five markers i do not know

Question 1

describe the process of succession

Answer 1

A hostile environment is colonised by a pioneer species.
The abiotic environment of the habitat is changed by the pioneer species.
This changed environment becomes more suitable to support a new species.
The establishment of new plant and animal species increases the species diversity.
The early colonisers are replaced by new species.
Changes in the abiotic factors result in a less hostile environment and an increase in biodiversity.
Leading to the development of a climax community.

Question 2

e

explain the different types of mutation.

Answer 2

An addition or deletion mutation is a frame shift mutation where an extra base is added or a base is a removed from the sequence.
A substitution mutation is where one base is swapped for another, this could be mis-sense (leads to a change), non-sense (leading to a stop codon), or silent (no change, due to the degenerate nature)
The duplication of bases produces a frame shift to the right as one or more bases are repeated.
The inversion of bases is when a group of bases are separated but rejoin at the same position just in the inverse order (back to front)
The translocation of bases is when a group of bases becomes separated on one chromosome and become inserted into the DNA sequence of the same or a different chromosome.