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Histopath lect > Fixation and Fixatives > Flashcards

Fixation and Fixatives Flashcards

1
Q

fixation prevents?

A

degeneration, putrefaction, distortion, decomposition

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2
Q

defined the 2 basic mechanisms in fixation

A

ADDITIVE
- becomes part of the tissue by forming cross-links
- formalin, osmium tetroxide, mercury
NON-ADDITIVE
- not incorporated and stabilizes the tissue by removing tissue composition
- alcoholic fixatives

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2
Q

wrong fixation is?

A

irreversible

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3
Q

enumerate the main factors of fixations

A
  • hydrogen ion concentration
  • temperature
  • thickness
  • osmolality
  • concentration
  • duration of fixation
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4
Q

required temp for:
tissue processors -
electron M -
formalin -
tissues w/ TB -

A

tissue processors - 40C
electron M - 0-4C
formalin - 60C
tissues w/ TB - 100C

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5
Q

osmolality requirement

A

slightly hypertonic

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6
Q

concentration of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde

A

formaldehyde 10%
glutaraldehyde 3%

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7
Q

duration of fixation for buffered formalin

A

2-6 hours

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8
Q

formalin can be washed out after fixation for?

A

24 hours

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9
Q

prolonged fixation may __ the tissues

A

shrinkage and hardening

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10
Q

volume of tissues

A

20x is the effective

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11
Q

enumerate the types of fixation accrdng to action and composition

A

simple and compound

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12
Q

SIMPLE FIXATIVES

A
  • aldehyde
  • metallic
  • chromic acid
  • lead fixatives
  • picric acid
  • acetic acid
  • acetone
  • alcohol
  • osmium tetroxide
  • heat
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13
Q

enumerate the metallic fixatives

A
  • potassium dichromate
  • mercuric chloride
  • chromate
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14
Q

Carnoy’s fluid is composed of

A

glacial acetic acid, alcohol, chloroform

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15
Q

Susa’s fluid is composed of

A

mercuric chloride, sodium chloride, glacial acetic acid, and formaldehyde

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16
Q

permit the general microscopic study of tissue structures

A

microanatomical fixatives

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17
Q

preserve specific parts of particular microscopic elements and its ph. enumerate the fixatives.

A

cytological fixatives
- flemming’s w/out acetic acid
- orth’s fluid
- regaud
- kelly’s fluid

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18
Q

fixative that preserve nuclear structures and its pH. enumerate the 5.

A

nuclear fixatives = <4.6
- flemming’s
- carnoy
- bouin
- newcomer’s
- heidenhain susa

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19
Q

preserve cytoplasmic structures in lysosomes, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, and smooth and rough ER

A

cytoplasmic fixatives

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20
Q

fixative that uses ethanol and acetone which give best quantitative results using frozen tissues

A

precipitant fixatives

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21
Q

enumerate the histochemical fixatives

A
  • formol salin 10%
  • absolute ethyl alcohol
  • acetone
  • newcomer’s fluid
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22
Q

fixative for lipid preservation in cryostat sections

A

mercuric chloride and potassium dichromate

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23
Q

fixative used for phospholipids which contain amino acids

A

aldehyde

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24
fixative for cholesterol for ultrastructural demonstration
digitonin
25
fixative for glycogen fixation
alcoholic fixatives
26
fixative for human skin
alcoholic formaldehyde
27
most commonly used fixative for amino acid histochemistry
neutral buffered formol saline or fomaldehyde vapor
28
fixative for preserving glycogen
Rossman's fluid or cold absolute alcohol
29
can enhance better retention of glycogen
celloidin coating
30
used for improving the ultrastructural demonstration of lipids
imidazole osmium tetroide
31
fixative useful for electron cytochemistry
Karnovsky paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde
32
mixture with glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde useful for immersion fixation of surgical biopsies
acrolein
33
dilution ratio to make 10%
1:20
34
formaldehyde pH
7
35
recommended for central nervous tissue and postmortem tissue
10% formol saline
36
fixation time of 10% formol saline
24 hrs at 35C or 48hrs at 20-25
37
fixation time for 10% buffered formalin
4-24 hrs
38
recommended for post-mortem tissues and fixation time
formal-corrosive 3-24 hrs
39
composed of 95% ethyl alcohol saturated with picric acid, used for rapid diagnosis and micro-incineration technique
alcoholic formalin (genre's)
40
fixative used to fix sputum
alcoholic formalin (genre's)
41
used to fix small pieces of liver, spleen, connective tissue fibers, and nuclei
zenker's fluid
42
fixation time of zenker's
12-24 hrs
43
considered as microanatomical fixative since it used to fix pituitary gland, bone marrow, and blood containing organs such as spleen and liver
zenker-formol (helly's solution)
44
main fixative for tumor biopsies especially in the skin, what is the fixation time
heidenhain's susa 3-12 hrs
45
mainly used for bone marrow biopsies and the fixation time is 1-3 hrs
Lillie's B5
46
used in 3% aqueous solution which preserves lipid and mitochondria
potassium dichromate
47
fixative recommended for demonstration of chromatin, mitochondria, mitotic figures, golgi bodies, BC, and colloid containing tissues. the fixation time is 12-48 hrs.
regaud's (muller) fluid
48
used for early degenerative process and tissue necrosis. it also demonstrates rickettsia and other bacteria that preserves myelin better. what is also the fixation time
orth's fluid 36-72 hrs
49
recommended for acid mucopolysaccharides that fixes connective tissue mucin
lead fixative
50
a stable fixative that dyes tissues producing yellow color and excellent for glycogen demonstration
picric acid
51
recommended fixation for embryos and pituitary biopsies. what is the fixation time?
bouin's solution 6-24 hrs
52
fixes and precipitates chromosomes and chromatin materials
glacial acetic acid
53
excellent for fixing dry and wet specimens, blood smears, and bone marrow tissues
methyl alcohol
54
used for fixing touch preparation
isopropyl alcohol
55
the most rapid fixatives that is recommended for fixing chromosomes, lymph glands, and urgen biopsies
carnoy's fluid
56
used to fix brain tissue for diagnosis of rabies and the fixation time is 1-3 hrs
carnoy's fluid
57
recommended for fixing mucopolysaccharides and nuclear proteins
newcomer's fluid
58
most common chrome-osmium acetic acid fixative used to fix nuclear structures and the fixation time is 24-48 hrs
flemming's solution
59
recommended for study of water diffusable enzymes especially phosphatase and lipases
acetone
60
removes excess chromates, formalin, and osmic acid
tap water
61
wash out excess amount of bouin's solution
50-70% alcohol
62
used to remove excessive mercuric fixatives
alcoholic iodine
63
factors affecting which slows down the fixation
- size and thickness - presence of mucus - presence of fat - presence of blood - cold temp

Histopath lect (10 decks)

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