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Rad 102-1 > fixed equipment > Flashcards

fixed equipment Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 components of Radiographic equipment?

A

control panel, transformer, X-ray tube, Tube Stand, X ray table, upright cassette holder, Bucky system

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2
Q

What does Control panel has on it?

A

It has basic control panel to power up unit and manipulate strength of x ray beam, but on there, it includes: on/off switch, kVp selector, mA selector, Timer, Exposure switch

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3
Q

what type of transformer is it?

A

step up

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4
Q

What is the fxn of tube stand?

A

it suspends the tube over the patient, allows free movement of the tube, it comes in both floor mounted or ceiling

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5
Q

What is so special about some X ray table?

A

it can be angled 30 degrees head down or fully upright to 90 degrees

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6
Q

what is upright cassette holder also known as?

A

upright bucky

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7
Q

Describe some special features of Bucky System.

A

it has a mechanism that moves the grid back and forward during the exposure to reduce scatter

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8
Q

what is technique chart used for?

A

it has some basic technique to help guide radiographers in determining proper exposure according to the part to be radiographed and size

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9
Q

what is calipers used for?

A

measuring part thickness, from entry to exit of the CR

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10
Q

what does the CR cassette used to hold?

A

Image Receptor, white paper

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11
Q

how are X ray machines identified?

A

Energy of ray produced, purpose of the x ray machine

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12
Q

What is the maximum voltage range and tube current for x ray machine?

A

25-150 kVp, 100-1200 mA

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13
Q

Every X ray machines, regardless of who made it, has three principle parts…

A

Control/operating panel, X-ray tube, high voltage generator

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14
Q

Where is the actual enveloped tube positioned in the X ray machine?

A

in a part that is inaccessible of the protective housing. guards against excessive radiation exposure and electric shock

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15
Q

High voltage is able to be produced by the generator, describe a little bit of how this works.

A

it converts low voltage supplied at the autotransformer to the kVp necessary for X-ray production

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16
Q

What is special about tomographic unit?

A

it has tubes that move in an arc during exposure, like CT

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17
Q

MRI, computerized sectional images using ___ and ___ frequencies

A

magnetism, radio

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18
Q

What are the 3 principals of radiation control???

A

time, distance, and shielding

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19
Q

what is ‘Time’ under 3 principals of radiation control?

A

dont spend time near the vicinity of the radiation source while it is in operation

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20
Q

what is ‘Distance’ under 3 principals of radiation control?

A

increase distance between the rad source and the person to be protected

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21
Q

what is ‘shielding’ in the 3 principals of radiation control?

A

utilize a material that will attenuate the radiation from the source

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22
Q

what is rule 1 of 10 commandments?

A

understand and apply radiation control

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23
Q

what is rule 2 of 10 commandments?

A

Do not allow familiarity to result in false security

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24
Q

what is rule 3 of 10 commndments?

A

Never stand in the primary beam

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25
Q

what is rule 4 of 10 commandments?

A

Wear protective apparel if not behind a barrier

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26
Q

what is rule 5 of 10 cmmndmnts? (important)

A

wear occupational rad monitor and position it outside the protective apron at the collar

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27
Q

what is rule 6 of 10 cmmndmnts?

A

never hold a patient during rad exam. use restraining device.

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28
Q

what is rule 7 of 10 cmmndments?

A

person holding patient must wear protective shield

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29
Q

what is rule 8 of 10 cmmndments?

A

use gonadal shield on all ppl of child bearing age as long as it doesnt interfere with exam

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30
Q

what is rule 9 of 10 cmmdnments?

A

avoid x raying pelvis and lower ab of preg patient, especially during first trimester

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31
Q

what is rule 10 of 10?

A

collimate to the smallest field size

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32
Q

what do radiographers use to limit amount of scatter radiation reaching the image receptor?

A

Beam restriction devices

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33
Q

what are the 3 purposes of beam restriction?

A

Limit pt exposure, reduce scatter produced in pt, improvement of image quality

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34
Q

what are the factors that increase the production of scatter radiation?

A

High kVp and volume of tissue being irradiated

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35
Q

how does high kVp contributes to the increase in production of scatter radiation?

A

The total photons that undergo interaction may decreases, but the percentage of x rays that undergo compton interactions increases.

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36
Q

why are thick body parts contributing to the increase of scatter radiation?

A

volume of irradiated tissue goes up, so does the scatter produced, volume increases as field size increases, pt size increases

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37
Q

when you decrease the x ray beam field…

A

you decrease scatter radiation production, patient dose, and increase contrast.

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38
Q

what is a device that is a flat sheet of metal, usually lead, with a hole cut in center and attached to x-ray tube port?

A

Aperture diaphragm

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39
Q

what is the most commonly employed beam restrictor?

A

collimator

40
Q

what are some features of collimator?

A

permits infinite number of field sizes, aid in properly placing tube and CR

41
Q

In beam restriction, what is filtration?

A

it is a process of getting rid of low energy x ray photons, by using absorbing material into primary beam

42
Q

what is the purpose of filtrating beams?

A

to get rid of low energy x ray that would not carry any useful information

43
Q

what is considered the standard filtering material and is also used as standard of equivalency?

A

aluminum, (Al/Eq)

44
Q

what happens with filtration increases?

A

beam quality goes up and beam quantity goes down

45
Q

what is inherent filtration?

A

filtration that is made by composition of tube and housing unit

46
Q

general purpose x ray tube uses ___ Al equivalent.

A

0.5mm

47
Q

what is the purpose of compensating filtration?

A

to even out areas with different tissue densitites.

48
Q

what is wedge filter (compensating filter) used?

A

in body parts that varies considerably, like the foot

49
Q

when is trough filter used? (what is another name for this?)

A

bilateral wedge filter, used mainly for chest radiography

50
Q

when is bow-tie-shaped filters used?

A

in CT scanner to compensate for shape of head or body

51
Q

When you increase filtration, what else should you also increase and why?

A

technical factors, to maintain the same image reception exposure.

52
Q

when kVp is used to compensate for filtration, the ESE will be reduced, but when the mAs is used to compensate…

A

the result is an increased in entrance skin exposure.

53
Q

how would you describe Automatic Exposure Control?

A

it is a device that automatically terminates the exposure when it senses that it has reached the measured quantity of radiation. (it has a set quantity of radiation it can receives, turns off when it gets there)

54
Q

what does AEC eliminate?

A

the need for radiographer to set exposure time

55
Q

the ____ _____ has a grid, moves back and forward to reduce scatter. found on radiographic ____and most upright holdera

A

bucky mechanism, table

56
Q

what are some additional equipment you might find in the x ray room?

A

Technique chart, calipers, protractor, CR cassettes, sand bag, and letter markers

57
Q

what is the most common material used as X ray filter?

A

Aluminum

58
Q

what is the standard measurement unit for radiation filter?

A

Al/Eq

59
Q

what must you do when you increase filtration?

A

you must increase technical factor to maintain the same image reception exposure.

60
Q

What are the two types of AEC(s)?

A

Phototimer and Ionization Chamber

61
Q

How does phototimer stop the exposure?

A

it has a Capacitor which has a preset value of how much exposure it can reach. When reaching its limit, capacitor discharges triggering thyratron

62
Q

What is a thyratron?

A

it is a part of phototimer, when triggered, it opens the relay and terminate the exposure

63
Q

what does X ray has to pass through to reach phototimer?

A

through the pt, tabletop, and cassette

64
Q

what does x ray has to pass through to reach ionization chamber?

A

through the pt, tabletop IR is placed under ion chamber

65
Q

what is the critical element about ionization chambers?

A

where it is exactly positioned, they can differ between models and manufacturers.

66
Q

Nearly all AEC(s) have this function

A

Backup timer

67
Q

backup times cannot exceed the tube limit and should be set at ____ or _____ of the anticipated manual exposure mAs

A

150% or 1.5 times

68
Q

what does the US public law 90-062 require?

A

that if the AEC fails to stop the exposure, there is a secondary circuit

69
Q

The secondary safety circuit has to terminates at ____ mAs for exposures over __ kVp and 2,000 mAs for exposure below ___ kVp

A

600 mAs, over 50kVp and 2,000 mAs under 50 kVp

70
Q

On AEC control panel kVp …

A

is selected according to the specific anatomical part that is being examined

71
Q

On AEC control panel mA…

A

AEC compensates for increase/decrease in mA.

72
Q

Generators of mobile unit has a capacitor which ….

A

discharge and battery-powered units are the most common. produces a constant potential output.

73
Q

the battery powered units produce output that is essentially….

A

3 phase

74
Q

what are the 3 locations mobile radiography may be done?

A

ER, OR/surgery, Bedside

75
Q

what are the 2 major cat of mobile equipment?

A

Mobile Light Duty units and Full powered institutional units

76
Q

which mobile equipment requires plug in

A

mobile light duty

77
Q

in battery operated x ray machines, the utilize what type of battery?

A

10-16 rechargeable sealed, lead-acid 12 volt batteries

78
Q

which mode of fluroscopic machine reduces exposure?

A

pulse mode

79
Q

this technique has an initial image used as a filter for the next fluroscopic imagnes

A

digital subtraction

80
Q

this technique remove stationary structures from image and keeps only the moving parts

A

digital subtraction

81
Q

Why is vertical AP projection CR not recommended?

A

produces significant increase in exposure, up to 100 times higher dose to the eyes

82
Q

federal law requires a ____ timer for radiation protection of fluroscopy

A

5 minutes that can be reset as many time as needed to complete procedure

83
Q

when is fluroscopy mostly used?

A

during observation of dynamic body function. Such as swalling and peristaltic motion.

84
Q

what is the tube-table distance, according to national committee on radiation protection and measurement?

A

12 inches

85
Q

what is a complex electronic device that receives image-forming x ray and turns it into visible light image of high intensity?

A

Image-intensifer tube

86
Q

in Phtocathode, light emitted is _____ to incident ray

A

proportional

87
Q

in photocathode, electrons emitted are ____ proportional to intensity of the light falling on it

A

directly

88
Q

What is the fxn of electrostatic focusing lenses?

A

channels the electron beam, in addition to the positively charged anode, brings the beam to the output phosphor with high kinetic energy

89
Q

where does the high energy electrons interaction occur?

A

output phosphor.

90
Q

what is the ability of the image intensifier to increase illumination level?

A

Brightness gain

91
Q

the ratio of illumination intensity at output phosphor is measured in _____ / meter

A

candela

92
Q

what is minification?

A

compression of electrons from large input screen to smaller output screen

93
Q

in fluoroscopic viewing systems, what are the video viewing systems components?

A

charged-coupled device, video camera tube, and video monitor

94
Q

What are the 4 components of phototimer?

A

fluorescent screen, photomultiplier tube, capacitor, and thyratron

95
Q

what does the fluorescent screen do?

A

absorbs x-rays and produces light photon

96
Q

what does the photomultiplier tube do?

A

produces electrons from the light photons received from the fluorescent screen.

Rad 102-1 (1 decks)

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