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Bio 451 Final Lab Exam > Fish Diversity Lab > Flashcards

Fish Diversity Lab Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

the objective of gas exchange is to move oxygen dissolved in water into the blood plasma and expel CO2

challenges to overcome are?

A
  1. water contains very litle oxygen
  2. solubility of oxygen in water decreases with increasing salinity and temperature (warm, salty water contains less oxygen than cold fresh water)
  3. water is dense and viscous, thus diffusion of oxygen from water to blood plasma is difficult
  4. Diffusion only takes place when there is more oxygen in the water than in the fish blood.
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2
Q

how do skates and rays move?

A

move by flapping or undulating thir pectoral fins

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3
Q

how can fish regulate the function of the gill area?

A
  1. fish can alter the flow of blood to the gills
  2. Filament conformation can be changed
  3. the rate of buccal pumping can be altered
  4. swim speed can be altered.
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4
Q

dsecribe the body of a bottom rover?

A

rover like predator shape, but with flattened head, humped back and enlarged anal or pectoral fins. Many have barbels (whiskers) equipped with taste buds to help them find food.

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5
Q

explain the two gender systems in fish?

A
  1. Gonochoristic- fixed sex at maturty
  2. Hermaphroditic- sex not fixed, can change via various mechanisms through an individuals life time.
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6
Q

how does a labyrinth work?

A

This organ allows labyrinth fish to take in oxygen directly from the air, instead of taking it from the water in which they reside through use of gills.high vascularized section of gill plates and the gill plates are made of many infolded bones. Air is pulled into a branchial cavity housing these vascularized gill plates and oxygen is exchanged with this air.

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7
Q

Vibiparous:

A

young develops and are nourished inside mother via gestation and fish are birth alive like guppies

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8
Q

decribe body of bottom clingers?

A

flattened head, large pectoral fins, modified pelvic fins for clinging to rocks in fast flowing streams.

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9
Q

what are the two differenct kinds of swimming?

A
  1. undulation
  2. Fin Movement
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10
Q

what scales are these and what fish have them?

A

cycloid

trout, minnows, salmon or herring

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11
Q

water is —- times more dense than air

A

800

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12
Q

O2 diffuses through a ————- membrane from areas of —— to —– concentration

A

semi-permeable

high/low

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13
Q

what are the two forms of movement of fins?

A
  1. Labriform: using only fins to generate movement (no body undulation). Many fish use at slow speed. primarily through pectoral fins. ex.) wrassed, tropical reef fish.
  2. Rajiform: in the skates and rays where undulatory waves pass down the enlarged muscular pectoral fins.
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14
Q

american eel has what for of gas exchage?

A

skin! Almost always an auxillary gas exchange. Not very efficient.

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15
Q

Gill arches posses several pairs of gill —————– which are fleshy projections that contain many capillaries. Each filament contain disc-like structures called ———–.

A

filaments/ lamellae

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16
Q

active species will posses more what in need of more oxygen?

A

lamellae

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17
Q

describe the characteristics of an eel-like fish

A

long snake like form.

scales are either small or absent

small/absent pectoral and pelvic fins

reduced caudal fin

dorsal and anal fins may be elonagted

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18
Q

In gills flow across gas exchanger is ————–

A

unidirectional

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19
Q

what supports the gills?

A

gil arch comprised of cartilage or bone

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20
Q

what are the 4 main kinds of scales we studed?

A
  1. placoid
  2. Ganoid
  3. Cycloid
  4. Ctenoid
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21
Q

slower rover predators have what kind of tail?

A

less forked tail for slower prey and need more maneuverability like salmon

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22
Q

lungfish, gar and bowfin have what that help breathe other than gills?

A

specialized air sacs comprised of an incredible amount of surface area connected to esophagus.

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23
Q

Iteroparpus:

A

most species! spawn more than once during their lifetime! walleye and northern pike

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24
Q

what are the two solutions to the buoyancy problem?

A
  1. Dynamic lift- generated by locomotion
  2. Static lift- function of density
    - decrease skeleton and muscle mass
    - Incoroporate low density lipids in tissues
    - gas filled bladder
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25
what scales are these? example of a fish that has them?
ganoid/ gar
26
example of a rattail
deep sea fishes such as the chimaera
27
Broadcast spawners:
most fish, little or no preparation of spawning site
28
what scale is this and what are they highly efficient at?
placoid and highly efficient in preventing water from moving against their body. often found on sharks
29
describe body of skates and rays
dorso-ventrally flattened.
30
Faster rover predators have what kind of tails?
deeper tail forks and often live in the open ocean like tuna or swordfish
31
what are the three hermaphroditic systems?
1. simultaneous hermophrodites: mature fish has both male and emale reprodutive organs at the same time, seen in sea bass. 2. Sequential hermodrites is when an individual changes sex at some point in its life. 3. Progenic hermaphrodites: male attaches to female and essentially becomes one with the female. angler fish
32
example of flatfish?
flatfish
33
describe thw two kinds of sequential hermaphrodites:
1. protandry: born male and changes into a female. Largest is female. when female is removed from the group the nest largest male changes into female and mates with the next largest male, all others are non-reproductive in group. clownfish. 2. Protogynous- most common form! born female and changes to male. often consists of a male with a harem of females. if male is removed next largest female becomes male. Parrotfish, angelfish
34
is this a skate or ray?
ray
35
what are the three types of undulation?
1. anguilliform: eel like, large undulations, inefficient continous swimmers 2. Carangiform: undulatiosn retricted to posterior 1/2 or 1/3 of body. Only up to 1/2 wavelength present. little lateral movement of the head. mackerals/snappers 3. thunniform: tuna and lamnid sharks. high speed crusiing fish. oscillations restricted to caudal peducncle and tail. slim moon shaped caudal fin.
36
describe the body of the flatfish
laterally flattened, essentially deep bodied fish that live with one side to the bottom. One eye migrates to the other side.
37
Undulation of body?
Passage of transverse body waves from anterior to posterior
38
Sex determination:
the mechanism by which sexual orgaisms direct gonad development towards distinct but comptaible outcomes.
39
describe the characteristics of a deep-bodied fish:
laterally flattened long dorsal and anal fins pectoral fin high up on body pelvic fins moved forward beneath pectoral fins for rapid turning large eyes short snout small, protrusible mouth many have spines on fins
40
ambush predators need more acceleration and speed. how do they accomplish this?
use large rounded caudal fins
41
oviparous:
external development of eggs and embryos
42
How is sex determined in fishes?
1. genetic sex determination- occurs when inheritied genes or chromosomes signal for male or female development 2. Environmental sex determination by different water conditions during egg maturation. pH, temperature or exogenous hormones present.
43
what scales are these and they are found on what fish?
ctenoid scale. Perch or bass
44
what are 3 examples of a rover predator?
Minnow, mackeral and trout
45
describe the body of a **surface-oriented fish**
smaller body, have upwards-pointng mouth, fusiform but can have deep bodies, flattened head with large eyes. Posteriorly placed dorsal fin.
46
Two examples of an ambush predator?
gar and pike
47
Ram ventilation increases intake soeed by --% but O2 concumption increased by only --%
80/12 very inefficient, requires more energy to maintain
48
and increase in gill surface area helps with what?
help aquire more O2 more efficiently.
49
Reefs:
selecting for small cobble in shallows (trout)
50
fish scales help in what?
the one way movement of water along the surface of the fish. they prevent the water vortices from looping back and slowing the fish down
51
what are the 5 types of bottom fishes?
1. bottom rovers 2. bottom clingers 3. flatfishes 4. skates and rats 5. rattail
52
are fish tissues more or less dense than water?
more dense so tend to sink so either need to adopt bottom dweller lifestyle or come up with solutiond
53
3 examples of bottom clingers
gobies, sculpins, blennies
54
2 examples of surface opiented fish
mollies, flying fish
55
3 examples of deep bodied fish
perch, coral reef fishes, cichlids
56
explain gill pouches
special cavity containing gills where water is pulled into for gas exchange. Not as efficient as counter current exchange. More evolutionarily primitive. Seen in lamprey
57
Ovoviviaparous:
young develop inside parent but are nourished only by egg yolk. Fish may be birth alive, alreadu hatched like sharks
58
Describe the body form of an ambush predator?
fusiform, but with long bodies (arrow-like). Large rounded caudal fins, with dorsal and anal fins far back on body. Head if flattened with a protruding mouth.
59
three spotted gourami, and siamese fighting fish have what structure to help breathe?
labyrinth
60
3 examples of eel-like fish
eels, gunnels, loaches
61
water is -- times more viscous than air forming what on the surface of the fish?
50/ boundary layer
62
Bubble breeders:
a nest of bubbles is produced and eggs are maintained in this nest.
63
semelparous:
spawn once, then die. Many migrate between salt and fresh water to spawn. American eel, sockeye salmon
64
is this a skate or ray?
skate
65
whata are 3 wasy to reduce skin friction drag?
1. reduce surface area- retract fins 2. reduce lateral movement 3. control boundary layer- reduce turbulance around boundary layer by streamlinging using scales
66
fush use what system to allow for maximal O2 diffusion into blood
counter current.
67
decribe the body of a rattail
long pointed tail little or no caudal fin pointed head large pectoral fins for gliding
68
Redds:
salmonoid fish in streams clear algae before quivering with partner and laying eggs in gravel depression
69
example of a bottom rover
catfish
70
whats a down side of ram ventilation? (sharks)
constantly have to move in order to maintain adequate respiration.
71
Boundary layer:
is the steep velocity gradient between the still water the fish is carrying and the water the fish is moving- results in skin friction drag
72
Describe the body form of a rover predator?
most generalized form, body streamlined and fusiform (tapers at both ends). pointed head, forked tail and even fin distribution for stability and maneuverability.

Bio 451 Final Lab Exam (6 decks)

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