McArdle disease (muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency)
263
Cold intolerance. Disease/Dx?
Hypothyroidism
264
Conjugate lateral gaze palsy, horizontal diplopia. Disease/Dx?
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (damage to MLF; bilateral [multiple sclerosis], unilateral [stroke])
265
Continuous "machine-like" heart murmur. Disease/Dx?
PDA (close with indomethacin; open or maintain with misoprostol)
266
Cutaneous/dermal edema due to connective tissue deposition. Disease/Dx?
Myxedema (caused by hypothyroidism, Graves disease [pretibial])
267
Dark purple skin/mouth nodules in a patient with AIDS. Disease/Dx?
Kaposi sarcoma, associated with HHV-8
268
Deep, labored breathing/hyperventilation. Disease/Dx?
Kussmaul respirations (diabetic ketoacidosis)
269
Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea. Disease/Dx?
Pellagra (niacin [vitamin B3] deficiency)
270
Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, alcoholism or malnutrition. Disease/Dx?
Wet beriberi (thiamine [vitamin B1] deficiency)
271
Dog or cat bite resulting in infection. Disease/Dx?
Pasteurella multocida (cellulitis at inoculation site)
272
Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis. Disease/Dx?
Sjögren syndrome (autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands)
273
Dysphagia (esophageal webs), glossitis, iron deficiency anemia. Disease/Dx?
Plummer-Vinson syndrome (may progress to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma)
274
Elastic skin, hypermobility of joints. Disease/Dx?
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (type III collagen defect)
275
Enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node. Disease/Dx?
Virchow node (abdominal metastasis)
276
Erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical T cells. Disease/Dx?
Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) or Sézary syndrome (mycosis fungoides + malignant T cells in blood)
277
Facial muscle spasm upon tapping. Disease/Dx?
Chvostek sign (hypocalcemia)
278
Fat, female, forty, and fertile. Disease/Dx?
Cholelithiasis (gallstones)
279
Fever, chills, headache, myalgia following antibiotic treatment for syphilis. Disease/Dx?
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (rapid lysis of spirochetes results in toxin release)
280
Fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, diffuse rash. Disease/Dx?
Measles
281
Fever, night sweats, weight loss. Disease/Dx?
B symptoms (staging) of lymphoma
282
Fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis. Disease/Dx?
Peyronie disease (connective tissue disorder)
283
Gout, intellectual disability, self-mutilating behavior in a boy. Disease/Dx?
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, X-linked recessive)
284
Green-yellow rings around peripheral cornea. Disease/Dx?
Kayser-Fleischer rings (copper accumulation from Wilson disease)
285
Hamartomatous GI polyps, hyperpigmentation of mouth/feet/hands. Disease/Dx?
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (inherited, benign polyposis can cause bowel obstruction; inc cancer risk, mainly GI)
286
Hepatosplenomegaly, osteoporosis, neurologic symptoms. Disease/Dx?
Gaucher disease (glucocerebrosidase deficiency)
287
Hereditary nephritis, sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts. Disease/Dx?
Alport syndrome (mutation in collagen IV)
288
Hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocility. Disease/Dx?
Klüver-Bucy syndrome (bilateral amygdala lesion)
289
Hyperreflexia, hypertonia, Babinski sign present. Disease/Dx?
UMN damage
290
Hyporeflexia, hypotonia, atrophy, fasciculations. Disease/Dx?
LMN damage
291
Hypoxemia, polycythemia, hypercapnia. Disease/Dx?
Blue bloater (chronic bronchitis: hyperplasia of mucous cells)
292
Indurated, ulcerated genital lesion. Disease/Dx?
Nonpainful: chancre (1° syphilis, Treponema pallidum) Painful, with exudate: chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
293
Infant with cleft lip/palate, microcephaly or holoprosencephaly, polydactyly, cutis aplasia. Disease/Dx?
Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)
294
Infant with failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, and neurodegeneration. Disease/Dx?
Niemann-Pick disease (genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency)
295
Infant with hypoglycemia, failure to thrive, and hepatomegaly. Disease/Dx?
Cori disease (debranching enzyme deficiency) or Von Gierke disease (glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency, more severe)
296
Infant with microcephaly, rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, and structural heart defect. Disease/Dx?
Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18)
297
Jaundice, palpable distended non-tender gallbladder. Disease/Dx?
Courvoisier sign (distal obstruction of biliary tree)
298
Large rash with bull's-eye appearance. Disease/Dx?
Erythema chronicum migrans from Ixodes tick bite (Lyme disease: Borrelia)
299
Lucid interval after traumatic brain injury. Disease/Dx?
Epidural hematoma (middle meningeal artery rupture)
300
Male child, recurrent infections, no mature B cells. Disease/Dx?
Bruton disease (X-linked agammaglobulinemia)
301
Mucosal bleeding and prolonged bleeding time. Disease/Dx?
Glanzmann thrombasthenia (defect in platelet aggregation due to lack of GpIIb/IIIa)
302
Muffled heart sounds, distended neck veins, hypotension. Disease/Dx?
Beck triad of cardiac tamponade
303
Multiple colon polyps, osteomas/soft tissue tumors, impacted/ supernumerary teeth. Disease/Dx?
Gardner syndrome (subtype of FAP)
304
Myopathy (infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), exercise intolerance. Disease/Dx?
Pompe disease (lysosomal α-1,4-glucosidase deficiency)
305
Neonate with arm paralysis following difficult birth. Disease/Dx?
Erb-Duchenne palsy (superior trunk [C5-C6] brachial plexus injury: "waiter's tip")
306
No lactation postpartum, absent menstruation, cold intolerance. Disease/Dx?
Sheehan syndrome (pituitary infarction)
307
Nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech, bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Disease/Dx?
Multiple sclerosis
308
Oscillating slow/fast breathing. Disease/Dx?
Cheyne-Stokes respirations (central apnea in CHF or inc intracranial pressure)
309
Painful blue fingers/toes, hemolytic anemia. Disease/Dx?
Cold agglutinin disease (autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis)
310
Painful, pale, cold fingers/toes. Disease/Dx?
Raynaud phenomenon (vasospasm in extremities)
311
Painful, raised red lesions on pad of fingers/toes. Disease/Dx?
Osler nodes (infective endocarditis, immune complex deposition)
312
Painless erythematous lesions on palms and soles. Disease/Dx?
Janeway lesions (infective endocarditis, septic emboli/ microabscesses)
313
Painless jaundice. Disease/Dx?
Cancer of the pancreatic head obstructing bile duct
314
Palpable purpura on buttocks/legs, joint pain, abdominal pain (child), hematuria. Disease/Dx?
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (IgA vasculitis affecting skin and kidneys)
315
Pancreatic, pituitary, parathyroid tumors. Disease/Dx?
MEN 1 (autosomal dominant)
316
Periorbital and/or peripheral edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia. Disease/Dx?
Nephrotic syndrome
317
Pink complexion, dyspnea, hyperventilation. Disease/Dx?
Pink puffer (emphysema: centriacinar [smoking], panacinar [α1-antitrypsin deficiency])
318
Polyuria, renal tubular acidosis type II, growth failure, electrolyte imbalances, hypophosphatemic rickets. Disease/Dx?
Fanconi syndrome (proximal tubular reabsorption defect)
319
Pruritic, purple, polygonal planar papules and plaques (6 P's). Disease/Dx?
Lichen planus
320
Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis. Disease/Dx?
Horner syndrome (sympathetic chain lesion)
321
Pupil accommodates but doesn't react. Disease/Dx?
Argyll Robertson pupil (neurosyphilis)
322
Rapidly progressive leg weakness that ascends following GI/upper respiratory infection. Disease/Dx?
Guillain-Barré syndrome (acute autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy)
323
Rash on palms and soles. Disease/Dx?
Coxsackie A, 2° syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
324
Recurrent colds, unusual eczema, high serum IgE. Disease/Dx?
Hyper-IgE syndrome (Job syndrome: neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality)
325
Red "currant jelly" sputum in alcoholic or diabetic patients. Disease/Dx?
Klebsiella pneumoniae
326
Red "currant jelly" stools. Disease/Dx?
Acute mesenteric ischemia (adults), intussusception (infants)
327
Red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola. Disease/Dx?
Paget disease of the breast (sign of underlying neoplasm)
328
Red urine in the morning, fragile RBCs. Disease/Dx?
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
329
Renal cell carcinoma (bilateral), hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, pheochromocytoma. Disease/Dx?
von Hippel-Lindau disease (dominant tumor suppressor gene mutation)
330
Resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability. Disease/Dx?
Parkinson disease (nigrostriatal dopamine depletion)
331
Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers. Disease/Dx?
Roth spots (bacterial endocarditis)
332
Severe jaundice in neonate. Disease/Dx?
Crigler-Najjar syndrome (congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
333
Severe RLQ pain with palpation of LLQ. Disease/Dx?
Rovsing sign (acute appendicitis)
334
Severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness. Disease/Dx?
McBurney sign (acute appendicitis)
335
Short stature, inc incidence of tumors/leukemia, aplastic anemia. Disease/Dx?
Fanconi anemia (genetic loss of DNA crosslink repair; often progresses to AML)
336
Single palmar crease. Disease/Dx?
Down syndrome
337
Situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, infertility. Disease/Dx?
Kartagener syndrome (dynein arm defect affecting cilia)
338
Skin hyperpigmentation, hypotension, fatigue. Disease/Dx?
Addison disease (1° adrenocortical insufficiency causes inc ACTH and inc α-MSH production)
339
Slow, progressive muscle weakness in boys. Disease/Dx?
Becker muscular dystrophy (X-linked missense mutation in dystrophin; less severe than Duchenne)
340
Small, irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white center. Disease/Dx?
Koplik spots (measles; rubeola virus)
341
Smooth, flat, moist, painless white lesions on genitals. Disease/Dx?
Condylomata lata (2° syphilis)
342
Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails. Disease/Dx?
Bacterial endocarditis
343
Strawberry tongue. Disease/Dx?
Scarlet fever, Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome
344
Streak ovaries, congenital heart disease, horseshoe kidney, cystic hygroma at birth, short stature, webbed neck, lymphedema. Disease/Dx?
Turner syndrome (45,XO)
345
Sudden swollen/painful big toe joint, tophi. Disease/Dx?
Gout/podagra (hyperuricemia)
346
Swollen gums, mucosal bleeding, poor wound healing, petechiae. Disease/Dx?
Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency: can't hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis)
347
Swollen, hard, painful finger joints. Disease/Dx?
Osteoarthritis (osteophytes on PIP [Bouchard nodes], DIP [Heberden nodes])
348
Systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo). Disease/Dx?
Aortic valve stenosis
349
Thyroid and parathyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma. Disease/Dx?
MEN 2A (autosomal dominant ret mutation)
350
Thyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma, ganglioneuromatosis. Disease/Dx?
MEN 2B (autosomal dominant ret mutation)
351
Toe extension/fanning upon plantar scrape. Disease/Dx?
Babinski sign (UMN lesion)
352
Unilateral facial drooping involving forehead. Disease/Dx?
Facial nerve (LMN CN VII palsy)
353
Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis in a male. Disease/Dx?
Reactive arthritis associated with HLA-B27
354
Vascular birthmark (port-wine stain). Disease/Dx?
Hemangioma (benign, but associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome)
355
Vomiting blood following gastroesophageal lacerations. Disease/Dx?
Mallory-Weiss syndrome (alcoholic and bulimic patients)
356
Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy. Disease/Dx?
Whipple disease (Tropheryma whipplei)
357
Worst headache of my life. Disease/Dx?
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
358
Condition: Absence seizures. Tx?
Ethosuximide
359
Condition: Acute gout attack. Tx?
NSAIDs, colchicine
360
Condition: Acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3). Tx?
All-trans retinoic acid
361
Condition: ADHD. Tx?
Methylphenidate, amphetamines
362
Condition: Alcohol use disorder. Tx?
AA + disulfiram, naltrexone, or acamprosate for patient. Al-Anon for patient's family
363
Condition: Alcohol withdrawal. Tx?
Benzodiazepines
364
Condition: Anorexia. Tx?
Nutrition, psychotherapy
365
Condition: Anticoagulation during pregnancy. Tx?
Heparin
366
Condition: Arrhythmia in damaged cardiac tissue. Tx?
Class IB antiarrhythmic (lidocaine, mexiletine, tocainide)
367
Condition: B12 deficiency. Tx?
Vitamin B12 supplementation (work up cause with Schilling test)
368
Condition: Benign prostatic hyperplasia. Tx?
Tamsulosin, finasteride
369
Condition: Bipolar disorder. Tx?
Lithium, valproate, carbamazepine, lamotrigine (mood stabilizers)
370
Condition: Breast cancer in postmenopausal woman. Tx?
Aromatase inhibitor (anastrozole)
371
Condition: Buerger disease. Tx?
Smoking cessation
372
Condition: Bulimia nervosa. Tx?
SSRIs
373
Condition: Candida albicans. Tx?
Amphotericin B (systemic), nystatin (oral thrush), azoles (vaginitis)
374
Condition: Carcinoid syndrome. Tx?
Octreotide
375
Condition: Chlamydia trachomatis. Tx?
Doxycycline (+ ceftriaxone for gonorrhea coinfection), erythromycin eye drops (prophylaxis in infants)
376
Condition: Chronic gout. Tx?
Probenecid (underexcretor), allopurinol (overproducer), febuxostat
377
Condition: Chronic hepatitis. Tx?
IFN-α
378
Condition: Chronic myelogenous leukemia. Tx?
Imatinib
379
Condition: Clostridium botulinum. Tx?
Antitoxin
380
Condition: Clostridium difficile. Tx?
Oral metronidazole; if refractory, oral vancomycin
381
Condition: Clostridium tetani. Tx?
Antitoxin + vaccine booster + diazepam
382
Condition: CMV. Tx?
Ganciclovir
383
Condition: Crohn disease. Tx?
Corticosteroids, infliximab, methotrexate, azathioprine
384
Condition: Cryptococcus neoformans. Tx?
Fluconazole (prophylaxis in AIDS patients)
385
Condition: Cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Tx?
Mesna
386
Condition: Depression. Tx?
SSRIs (first-line)
387
Condition: Diabetes insipidus. Tx?
DDAVP (central); hydrochlorothiazide, indomethacin, amiloride (nephrogenic)
388
Condition: Diabetes mellitus type 1. Tx?
Dietary intervention (low sugar) + insulin replacement
389
Condition: Diabetes mellitus type 2. Tx?
Dietary intervention, oral hypoglycemics, and insulin (if refractory)
390
Condition: Diabetic ketoacidosis. Tx?
Fluids, insulin, K+
391
Condition: Enterococci. Tx?
Vancomycin/ampicillin + aminoglycoside
392
Condition: Erectile dysfunction. Tx?
Sildenafil, vardenafil
393
Condition: ER+ breast cancer. Tx?
Tamoxifen
394
Condition: Ethylene glycol/methanol intoxication. Tx?
Fomepizole (alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor)
395
Condition: Haemophilus influenzae (B). Tx?
Rifampin (prophylaxis)
396
Condition: Generalized anxiety disorder. Tx?
Buspirone
397
Condition: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener). Tx?
Cyclophosphamide, corticosteroids
398
Condition: Heparin toxicity (acute). Tx?
Protamine sulfate
399
Condition: HER2/neu+ breast cancer. Tx?
Trastuzumab
400
Condition: Hyperaldosteronism. Tx?
Spironolactone
401
Condition: Hypercholesterolemia. Tx?
Statin (first-line)
402
Condition: Hypertriglyceridemia. Tx?
Fibrate
403
Condition: Immediate anticoagulation. Tx?
Heparin
404
Condition: Infertility. Tx?
Leuprolide, GnRH (pulsatile), clomiphene
405
Condition: Influenza. Tx?
Rimantadine, oseltamivir
406
Condition: Legionella pneumophila. Tx?
Erythromycin
407
Condition: Long-term anticoagulation. Tx?
Warfarin
408
Condition: Malaria. Tx?
Chloroquine/mefloquine (for blood schizont), primaquine (for liver hypnozoite)
409
Condition: Malignant hyperthermia. Tx?
Dantrolene
410
Condition: Medical abortion. Tx?
Mifepristone
411
Condition: Migraine. Tx?
Sumatriptan
412
Condition: MRSA. Tx?
Vancomycin
413
Condition: Multiple sclerosis. Tx?
β-interferon, immunosuppression, natalizumab
414
Condition: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tx?
RIPE (rifampin, INH, pyrazinamide, ethambutol)
415
Condition: Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Tx?
Ceftriaxone (add doxycycline to cover likely concurrent Chlamydia)
416
Condition: Neisseria meningitidis. Tx?
Penicillin/ceftriaxone, rifampin (prophylaxis)
417
Condition: Neural tube defect prevention. Tx?
Prenatal folic acid
418
Condition: Osteomalacia/rickets. Tx?
Vitamin D supplementation
419
Condition: Osteoporosis. Tx?
Bisphosphonates; calcium and vitamin D supplementation
420
Condition: Patent ductus arteriosus. Tx?
Indomethacin
421
Condition: Pheochromocytoma. Tx?
α-antagonists (e.g., phenoxybenzamine)
422
Condition: Pneumocystis jirovecii. Tx?
TMP-SMX (prophylaxis in AIDS patient)
423
Condition: Prolactinoma. Tx?
Bromocriptine (dopamine agonists)
424
Condition: Prostate cancer/uterine fibroids. Tx?
Leuprolide, GnRH (continuous)
425
Condition: Prostate carcinoma. Tx?
Flutamide
426
Condition: Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Tx?
Antipseudomonal penicillin + aminoglycoside
427
Condition: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (idiopathic). Tx?
Sildenafil, bosentan, epoprostenol
428
Condition: Rickettsia rickettsii. Tx?
Doxycycline, chloramphenicol (associated with aplastic anemia)
429
Condition: Ringworm infections. Tx?
Terbinafine, griseofulvin, imidazole
430
Condition: Schizophrenia (negative symptoms). Tx?
5-HT2A antagonists (e.g., 2nd-generation antipsychotics)
431
Condition: Schizophrenia (positive symptoms). Tx?
D2 receptor antagonists (e.g., 1st- and 2nd-generation antipsychotics)
432
Condition: SIADH. Tx?
Demeclocycline, lithium, vasopressin receptor antagonists
433
Condition: Sickle cell anemia. Tx?
Hydroxyurea (inc fetal hemoglobin)
434
Condition: Sporothrix schenckii. Tx?
Oral potassium iodide
435
Condition: Stable angina. Tx?
Sublingual nitroglycerin
436
Condition: Staphylococcus aureus. Tx?
MSSA: nafcillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin (antistaphylococcal penicillins); MRSA: vancomycin
437
Condition: Streptococcus bovis. Tx?
Penicillin prophylaxis; evaluation for colon cancer if linked to endocarditis
438
Condition: Streptococcus pneumoniae. Tx?
Penicillin/cephalosporin (systemic infection, pneumonia), vancomycin (meningitis)
439
Condition: Streptococcus pyogenes. Tx?
Penicillin prophylaxis
440
Condition: Temporal arteritis. Tx?
High-dose steroids
441
Condition: Tonic-clonic seizures. Tx?
Phenytoin, valproate, carbamazepine
442
Condition: Toxoplasma gondii. Tx?
Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine
443
Condition: Treponema pallidum. Tx?
Penicillin
444
Condition: Trichomonas vaginalis. Tx?
Metronidazole (patient and partner)
445
Condition: Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux). Tx?
Carbamazepine
446
Condition: Ulcerative colitis. Tx?
5-ASA, infliximab, colectomy
447
Condition: UTI prophylaxis. Tx?
TMP-SMX
448
Condition: Warfarin toxicity. Tx?
Fresh frozen plasma (acute), vitamin K (chronic)
