Fish

Question 1

The cranial skeleton consists of what?

Answer 1

The chondrocranium, the splanchnocranium, the dermatocranium.

Question 2

What is the chondrocranium?

Answer 2

The ‘box’ that encloses the brain and capsules the sense organs. It protects the brain.

Question 3

What is the splanchnocranium?

Answer 3

The visceral portion of the skull that supports the gills and contributes to the jaws.

Question 4

What is the dermatocranium?

Answer 4

The dermal bone that contributes to the braincase and the jaws.

Question 5

Where is the dermatocranium believed to be derived from?

Answer 5

The external armour of primitive fish.

Question 6

The splanchnocranium arises _____________ from ___________________.

Answer 6

embryologically from neural crest cells.

Question 7

Neural crest cells migrate into the wall of the ____________ to form ______________ between the _________.

Answer 7

PHARYNX to form PHARYNGEAL SLITS between the GILLS.

Question 8

What is the first arch of the splanchnocranium?

Answer 8

The mandibular arch

Question 9

The mandibular arch is divided into dorsal and ventral sections. Name these sections and describe them.

Answer 9

Dorsal element: palatoquadrate (contributes to the upper jaw)

Ventral element: meckel’s cartilage (contributes to the lower jaw)

Question 10

What is the second arch of the splanchnocranium called? What is its most prominent component?

Answer 10

The hyoid arch. The most prominent component is the hyomandibula.

Question 11

Branchial arches I-V are associated with what?

Answer 11

The gill apparatus.

Question 12

The dermatocranium lies __________ to the chondrocranium.

Answer 12

superficial.

Question 13

Name the bone series in the dermatocranium.

Answer 13

Facial series
Orbital series
Temporal series
Vault series
Palatal series
Mandibular series

And the opercular and pectoral series in fish

Question 14

Name the three bones in the facial series.

Answer 14

Premaxilla, maxilla and nasals.

Question 15

Name the five bones in the orbital series.

Answer 15

Lacrimal, prefrontal, postfrontal, postorbital, jugal

Question 16

Name the five bones in the temporal series.

Answer 16

Intertemporal, supratemporal, tabula, squamosal, quadratojugal

Question 17

Name the three bones in the vault series.

Answer 17

Frontal, parietal, postparietal.

Question 18

Name the five bones in palatal series.

Answer 18

Vomer, palatine, ectoptergoid, pterygoid, parasphenoid

Question 19

Name the bones in the mandibular series.

Answer 19

Lateral: angular, surangular, dentary, splenials,

Medial: prearticular, coronoids

Question 20

What is the name of the whole through which arteries, veins and nerves enter and exit.

Answer 20

Foramen (plural foramina or foramens).

Question 21

Define autostylic jaw.

Answer 21

Mandibular bone is suspended from the jaw itself without the help from the hyoid arch.

Question 22

Define amphistylic jaw.

Answer 22

Jaws attached to the braincase in two articulations 1) a ligament connecting the palatoquadrate at the the anterior 2) via the hyomanidbula

Question 23

Define hyostylic jaw.

Answer 23

Attachment primarily through hyomandibula

Question 24

Define metautostylic jaw

Answer 24

Jaw attached directly to the braincase via the quadrate at the rear of the palatoquadrate. Hyomandibula gives rise to the stapes.

Question 25

Define craniostylic jaw.

Answer 25

Entire jaw encorporated into braincase, lower jaw suspended from dermal squamosal. Palatoquadrate/meckel's cartilage gives rise to incus and malleus.

Question 26

What are length measurements in fish good for?

Answer 26

1) fisheries: stock assessment, size and growth data 2) species description: distinguishing characteristics 3) investigating intraspecies variation: 4) investigating population or ecological variation

Question 27

What shape are fish?

Answer 27

Fusiform

Question 28

Roll

Answer 28

Reduced by fusiform shape and stabilised by dorsal and anal fins

Question 29

Yaw

Answer 29

Reduced greatly in moving from Anguilliform to Thunniform swimming.

Question 30

Pitch

Answer 30

Stabilised/reduced by pelvic/pectoral fin

Question 31

Aspect ratio

Answer 31

= height squared/area

Question 32

How is dynamic lift generated

Answer 32

generated by propelling a body forward at an inclined angle of attack

Question 33

How is static lift generated

Answer 33

Generated by using low-density materials and reducing the amount of high-density materials used.

Question 34

What does the swim bladder do?

Answer 34

Lowers the overall density of the fish. Most osteichthians have one

Question 35

Name the primitive and derived swim bladders.

Answer 35

``` Primitive = physostomous Derived = physoclistous ```

Question 36

Describe the physostomous swim bladder.

Answer 36

Pneumatic duct for charging bladder opens into the oesophagus (also via gas gland)

Question 37

Describe the physoclistous swim bladder.

Answer 37

blood/circulatory system for inflation or deflation The circulatory system is the source of gases.

Question 38

How does the physoclistous swim bladder inflate?

Answer 38

Via the rete mirabile

Question 39

How does the physoclistous swim bladder deflate?

Answer 39

Via oval window by capillary network

Question 40

Describe the inflation of the physoclistous swim bladder

Answer 40

Gas gland releases lactic acid in rete mirabile, which acts as a countercurrent multiplier.

Question 41

Describe the deflation of the physoclistous swim bladder

Answer 41

Bladder walls have low permeability so when sphincter relaxes, the pressure forces oxygen into oval window and bloodstream

Question 42

Name four ways to increase buoyancy

Answer 42

1) reduce the number of heavy tissues 2) Use low-density compounds 3) Generate lift as a product of swimming 4) The evolution of a swim bladder

Question 43

In what period did jaws develop?

Answer 43

The Silurian

Question 44

What type of fishes first developed jaws?

Answer 44

Placoderms

Question 45

What did jaws arise from?

Answer 45

The two most anterior pairs of gill arches

Question 46

_____________ of sharks show that ____________ and jaws develop similarly ___________

Answer 46

Embryology of sharks show that jaws and branchial arches develop similarly in series

Question 47

_____ and _______ of branchial arches and jaws are distributed in a similar pattern

Answer 47

nerves and blood vessels

Question 48

Musculature of the jaws appears to be __________ and ___________ from ____________ musculature

Answer 48

Musculature of the jaws appears to be transformed and modified from branchial arch musculature

Question 49

What happened as a result of the evolution of the jaw?

Answer 49

1) They could grasp objects firmly (extended phenotype) 2) They could eat things bigger than themselves 3) The evolution of the immune system potentially (Matsunaga and Rahman, 1998).